Purpose: The study examined the associations of multiple psychiatric and chronic conditions with the self-reported history of major depressive disorder (MDD) among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) and tested whether the associations differed by gender. Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis of baseline data from a clinical trial including 1,646 participants with OUD, of which 465 had MDD. A variable cluster analysis was used to classify chronic medical and psychiatric conditions. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate their associations with MDD in subjects with OUD. Results: Nine variables were divided into three clusters: cluster 1 included heart condition, hypertension, and liver problems; cluster 2 included gastrointestinal (GI) problems and head injury, and cluster 3 included anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. The overall prevalence of MDD in participants with OUD was 28.3% (22.8% for males and 39.5% for females). Gender, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, liver problems, heart condition, GI problems, and head injury were significantly associated with MDD. Gender-stratified analyses showed that bipolar disorder, liver problems and individuals with one chronic condition were associated with MDD only in males, whereas heart condition, hypertension, and GI problems were associated with MDD only in females. In addition, anxiety disorder, head injury, individuals with one or more than two psychiatric conditions, and individuals with more than two chronic conditions were associated with MDD regardless of gender. Conclusions: Treatment plans in patients with OUD should not only address MDD but also co-morbid psychiatric and chronic medical conditions that occur with MDD.

Aims The associations of moderate alcohol consumption, sleep duration, and tobacco smoking with coronary heart disease (CHD) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are not clearly clarified. The aims of the study were to evaluate the associations of lifestyle factors, hypertension, obesity, depression and sleep duration with CHD development among patients with T2D, and particularly, to examine the gender differences in risk factors for CHD. Methods A total of 2335 T2D adults were selected from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. Weighted univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results The CHD prevalence among patients with T2D was 14.2% (18.1% and 10.4% for males and females, respectively), which increased with age (10.3% and 19.6% for age groups 18–64 and 65+, respectively). After adjusting for other factors, weighted logistic regression analyses showed that CHD among patients with T2D was significantly associated with being male, older age, past smoking, long sleep duration, hypertension, and high cholesterol level. Furthermore, the significant association of older age, past smoking, hypertension and high cholesterol level were observed particularly in males, while the association of long sleep duration with CHD was only observed in females. Hypertension was associated with CHD for both genders. Conclusions Gender, age, past smoking, long sleep duration, hypertension and high cholesterol level were significantly associated with CHD among T2D patients; however, such associations differed by gender. Such gender disparities should be considered in the prevention and treatment of T2D.

I studien deltog 235 personer, 231 av dessa deltog i jämförelsen mellan könen. Syftet var att undersöka om Fear of Missing Out [FoMO] spelar roll i hur nöjd man är med livet (Satisfaction with Life Scale) [SWLS] både i gruppen som helhet samt uppdelat mellan kön. Utöver detta ämnade studien undersöka om det fanns något samband mellan FoMO och ålder, både i gruppen som helhet och uppdelat mellan kön. Vidare var syftet också att se om det fanns några könsskillnader när det kommer till FoMO samt SWLS. Studien kunde visa på ett negativt samband mellan självskattad SWLS och självskattad FoMO för gruppen män. För gruppen kvinnor fanns det inget samband mellan självskattad SWLS och självskattad FoMO. För gruppen som helhet fanns det också ett negativt samband mellan självskattad SWLS och självskattad FoMO. Man bör dock uppmärksamma att det är gruppen män som gör att det blir ett negativt samband mellan FoMO och SWLS vad gäller gruppen som helhet. Studien har också kunnat visa på att det finns ett negativt samband mellan FoMO och ålder både i gruppen som helhet samt för kvinnor och män. Ju äldre deltagarna var, desto lägre självskattad FoMO. Slutligen kunde studien inte visa på några könsskillnader i självskattad FoMO, inte heller i SWLS. / In this study a total of 235 people participated, whereof 231 of these participated in comparisons between genders. The purpose of this study was to see if Fear of Missing Out [FoMO] plays a role in how satisfied you are with your life (Satisfaction with Life Scale) [SWLS], amongst all participants but also compared between gender. In addition, this study wanted to see if there were any connection between FoMO and age among all participants as well as between genders. Furthermore, the study wanted to see if there were any differences in FoMO and SWLS between genders. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between self-reported SWLS and self-reported FoMO for men. But there was no correlation between self-reported SWLS and self-reported FoMO for women. Though there were a negative correlation between self-reported SWLS and self-reported FoMO for all participants, this indicates that the significant correlation in the whole group was indeed caused by the male participants since there were no significant correlations for women. This study could also show a significant negative correlation between FoMO and age for all participants as well as for men and women separately. Older participants reported lower FoMO. Finally, this study did not find any differences in gender when it comes to self-reported FoMO, nor self-reported SWLS.

