The diploma thesis is focused on gamification and possibility of using gamification elements in the field of tourism. The aim of this work is to present gamification as a tool for influencing tourist behavior and to design an own product with gamification elements. In the theoretical part of the thesis a definition of gamification is analyzed alongside with the game elements and game thinking, which constitute the essence of this phenomenon, and the types of motivation of players and travelers are presented. Subsequently, a framework for gamification design is described. The fifth chapter defines the basic notions of tourism and introduces ways of using gamification in tourism. The theoretical part ends by chapters six and seven, where possible risks of using gamification as well as the most successful examples of its implementation are described. The practical part is devoted to the description of a new gamified product including graphic design and the timetable of introduction of the application to the market.

Inom de flesta system, företag och tjänster idag används motivationssystem som belönar brukaren med pengar, befordran, poäng, och beröm. Sådana system kallas utilitaristiska och spelar an på brukarens yttre motivation. I kontrast till yttre motivation har forskare arbetat fram teoretiska modeller för att belysa brukarens inre motivation; hedoniska motiverande system. Inre motiverande faktorer kretsar kring känslor som glädje och nyfikenhet och har under de senaste åren fått stor genomslagskraft inom informationsteknikens värld. Forskarvärlden är dock oense om huruvida utilitaristiska och hedoniska system bör kombineras och vilken effekt det kan få på motivationen. Vissa menar att Gamification kan fungera som en brygga mellan hedoniska och utilitaristiska system då begreppet innehåller båda typen av motiverande faktorer.   För att undersöka om och hur gamification kan kombinera hedoniska och utilitaristiska system har författarna till denna rapport utformat ett gränssnitt som sedan legat till grund för användartester. Användartesterna utfördes, som en del av den parallella fallstudien, på asylsökande ungdomar mellan 13-18 år. Utifrån resultatet av användartesterna kundes slutsatsen dras att man med hjälp av relevanta gamifieringsprinciper kan och bör kombinera hedoniska och utilitaristiska system för att skapa ökad motivation. / In most systems, businesses and services, utilitarian motivation systems, that rewards the user with money, promotion, points, and praise, are currently being used. Utilitarian systems harness the users’ extrinsic motivation. In contrast to extrinsic motivation, researchers have developed theoretical models to illuminate the users’ intrinsic motivation; hedonic motivational systems. Intrinsic motivating factors revolve around emotions such as joy and curiosity and has had a major impact on the information technology world in recent years. The scientific community, however, disagree on whether utilitarian and hedonic motivation systems should be combined and of the effect it could have on motivation. Some argue that Gamification can act as a bridge between the hedonic and utilitarian systems because it includes both types of incentive factors. In order to examine whether and how gamification can combine hedonic and utilitarian systems, the authors of this report, designed a digital interface which formed the basis for usability tests. The usability tests were carried out as part of a parallel case study, on asylum seeking youths between the ages of 13-18. Based on the results of the usability tests the conclusion, that with the help of relevant gamification principles hedonic and utilitarian systems can and should be combined to create greater motivation, were drawn.

Problemet studien ställdes inför var att försöka lösa hur man med hjälp av gamification kan skapa ett användbart mobilt gränssnitt som visualiserar elförbrukning. Fallstudien har resulterat i ett förslag på hur man kan visualisera elförbrukning i mobila gränssnitt och med inslag av gamification. Resultatet har arbetats fram med hjälp av metodiken användarcentrerad design där användningstester och iterationer har utförts för att erhålla värdefull information från användare om hur de vill att en sådan här applikation ska se ut och fungera. Resultatet har sedan presenterats och analyserats utifrån den modell som togs fram från teorin. Resultatet är en interaktiv prototyp som vävt in teoridelarna användbarhet, mobila gränssnitt och gamification för att visualisera elförbrukning på ett användbart sätt. / The problem this case study faced was how to use elements from gamification to create a useful mobile interface that visualizes power consumption. The result of this case study is an application that visualizes electricity consumption in mobile interfaces with elements from gamification. The result is an interactive prototype that has taken advantage of the theories of usability, mobile interfaces and gamification.

