In this dissertation I direct critique at a conception of self-deception prevalent in analytical philosophy, where self-deception is seen as a rational form of irrationality in which the self-deceiver strategically deceives himself on the basis of having judged that this is the best thing to do or, in order to achieve something advantageous. In Chapter One, I criticize the conception of self-deception as analogous to deceiving someone else, the so-called “standard approach to self-deception”. The account under investigation is Donald Davidson’s. I criticize Davidson’s outline of self-deception as involving contradictory beliefs, and his portrayal of self-deception as a rational and strategic action. I trace the assumptions involved in Davidson’s account back to his account of radical interpretation and argue that the problems and paradoxes that Davidson discusses are not inherent in self-deception as such but are problems arising in and out of his account. In Chapter Two, I present Sebastian Gardner’s account of self-deception. Gardner is concerned with distinguishing self-deception as a form of “ordinary” irrationality that shares the structure of normal, rational thinking and action in being manipulation of beliefs from forms of irrationality treated by psychoanalysis. I object to the way in which Gardner makes this distinction and further argue that Gardner is mistaken in finding support in Freud for his claim that self-deception involves preference. In Chapter Three, I present a different understanding of self-deception. I discuss self-deception in the context of Sigmund Freud’s writings on illusion, delusion, different kinds of knowledge, etc., and propose a view of self-deception where it is not seen as a lie to oneself but rather as motivated lack of self-knowledge and as a flight from anxiety. In Chapter Four, I discuss some problems inherent in the three accounts under investigation, for example, problems arising because first-person awareness is conflated with knowledge of objects.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:20:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pequini_at_me_ia_prot.pdf: 1618505 bytes, checksum: 10e50376685e5858e3bbc163ba26d9e1 (MD5) / A pesquisa de caráter exploratório, de cunho teórico desenvolvida pelo mestrando, demonstrou em linhas gerais o sentido que H. Gardner conferiu à educação artística. Apesar da dissertação não ter cumprido o seu objetivo primeiro de avaliar a possível relevância da teoria das IM nos processos de ensino aprendizagem musical, a pesquisa demonstrou na fundamentação teórica, que o autor projetou para os pesquisadores em arte, a tarefa de promover um estudo pormenorizado da cognição artístistica e o desenvolvimento de uma psicologia das artes, a partir da comprensão dos símbolos artísticos e de como o indivíduo pensa a arte. Ele vê a arte como uma das possibilidades de comunicação do homem com o mundo, portanto deve ter no ensino, a mesma importância das demais áreas do conhecimento humano. Para ele as artes se formam a partir de imagens sensoriais, elas são apreendidade pelo intelecto, mas também provocam respostas afetivas e se preocupam com a qualidade do sentimento. Daí a importância no seu aprendizado. Elas fazem aflorar estágios psíquicos e cognitivos ideais para o aprimoramento humano. A partir de uma estrutura que envolve os organismos de fazer, perceber e sentir, Gardner demonstra como os indivíduos se envolvem nas artes e como eles se desenvolvem psiquicamente a partir desta estrutura. Trabalhando numa visão sistêmica, o autor projeta para a educação artística a perspectiva de modular de um modo eficaz os valores da cultura; os meios disponíveis para a educação nas artes e sua avaliação; e os perfis individuais e de desenvolvimento dos estudantes que serão ensinados. A dissertação de mestrado contou com uma Introdução que narra o projeto inicial, o capítulo I que retratou a teoria das IM de Gardner e a fundamentação teórica utilizada para consolidar sua teoria. O Capítulo II descreve a... / Not available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-19T02:02:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000459334-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 9076568 bytes, checksum: 9f278385d83138e8df263ba993e12c7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / In the study that led to the Theory of Multiple Intelligences (MI), Gardner (2001) states that we are endowed with a spectrum composed of several intelligences and the individual development depends on the cultural context. Assuming the principles of MI theory and reflecting on the context of teaching optics activities and educational activities for Polytechnic High School, which was deployed in Rio Grande do Sul in 2012, were developed and evaluated in order to improve students’ learning. The activities planning started from previous students' ideas mapping about the nature of light. This initial mapping showed that students had an immense difficulty in expressing the nature of light or describing its meaning. Activities were developed and applied to a group of students from an urban Polytechnic Public High School, in Rio Grande do Sul, over an academic quarter. The starting points proposed by the Theory of IM were used to stimulate multiple intelligences: Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, and Personal. The spectrum of intelligences, in it’s entirely, was not stimulated, although in each activity, but we sought to involve the largest possible number of intelligences. It was found that the activities promoted not only the complexity of previous ideas, but the development of students' autonomy to positining themselves about the nature of light theories and the optical phenomena. Throughout this research, we seek to encourage the greatest possible number of intelligences, presenting