Background Perinatal markers of prenatal development are associated with offspring psychiatric symptoms. However, there is little research investigating the specificity of perinatal markers for the development of specific disorders. This study aimed to explore if perinatal markers are specifically associated with adolescent substance use disorder (SUDs). Methods Adolescent participants from two study centers, one for SUD patients (n = 196) and one for general psychopathology (n = 307), were recruited for participation. Since the SUD participants presented with a number of comorbid disorders, we performed a 1-on-1 matching procedure, based on age, gender, and specific pattern of comorbid disorders. This procedure resulted in n = 51 participants from each group. From all participants and their mothers we recorded perinatal markers (mode of birth, weeks of completed pregnancy, birth weight, Apgar score after 5 min) as well as intelligence quotient (IQ). The SUD sample additionally filled out the Youth Safe Report (YSR) as well as the PQ-16 and the DUDIT. We aimed to distinguish the two groups (SUD sample vs. general psychiatric sample) based on the perinatal variables via a logistic regression analysis. Additionally, linear regressions were performed for the total group and the subgroups to assess the relationship between perinatal variables and IQ, YSR, DUDIT and PQ-16. Results The perinatal variables were not able to predict group membership (X2 [4] = 4.77, p = .312, Cox & Snell R² = 0.053). Odds ratios indicated a small increase in probability to belonging to the general psychiatric sample instead of the SUD sample if birth was completed via C-section. After Bonferroni-correction, the linear regression models showed no relation between perinatal markers and IQ (p = .60, R² = 0.068), YSR (p = .09, R² = 0.121), DUDIT (p = .65, R² = 0.020), and PQ-16 (p = .73, R² =0.021).

Background: The subjective experience of giving birth to a child varies considerably depending on psychological, medical, situational, relational, and other individual characteristics. In turn, it may have an impact on postpartum maternal mental health and family relationships, such as mother–infant bonding. The objective of the study was to evaluate the relevance of the subjective birth experience (SBE) for mother–infant bonding difficulties (BD) in women with mental disorders. - Methods: This study used data from N = 141 mothers who were treated for postpartum mental disorders in the mother–baby day unit of the Psychosomatic University Clinic in Dresden, Germany. Patients' mental status at admission and discharge was routinely examined using a diagnostic interview (SCID I) and standard psychometric questionnaires (e.g., EPDS, BSI, PBQ). Both, the SBE (assessed by Salmon's Item List, SIL) as well as medical complications (MC) were assessed retrospectively by self-report. The predictive value of SBE, MC, as well as psychopathological symptoms for mother–infant BD were evaluated using logistic regression analyses. - Results: About half of this clinical sample (47.2%) reported a negative SBE; 56.8% of all mothers presented with severe mother–infant BD toward the baby. Mothers with BD showed not only significantly more depressiveness (EPDS: M = 16.6 ± 5.6 vs. 14.4 ± 6.2*), anxiety (STAI: M = 57.2 ± 10.6 vs. 51.4 ± 10.6***), and general psychopathology (BSI-GSI: M = 1.4 ± 0.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.6**) compared to women without BD, but also a significantly more negative SBE (SIL: M = 79.3 ± 16.2 vs. 61.3 ± 22.9***). Moreover, the SBE was the most powerful predictor for BD in univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses [OR = 0.96*** (95% CI 0.94–0.98) vs. OR = 0.96** (95% CI 0.93–0.98)], even when univariate significant predictors (e.g., current psychopathology and MC during birth) were controlled. - Conclusions: A negative SBE is strongly associated with mother–infant bonding in patients with postpartum mental disorders. It needs to get targeted within postpartum treatment, preferably in settings including both mother and child, to improve distorted mother–infant bonding processes and prevent long-term risks for the newborn. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of focusing on the specific needs of vulnerable women prior to and during birth (e.g., emotional safety, good communication, and support) as well as individual factors that might be predictive for a negative SBE.

Nous savons que le Nietzsche juvénile au temps de La naissance de la tragédie espérait une renaissance de la tragédie à partir de la musique de Wagner et des a priori archaïques de la Grèce antique : le dionysisme et l'apollinisme. La question principale que Nietzsche se posa dans La naissance de la tragédie est : est-ce que la musique de Wagner est apte à engendrer une nouvelle vision tragique du monde (Weltanschauung) à l'image des Grecs dans laquelle le goût allemand, en matière d'esthétisme, se reconnaîtrait par le romantisme wagnérien? Voilà notre aperçu du problème de la renaissance de la tragédie dans lequel nous avons situé plus précisément notre problématique sur le rôle de la musique dans La naissance de la tragédie de Nietzsche.