Digital games are today avaliable on all kinds of different platform. Games and game thinking is also increasingly being applied within non-traditional contexts. This thesis explores the term "gamifiation" which can be defined as "the use of game design elements in non-game contexts". The purpose of the study was to identify and give perspective on the discourse surrounding the use and applicability of the term today. More specifically, it explores the possibilities of the potentially value creating ability in the context of work, and focused on the application of gamified software in the context of project work. To understand the power in using game elements in non-game context, the field surrounding motivation in games is explored, as well as the discourse surrounding gamification. Through a qualitative survey using semi-structured interviews the potential use and value of gamification in the project context was investigated. Three approaches to gamification, a rejective, a commercial and an academic are presented. Self-determination theory is used to understand motivation in games.This and the insights resulting from the interviews, the survey of the field, and the theoretical understanding of project work are used to give a perspective on the use of game elements in project work. Among the recommendations are designing for a particular context and different user groups, connecting the use of interface elements with the users intrinsic needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness, using gamification as a part and not the focus of the design process, and adding percieved user values, or "fun" to motivate users. Gamification is suggested for appliance as a means to attract staff and clients to a project, motivating users to learn or achieve or motivating users to engage with the system in a certain way.

Du serious game à l'Artgame, le jeu vidéo s'est détaché de l'industrie du loisir pour devenir l'un des médiums les plus attractifs de ce siècle. La gamification, notamment, traduit une aspiration au ludique qui pénètre les mentalités des individus contemporains et leur rapport au monde et à autrui. Que ce soit dans son industrie, dans les mouvements des serious games, des Games For Change et également de l'Artgame et du Game Art, l'avènement de la société du jeu total est manifeste. Comme le jeu avant lui, le jeu vidéo apparaît comme un espace de représentations, véhicule de l'esprit du temps. Perpétué ou mise en critique, celles-ci se déploient à l'intérieur des représentations formelles et structurelles de ces objets vidéoludiques. Formant des « architectures rhétoriques », les jeux vidéo doivent être considérés comme des hypermédiums afin de découvrir les discours et les tensions socio-politiques en jeux.Conçus par des sujets culturels, les jeux vidéo véhiculent les idéologèmes transmis par leurs game designers. A travers leurs créateurs, ces formes artistiques sont telles des prismes qui permettent de faire apparaître les enjeux contemporains à travers différents matériaux artistiques dont ils se font le porteur : image, musique, texte, mécanique, systèmes de gameplay, etc. Face à une gamification dont l'objectif est d'édulcorer le monde pour le rendre fonctionnel dans une société néolibérale aliénante, certaines œuvres vidéoludiques, notamment dans le domaine de l'Artgame, dévoile le potentiel émancipateur, critique et revendicateur du jeu vidéo. Chez elles, les territoires vidéoludiques sont, au contraire, saisis comme une « technique du réveil » des questions philosophiques fondamentales, des actes sociétaux nécessaires et d'un engagement politique vital chez l'individu contemporain. / From serious games to ArtGame, the video game broke away from the entertainment industry to become one of the most attractive media of this century. Gamification, in particular, reflects a desire for fun penetrating the mentality of contemporary people and their relation to the world and to others. Whether in its industry, in the serious games movement, or the Games for Change and also the ArtGame and Game Art, the advent of the society of total gaming is obvious. As with all forms of games previously, the video game appears as a space for representations, a vehicle of “l'esprit du temps”. Perpetuated or criticized, these representations unfold within the formal and structural representations of these videogames. Forming "rhetorical architectures", video games must be regarded as “hypermediums” to discover discussions and the socio-political tensions at play.Conceived by game designers, who are “cultural subjects”, video games convey their “ideologemes” transmitted from a time. Through their creators, these art forms are like prisms that can show the contemporary issues through the various artistic materials : image, music, text, mechanics, gameplay systems, etc. Faced with gamification aiming to sweeten the world to make it functional in an alienating neo-liberal society, some video games, especially in the field of ArtGame, unveil the emancipating, critical and demanding potential of video games. Among them, the video game territories are, instead, considered as an "awakening technique" for fundamental philosophical questions, necessary societal actions and vital political commitments in the contemporary individual.