different perspectives in Optics, unusual in physics teaching, such as the use of painting, drawing and storytelling activities, allowing students to make use of their skills, building learning together with other colleagues and with the teacher. We concluded that MI theory, practiced in the classroom, can show up as a possible solution to improve students’ academic achievement and self-esteem, as it considers the pluralistic intelligence, not only emphasizing the linguistic and logical-mathematical. / No estudo que deu origem à Teoria das Inteligências Múltiplas (IM), Gardner (2001) afirma que somos dotados de um espectro composto por diversas inteligências e o desenvolvimento individual depende do contexto cultural. Assumindo os pressupostos da teoria das IM e refletindo sobre o contexto do ensino de Óptica, foram desenvolvidas e avaliadas atividades e ações pedagógicas para o Ensino Médio Politécnico, implantado, no Rio Grande do Sul, em 2012, que buscavam ampliar o aprendizado dos alunos. O planejamento das atividades partiu do mapeamento das ideias prévias dos alunos sobre a natureza da luz. Este mapeamento inicial mostrou que os alunos apresentavam dificuldade em expressar a natureza da luz ou descrever o seu significado. Foram desenvolvidas atividades, que foram aplicadas a um grupo de alunos do Ensino Médio Politécnico de uma escola pública estadual urbana, do Rio Grande do Sul, ao longo de um trimestre letivo. Para tanto, foram utilizados os pontos de partida propostos pela Teoria das IM para estimular múltiplas inteligências: Linguística, Lógico-matemática, Espacial, Físico-cinestésica, a Naturalista e Pessoal. O espectro de inteligências, em sua totalidade, não foi estimulado, embora, em cada atividade, se tenha procurado envolver o maior número possível de inteligências. Verificou-se que as atividades promoveram não só a complexificação das ideias prévias, mas o desenvolvimento da autonomia dos alunos para se posicionarem quanto às teorias sobre a natureza da luz e os fenômenos luminosos. Ao longo desta pesquisa, ao buscarmos estimular maior número possível de inteligências, apresentando a Óptica sob diferentes perspectivas, incomuns no ensino de Física, como o uso de atividades de pintura, desenho e contação de histórias, as quais permitiram que os alunos fizessem uso de suas habilidades, construindo o aprendizado em conjunto com os demais colegas e com o professor. Conclui-se que a teoria das IM, praticada na sala de aula, pode se mostrar como uma possível solução para melhorar o rendimento escolar e a autoestima do aluno, uma vez que considera a inteligência pluralista, não enfatizando apenas a linguística e a lógico-matemática.

Gardner saltbush ecosystems are increasingly being invaded by halogeton, a competitive annual weed that increases soil surface salinity and reduces plant biodiversity. This study was established on the Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area, in the Ashley National Forest near Manila, UT to evaluate the ability of forage kochia, Russian wildrye, tall wheatgrass, Indian ricegrass and Gardner saltbush, in monocultures and binary mixtures with Gardner saltbush, to establish and compete in ecosystems dominated by halogeton. A dormant seeding, with and without prior disking, was conducted to determine the ability of plant materials to establish. A spaced-plant evaluation was used to determine the competitive ability of fully established plants by measuring halogeton densities at four 10 cm intervals (10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-50 cm) distal from transplants. Gardner saltbush, tall wheatgrass, and Indian ricegrass did not establish or persist beyond the first year in either study. Conversely, Russian wildrye and forage kochia established and persisted, with Russian wildrye establishment higher (P ≤ 0.05) in the disked treatment (4.5 and 1.7 plants m-2, respectively) and no-till favoring (P ≤ 0.05) forage kochia establishment (2.0 and 0.8 plants m-2, respectively). Spaced-plants of these species reduced halogeton by 52% relative to the control. Furthermore, by the second year of evaluation, the competitive ability of Russian wildrye and forage kochia had extended to 50 cm distal from transplant. Transplant survival and halogeton frequency were highly correlated (r = -0.67, P = 0.0001), indicating the important of persistence. These results suggest that Russian wildrye and forage kochia can establish, persist, and compete with halogeton, thereby providing an opportunity for reclamation of halogeton-invaded areas. Conversely, direct restoration to Gardner saltbush and Indian ricegrass does not appear likely

John Harbison's status as a significant contemporary American composer is confirmed by his numerous appointments, honorary degrees, and awards. He is the recipient of nearly every major composition award, with works performed by major orchestras and in important opera houses spanning the world. This paper examines in detail Harbison's most acclaimed choral work, the 1987 Pulitzer Prize-winning The Flight into Egypt. This study of the score is a "conductor's analysis," offering a musical guide for the conductor who seeks to perform this work. To provide a context for the discussion, Chapter 1 offers a brief biographical sketch of Harbison's life and career. Chapter 2 provides the analysis of the work and includes a history from commission to premier, a discussion of Harbison's selection of text, and an examination of the pitch organization which informs the piece. In Chapter 3, I present important rehearsal and performance implications to consider when undertaking a performance of the work. Interviews with two well-regarded conductors who have performed The Flight into Egypt, David Hoose and Patrick Gardner, and the composer himself, provide valuable insight into this discourse.