This thesis addresses the role of the birth complex in Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy and in Richard Wagner’s operas. I see the birth complex as characterised by a dialectical relation between flesh and light, which is itself polarised by the tension between desire and anxiety. A structural determinant of the human relation to the world, this complex in my argument is of special importance for understanding the roles given to and assumed by women. Wagner gave the birth complex its first comprehensive elaboration through his operas. This, I contend, is the aspect of Wagner’s work that Nietzsche in his writings particularly reacted to through the ambivalent fascination it awakened in him. I argue that, even after Nietzsche’s break from Wagner, the birth complex remains central in his philosophy. The primary reference I build on here is Otto Rank’s theory of birth trauma, as set out in Das Trauma der Geburt (1924). To me, Rank’s theorisation of the trauma of birth is a translation into psychoanalytic language of Nietzsche’s philosophy, which itself arose with a translation into philosophical language of Wagner’s operas. In this thesis I build especially on Rank’s formulation of the tension between desire and anxiety and on his suggestions concerning the causes of the undoing of women. However, Rank did not take into account what I contend is a key aspect of both Nietzsche’s and Wagner’s work: the role of light in its dialectical relation with the flesh. By flesh I mean the interiority of the mother’s body and, by extension, the human body insofar as it is conceived through its relation to the maternal body. In the first main section of my PhD, I propose a theoretical understanding of the birth complex through an analysis of Nietzsche’s philosophy. I start with his writings pro and contra Wagner, showing that what Nietzsche primarily sees in Wagner’s operas is the birth complex. I then go on to argue that Nietzsche’s philosophy of life and of creativity is an exploration of the ways in which birth could be overcome. The second main section of my PhD is dedicated to Wagner, with largely text-based readings of three operas. I first discuss the extent to which death in Der fliegende Holländer and in the Freudian conception of the death drive is a mask for birth. I then tackle Tristan und Isolde and its famous celebration of night and death, in order to investigate whether love can be reduced to the birth complex. The last chapter of this section presents a close analysis of Das Rheingold and especially of its first scene and of Wagner’s indications on lighting. In a third and shorter section, I show that Hugo von Hofmannsthal’s and Richard Strauss’s Elektra pursued and reviewed this fundamental preoccupation of Nietzsche’s and Wagner’s work in proposing a further formulation of the birth complex that incorporates the scene of matricide. Finally, as a coda to the thesis, I explore the extent to which the uses of stage lighting pioneered by Adolphe Appia have been coming to terms with the birth complex.