Gamification is a novel method to improve engagement, motivation, or participation in non-game contexts using game mechanics. To a large extent, gamification is a psychological- and design-oriented discipline, i.e., a lot of effort has to be spent already in the design phase of a gamification project. Subsequently, the design is implemented in information systems such as portals or enterprise resource planning applications. These systems act as mediators to transport a gameful design to its users. However, the efforts for the subsequent development and integration process are often underestimated. In fact, most conceptual gamification designs are never implemented due to the high development costs that arise from building the gamification solution from scratch, imprecise design or technical requirements, and communication conflicts between different stakeholders in the project. This thesis addresses these problems by systematically defining the phases and stakeholders of the overall gamification process. Furthermore, the thesis rigorously defines the conceptual requirements of gamification based on a broad literature review. The identified conceptual requirements are mapped to a domain-specific language, called the Gamification Modeling Language. Moreover, this thesis analyzes 29 existing gamification solutions that aim to decrease the implementation efforts of gamification. However, using the different language elements, it is shown that none of the existing solutions suffices all requirements. Therefore, a generic and reusable platform as runtime environment for gamification is proposed which fulfills all presented functional and non-functional requirements. As another benefit, it is shown how the Gamification Modeling Language can be automatically compiled into code for the gamification runtime environment and, thus, further reduces development efforts. Based on the developed artifacts and five real gamified applications from industry, it is shown that the efforts for the implementation of the gamification can be significantly reduced from several months or weeks to a few days. Since the technology is designed as a reusable service, future projects benefit continuously with regards to time and efforts.

Aktuell streben Hochschulen nach Lösungen zur Senkung von Studienabbruchquoten, Anregung der Studienmotivation und Optimierung von Studieneingangsphasen. Diese hochschulpolitischen Ziele sind von großer Bedeutung für den demografischen Wandel und den steigenden Bedarf an hochqualifizierten Fachkräften. Viele verschiedene Konzepte versuchen diesen Zielen Rechnung zu tragen. Auch die Technische Universität Dresden (TUD) hat mit ihrem Gesamtkonzept zur Unterstützung des Studienerfolgs verschiedene Teilprojekte ins Leben gerufen. Eines davon ist das Studienassistenzsystem gOPAL, welches Studienanfängern der TUD beim Aufbau von Orientierungswissen und Kompetenzen der Studierfähigkeit unterstützt. [... aus dem Text]

Den svenska privata transportsektorn drivs idag mestadels på fossila bränslen vilka bidrar till stora utsläpp av växthusgaser i atmosfären. För att minska dessa utsläpp måste människor minska på sina resor alterantivt ändra resebeteenden. Detta betyder att människor måste ändra sina beteenden vilket enklast görs genom att hitta de motivationsaspekter som driver den att göra vissa val. I den här studien undersöks hur man genom att designa för gamification kan motivera användare att förändra sina beteenden och därmed bidra till en bättre framtid. Projektet inleddes med en bred informationsinsamling kring gamification, beteende och motivation. För att undersöka hur teorier och metoder avspeglas i verkligheten genomfördes kvalitativa och kvantitativa undersökningar. Avslutningsvis genomfördes en observation med användartester av en prototyp för att testa den digitala artefakt som tagits fram för projektets ändamål. Resultatet av studien visade att gamification kan motivera användaren genom belöningar mot de subjektiva värdena. Gamification kan ensamt inte vara den absoluta lösningen för ökad motivation, utan måste i första hand påverka individens egenintresse. Det är svårt att generalisera hur ett designförslag inom gamificationområdet kan utformas då undersökningen inte är tillräckligt stor för att dra slutsatser, men i resultatet presenteras ett nytt förhållningssätt till design genom en nionde punkt till metoden Octalysis samt hur en möjlig tjänst kan se ut med hänsyn till detta. / The Swedish private transport sector is mostly fueled by fossil fuels, which contribute to large emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In order to reduce these emissions, people must reduce their travel behavior alternatively by changing their travel behavior. This means that people have to change their behavior which is most easily done by finding the motivational aspects that drive it to make certain choices. This study explores how designing for gamification can motivate users to change their behaviors and thus contribute to a better future. The project started with a broad collection of information about gamification, behavior and motivation. To investigate how theories and methods are reflected upon in reality, qualitative and quantitative studies were conducted. Finally, an observation was conducted with user tests of a prototype to test the digital artifact developed for the purpose of the project. The results of the study showed that gamification can motivate the user by rewarding the subjective values. Gamification alone cannot be the absolute solution for increased motivation, but must primarily affect the individual's self-interest. It is difficult to generalize how a possible designsuggestion within the field of gamification can be made due to the insufficient size of out study, but the result presents a new approach to design through a ninth point to the Octalysis method and how a possible service can be designed.