The purpose of this causal-comparative study was to determine if a relationship exists between implementing Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and fifth graders' attitudes toward school. The focus population consisted of fifth grade students within a 300-mile radius of Kingsport, Tennessee. Surveys were administered to students at 15 elementary schools. Data were collected from five schools identified as implementing multiple intelligences theory, five schools identified as partially implementing multiple intelligences theory, and five schools identified as not implementing multiple intelligences theory in educational planning. Data collected primarily focused on students' attitudes toward school; however, information concerning gender was also solicited. The study employed quantitative data, and descriptive analysis was performed. Findings indicated that there was no significant difference in students' attitudes toward school among fifth graders attending schools implementing multiple intelligences theory, fifth graders attending schools partially implementing multiple intelligences theory, and fifth graders attending schools not implementing multiple intelligences theory. There were no gender related differences found. All 15 schools participating in the study could be characterized as institutions having good academic records, community support, and a dedicated faculty. The major conclusion was that these factors and others identified in the review of literature could affect students' attitudes toward school and possibly contribute to the closeness of the means among the three implementation groups.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att utveckla en förståelse för läxor i en årskurs sexa. Vi vill ta reda på antalet läxor som eleverna i en klass kan få, men även ta reda på vad själva syftet med läxorna är. Vi vill fördjupa oss i om pedagogerna och elevernas uppfattning om läxor ger stöd för lärande. Nedan presenteras vår frågeställning till examensarbetet.•Vad är syftet med läxor?•Hur många läxor får en elev i genomsnitt i veckan enligt pedagogerna och eleverna?•Vad anser pedagogerna och eleverna om läxor?•Vad är pedagogernas och elevernas uppfattning om läxor ger stöd för lärande?I teoretisk bakgrund har vi valt att ta upp om tidigare forskning angående läxor och vi har även tagit upp tre olika teoretiker: Vygotskij, Piaget och Gardner. Vi har även valt att benämna den allmänna debatten kring läxan. För att få fram vårt empiriska material till undersökningen har vi valt att använda oss av kvalitativ forskningsmetodik, vi har valt att observera och göra kvalitativa intervjuer. I vårt resultat framkommer det vad eleverna och pedagogerna har föra synpunkter kring läxan som ett vanligt förekommande fenomen i skolan. Vår slutsats är att pedagogerna ger ut läxor för att eleverna ska befästa olika kunskaper, men att vissa pedagoger anser att en läxfri skola är ett alternativ.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka ett specifikt arbetssätt som pedagoger kan använda sig av för att skapa en stimulerande undervisningsmiljö med hjälp av uterummet, dvs hur man som pedagog kan använda skolträdgården som ett pedagogiskt verktyg. Arbetet utgår ifrån frågeställningarna: Hur arbetar pedagogerna med en skolträdgård som ett pedagogiskt redskap? Vilka motiv och teorier ligger bakom pedagogernas val att använda sig av skolträdgården som ett pedagogiskt verktyg? Hur upplever eleverna arbetet i skolträdgården? De metoder som används för att besvara frågeställningarna är dels kvalitativa intervjuer med pedagoger som i någon form arbetar med en skolträdgård i sin undervisning och dels en kvantitativ enkät ställd till eleverna som pedagogerna arbetar med. Undersökningsgruppen består av fem pedagoger som arbetar på tre olika kommunala skolor i södra Sverige samt ett urval av deras elever mellan åldrarna 6 – 12 år. Empirin har ställts mot tidigare forskning som handlar om skolgården och skolträdgården som ett pedagogiskt redskap, utomhuspedagogik, hälsoaspekten samt John Deweys teori om aktivitetspedagogik och Howard Gardners teori om människans multipla intelligenser. Slutsatserna utav detta examensarbete är att skolträdgården bidrar till en stimulerande undervisningsmiljö i grundskolans tidigare år men att det inte är problemfritt att arbeta med detta arbetssätt. Majoriteten av eleverna är positiva till arbetet med skolträdgården men fler vill vara med och bestämma.

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This essay investigates the motivation of newly-arrived immigrant students, in the Swedish upper secondary school system, in connection with their simultaneous studies of the Swedish and English language. The essay investigates the students’ motivation as well as their linguistic self-confidence during their simultaneous studies. In order to investigate these factors, this essay uses the operative terms from Gardner and Lambert in their study of student motivation in regards to language learning. These terms codify and structure student motivation into two groups, integrative motivation and instrumental motivation. The former term denoted motivation based on the will to integrative and communicate with native speakers. The latter term instead denoted motivation based on the will to use the language in purely practical terms, for example for advancement in the work force or in educational institutions. This essay also uses the aforementioned term linguistic self-confidence as used by Dörnyei. The term denoted a speaker’s confidence in their own proficiency in a language. The selection process of the study showed that the improvement, of the students’ knowledge, was visible in both languages. However, there was no clear indication as to whether integrative or instrumental motivation had a greater effect on the improvement. Previous research indicates that integrative motivation had been more successful in language learning. The study showed a connection between the students’ linguistic self-confidence and their improvement. This further emphasises the importance for students to recognise their own progress and thus strengthen their linguistic self-confidence, which useful information for language teachers active in a simultaneous language learning situation.