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Der Anteil der Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund und eigener Migrationserfahrung, der ersten Generation, zwischen 15 und 45 Jahre, lag 2005 in Niedersachsen bei ungefähr 16 Prozent und der Anteil von Schwangeren mit einem anderen Herkunftsland als Deutschland betrug 16,8 Prozent. Diesen relevanten Anteil bezogen auf die perinatalen Ergebnisse differenziert zu betrachten war zentrales Anliegen der Studie. Insbesondere Frühgeburtlichkeit ist für die Geburtshilfe von Bedeutung, da sie trotz medizinischer Verbesserungen und umfassender Schwangerenvorsorge in Niedersachsen zwischen 2001-2008 bei durchschnittlich 8,1 Prozent lag. Die Ursachen sind multifaktoriell und beinhalten soziale und psychische Faktoren. Unter anderem stellen Spätaussiedlerinnen, durch Nichtanerkennung von Schulabschlüssen und Heiratsmigrantinnen, aufgrund des Verlustes von sozialen Netzwerken, in diesem Zusammenhang eine vulnerable Gruppe dar, weil sie häufig einen niedrigen Sozialstatus haben sowie psychisch durch Migration belastet sein können. Um Unterschiede in Bezug auf Frühgeburtlichkeit von Schwangeren aus unterschiedlichen Herkunftsregionen darzustellen und zu erklären, wurde das in den USA konstatierte "Latina Paradox" mit einbezogen. Danach haben Frauen aus lateinamerikanischen Ländern in der ersten Generation ein besseres geburtshilfliche Outcome in Bezug auf Frühgeburtlichkeit als US-Amerikanerinnen mit dem gleichen sozioökonomischen Status, obwohl sie eine geringere Schwangerenvorsorge erhielten. Fraglich war, ob sich dieses Paradox auch in Niedersachsen für Schwangere mit Migrationshintergrund nachweisen ließ. Basis für die empirische Untersuchung waren die Niedersächsischen Perinatalerhebungen der Jahre 2001-2008. Alle lebenden Einlingsgeburten mit einem Gestationsalter von < 37 + 0 SSW wurden in Bezug auf die berufliche Tätigkeit und Herkunftsregion der Mütter betrachtet. Bei den Frühgeborenen wurde zwischen Frühgeborenen, die zwischen der 32 + 0 und 36 + 6 Schwangerschaftswoche geboren wurden, sehr frühen Frühgeborenen und extrem frühen Frühgeborenen differenziert. Der Fokus lag auf Frauen aus "Osteuropa" und dem "Mittleren Osten, Nordafrika" und als Vergleichsgruppe wurden Schwangere aus Deutschland mit gleicher beruflicher Stellung herangezogen. Neben deskriptiven wurden auch multivariate Analysen durchgeführt. Bei der Analyse der N = 498.141 lebenden Einlingsgeburten zeigte sich, dass die größten Anteile eines anderen Herkunftslandes als Deutschland Frauen aus "Osteuropa" mit 5,6 Prozent und aus dem "Mittleren Osten, Nordafrika" mit 4,9 Prozent hatten. Erwartungsgemäß konnte festgestellt werden, dass Schwangere mit Migrationshintergrund aus Osteuropa und dem "Mittleren Osten, Nordafrika" im Vergleich zu deutschen Schwangeren niedrigere Bildungsabschlüsse hatten. Die Frühgeburtenrate betrug für lebende Einlingsgeburten (Herkunftsland der Mutter Deutschland) in den Jahren 2001-2008 zwischen 7,4 Prozent und 7,7 Prozent. Für Frauen aus "Osteuropa" zwischen 5,6 Prozent und 6,7 Prozent sowie für Frauen aus dem "Mittleren Osten, Nordafrika" zwischen 5,9 Prozent und 7,6 Prozent. Nach Durchführung der Logistischen Regression wurde ein signifikant geringeres Frühgeburtsrisiko für Frauen aus "Osteuropa" (AOR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82-0.93) (p < 0.001); und dem "Mittleren Osten, Nordafrika" (AOR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99) (p < 0.05) nachgewiesen. Die differenzierte Betrachtung nach beruflicher Tätigkeit der Schwangeren zeigte nach Adjustierung für Osteuropäerinnen, die als Facharbeiterin bzw. einfache Beamtin tätig waren oder ein Kleingewerbe betrieben, ein signifikant geringeres Risiko für Frühgeburtlichkeit gegenüber der Referenzgruppe (AOR = 0.757; 95% CI, 0.653 - 0.877) (p < 0.001), obwohl diese Frauen eine signifikant höhere Chance einer Schwangerschaftsvorsorge von mindestens einer Untersuchung unter dem Standard (AOR = 1.406 (95 % CI, 1.279 - 1.547) (p < 0.001) hatten. Soziale Risikofaktoren, die aus dem Eintrag im Mutterpass einbezogen wurden, hatten keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Frühgeburtsrisiko für Schwangere mit einem anderen Herkunftsland als Deutschland. Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund "Osteuropa" und dem "Mittleren Osten, Nordafrika" hatten im Vergleich zu Schwangeren ohne Migrationshintergrund ein geringeres Risiko einer Frühgeburt, ähnlich dem US-amerikanischen "Latina Paradox", obwohl sie häufiger eine Schwangerschaftsvorsorge unter dem Standard hatten. Insbesondere zeigte sich dieses Paradox für Schwangere aus "Osteuropa", die als Facharbeiterin, einfache Beamtin tätig waren bzw. ein Kleingewerbe betrieben. Diese Befunde unterstützen die Annahme, dass Schwangere aus bestimmten Herkunftsregionen Protektivfaktoren für Frühgeburtlichkeit besitzen und führen zu dem Schluss, dass diese Faktoren in weiteren Studien eruiert werden sollten, um protektiv auf das geburtshilfliche Outcome einwirken zu können.