This is a thesis in information design focusing on spatial design. This project is a collaboration with visitor center Bergmancenter on Fårö, who has asked for an interactive aspect to their permanent exhibition Fårö – Ingmar Bergman’s Filmic landscape. Bergmancenter is open for the public during the summer season, May to September. Fårö, which has a population of 500, is a popular destination, which makes the number of inhabitants increase significantly during the summer. Tourism significantly affects Bergmancenter. This work will be based on how exhibition content can be shaped so that it benefits the users who visit Bergmancenter as a quick stop on their way through Fårö, a crowd of users with different conditions in previous knowledge, interests and motivation. The work is partly based on theories in exhibition design – storytelling, hierarchies and multimodality. The design concept is based on culture –and media consumption and aims to meet the user’s interests, motives and motivations. By compressing information, distributing it on the user’s terms and allowing the user to create their own experience, the concept allows the user to discover the cinematic landscape on Fårö through the auteur Ingmar Bergman. / Detta är ett examensarbete inom informationsdesign med inriktning på rumslig gestaltning. Projektet görs i samarbete med besökscentret Bergmancenter på Fårö, som önskat skapa en interaktiv aspekt till sin basutställning Fårö – Ingmar Bergmans filmiska landskap. Bergmancenter har öppet för allmänheten under sommarsäsongen, maj till september. Fårö, som är ett populärt resmål har 500 invånare, ett antal som ökar markant under sommarsäsongen. Turismen påverkar Bergmancenter signifikant. Arbetet kommer att utgå från hur utställningsinnehållet kan formas så att det kan gynnar användarna som besöker Bergmancenter som ett stopp på vägen genom Fårö, en användarskara med olika förutsättningar när det kommer till förkunskaper, intresse och motivation. Arbetet grundar sig bland annat i teorier inom utställningsdesign – storytelling, hierarkier och multimodalitet. Designkonceptet baserar sig på unga vuxnas kultur- och mediekonsumtion och syftar till att möta användarens intressen, motiv och drivkrafter. Genom att komprimera information, distribuera den på användarens villkor och låta användaren skapa sin egen upplevelse kan konceptförslaget få användaren att upptäcka det filmiska landskapet på Fårö genom auteuren Ingmar Bergman.

Frei nach dem Aphorismus Edmund Burkes: „Spielen ist dem Menschen innewohnendes Prinzip.“ ist der Spieltrieb im Bewusstsein der Menschen tief verwurzelt. Dieser Umstand birgt im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung Chancen, insbesondere in Unternehmen und Community-Netzwerken, eine verstärkte Partizipation anzuregen. Gamification versucht dieses inhärente Potential von Spielen nutzbringend und gezielt einzusetzen. Dies soll durch den Einsatz von spieltypischen Elementen in einem spielfremden Kontext erreicht werden1. Durch die Spielbarmachung von Tätigkeiten mittels deren spielerischer Gestaltung werden sich positive Motivationseffekte erhofft2. Zu den bekanntesten Spielelementen zählen Punkte, Abzeichen, Ranglisten und Fortschrittsanzeigen. Das vorliegende Paper greift diese Gedanken auf und wirft die Frage auf, wie die Beteiligung von Community-Mitgliedern durch Gamification gefördert werden kann. Ferner werden ein entwickeltes Gamification-Kategoriensystem für eine Business-to-Business (B2B)-Community sowie zentrale Ergebnisse dieser Studie in Form von sieben Handlungsempfehlungen präsentiert. [Aus der Einleitung.]