The cross-sectional study INVITE (INtimate partner VIolence care and Treatment prEferences in postpartum women) aims to examine treatment and counseling preferences and barriers in relation to the experience of intimate partner violence (IPV), depression and anxiety, and (childbirth-related) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among postpartum women in Dresden, Germany. Currently, the INVITE study consists of an interim sample of N = 1,787 participants with n = 891 completed interviews. Recruitment is ongoing, targeting a community sample of at least N = 4,000 women who complete various quantitative questionnaires via telephone interviews at 3–4 months postpartum. The differences in rates of IPV, postpartum depression and anxiety, and/or (childbirth-related) PTSD as well as treatment and counseling preferences and barriers between affected and non-affected women will be assessed. Further, predisposing variables, past and present stress exposure, enabling resources, as well as past and present health will be examined as predictors of service preferences and barriers. In this study protocol, the theoretical background, methods, as well as preliminary results regarding sociodemographic characteristics and birth-related factors of the interim sample are presented and discussed in terms of their socio-political relevance. Simultaneously assessing IPV, postpartum depression and anxiety, and (childbirth-related) PTSD will facilitate exploring comorbidities and concomitant special needs of affected women. Results of the INVITE study will therefore set the ground for well-aimed development and improvement of treatment and counseling services for the respective target groups by informing health care professionals and policy makers about specific preferences and barriers to treatment. This will yield the possibility to tailor services to the needs of postpartum women.

Objective: To explore the longitudinal associations between prepartum fear of childbirth (FOC), birth experience, and postpartum mother-child-bonding, and the potential mediator role of the birth experience. Design: Women from the prospective cohort study DREAM completed questionnaires during pregnancy, 8 weeks, and 14 months after the birth. Participants: A community sample of n = 645 pregnant women from a large city in Eastern Germany participated in the study. Results: In a regression analysis, FOC predicted negative birth experience (β = 0.208, p < 0.001) which in turn predicted poorer mother-child-bonding both at 8 weeks (β = 0.312, p < 0.001) and 14 months postpartum (β = 0.200, p < 0.001). FOC also predicted mother-child-bonding at 14 months postpartum (β = 0.098, p < 0.05). Of note, this association was mediated by birth experience both at 8 weeks, indirect effect ab = 0.065, 95% CI [0.036, 0.098], and 14 months postpartum, indirect effect ab = 0.043, 95% CI [0.023, 0.067]. These effects remained stable even when adjusting for potential confounders. Key Conclusions: This study suggests that the association between FOC and mother-child-bonding is mediated by birth experience, pointing to the importance of a woman's positive subjective experience. Implications for Practice: Findings reveal two targets for peripartum interventions for women at risk for poor mother-child-bonding, namely the implementation of FOC screenings during pregnancy, and birth experience as mediating factor between FOC and mother-child-bonding. Focusing on the mother's subjective birth experience could aid to identify women at risk for impaired bonding who might need additional support.

Objective: Many women experience traumatic events already prior to or during pregnancy, and delivery of a child may also be perceived as a traumatic event, especially in women with prior post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Birth-related PTSD might be unique in several ways, and it seems important to distinguish between lifetime PTSD and birth-related traumatization in order to examine specific consequences for mother and child. This post-hoc analysis aims to prospectively examine the relation of both, lifetime PTSD (with/without interpersonal trauma) and birth-related traumatization (with/without postpartum depression) with specific maternal and infant outcomes. Methods: In the prospective-longitudinal Maternal in Relation to Infants’ Development (MARI) study, N = 306 women were repeatedly assessed across the peripartum period. Maternal lifetime PTSD and birth-related traumatization were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for women. Maternal health during the peripartum period (incl. birth experience, breastfeeding, anxiety, and depression) and infant outcomes (e.g., gestational age, birth weight, neuropsychological development, and regulatory disorders) were assessed via standardized diagnostic interviews, questionnaires, medical records, and standardized observations. Results: A history of lifetime PTSD prior to or during pregnancy was reported by 25 women who indicated a less favorable psycho-social situation (lower educational level, less social support, a higher rate of nicotine consumption during pregnancy). Lifetime PTSD was associated with pregnancy-related anxieties, traumatic birth experience, and anxiety and depressive disorders after delivery (and in case of interpersonal trauma additionally associated with infant feeding disorder). Compared to the reference group, women with birth-related traumatization (N = 35) indicated numerous adverse maternal and infant outcomes (e.g., child-related fears, sexual problems, impaired bonding). Birthrelated traumatization and postpartum depression was additionally associated with infant feeding and sleeping problems. Conclusion: Findings suggest that both lifetime PTSD and birth-related traumatization are important for maternal and infant health outcomes across the peripartum period. Larger prospective studies are warranted. Implications: Women with lifetime PTSD and/or birth related traumatization should be closely monitored and supported. They may benefit from early targeted interventions to prevent traumatic birth experience, an escalation of psychopathology during the peripartum period, and adverse infant outcomes, which in turn may prevent transgenerational transmission of trauma in the long term.