Any activities where English can be encountered in outside of school, have been labeled by Sundqvist (2009) as “extramural English activities”. One of these activities is playing games (both digital and board games), which in accordance to the research by Sundqvist (2009) and Sundqvist and Sylvén (2012) has a great impact on the learner’s English proficiency. In accordance to these prior findings, the focus of this degree project is on the gaming habits of year three students in Swedish elementary school. After presenting a theoretical background and key elements from earlier research, I examine to what extend the students play digital games, what type of games are played and most importantly; do students in year three play digital games in English? Further on, I investigate the student’s vocabulary proficiency and connect the two parts of my research together, searching for correlations between time spent gaming and vocabulary depth. This degree project also includes a gender aspect and compares gaming habits and vocabulary proficiency of girls and boys, along with interviews with four teachers and their perception on students’ participation in extramural activities and English motivation.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka delaktigheten bland pojkar och flickor iämnet idrott och hälsa på högstadiet. Jag vill se om det är några skillnader och se över vilkabakomliggande faktorer det isåfall finns. Min frågeställning som jag har utgått ifrån ärföljande: Är det några skillnader på pojkar och flickors delaktighet i ämnet idrott och hälsa? / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the participation of boys and girls in the subject of sports and health at the upper secondary school. I want to see if there are any differences and see what underlying factors there are. My question from which I was based is as follows: Are there any differences in boys’ and girls' participation in the subject of sport and health?

Adolescent suicide is a serious and growing problem among adolescents. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to try and identify predictors of suicidal ideation. The first objective was to examine whether the level of engagement in risky behavior predicts an increase in total suicidal ideation above and beyond other well-known risk factors (i.e., family functioning, gender, and problem-solving skills). The second objective was to investigate whether different types of risky behaviors (i.e., internalizing versus externalizing) predict different forms of suicidal ideation (i.e., passive versus active) above and beyond perceived family functioning, gender, and problem-solving skills. The pre-test archival data of 358 students who participated in a weekly problem-solving group were analyzed. Using four questionnaires, their perceived family functioning, knowledge of the problem-solving process, number of risk-taking behaviors, and level of suicidal ideation were assessed during the first and last sessions. Gender and perceived family functioning uniquely and consistently contributed to the variance in active, passive and total suicidal ideation scores. The active, passive and total suicidal ideation scores of adolescent males were consistently lower than adolescent females. When compared to adolescents who described having no relationship with their families, those adolescents who reported having a good or great relationship with their families consistently reported lower passive, active, and total suicidal ideation scores. Having an okay relationship produced mixed results. Total risky behavior scores significantly predicted adolescents’ total suicidal ideation scores above and beyond perceived family functioning and gender. In addition, internalizing behaviors, but not externalizing behaviors, predicted an increase in passive, active, and total suicidal ideation scores above and beyond perceived family functioning and gender. Based on these findings, current screening, prevention and treatment programs would benefit from adding questions designed to determine an adolescent’s engagement in internalizing behaviors and how they perceive their family relationships. This may help in identifying at-risk adolescents earlier so that they can receive the help and support they require.

No description available.

Inequalities among top positions in the business sector are prominent and have been shown to partly be explained by social networks, which are prone to be built already during college. Social networks are a vital part of one’s socialization process, where gender and socialization, as well as gender and social networks within the fields of business, are insufficiently explored. Thus, the purpose of this study is to increase understanding of how students, in the context of elite business schools, think and act regarding their socialization process, and thus social networks. Further, we aim to explore the role of gender in these respects. To fulfil our purpose, we applied a qualitative research design by analysing 19 interviews. Our study shows that students have different patterns of socialization behaviour. These can be viewed as a scale, ranging from being extremely social to barely having friends at school, where male students make up the majority on both extremes and female students the majority in the middle. Students positioned towards the social end of the scale could benefit the most in their future careers, which both might help explain existing inequalities and give an opportunity to act for change. / Network and net worth. A longitudinal study of women’s and men’s social networks in Swedish business education and their effect on career outcomes

Using longitudinal data from Panel Study of Income and Dynamic (PSID) and multivariate analyses, this dissertation examines the dynamic and longitudinal relationship between gender, occupational career and health among people of working age under the new economy. The major concern is whether there are gender differences in the health returns to occupation/employment resources across life course, whether the gendered health gap diverges with age, and whether health affect men' and women's employment transitions and occupational mobility differently. Results show that women experience significantly poorer health than men, but this health gap reduces with aging. The health disadvantages experienced by women are entirely explained by SES status. Working becomes increasingly important to maintain health as people age. However, women receive far fewer health rewards from employment than men, and this unequal health returns to employment are compounded with age. The health benefit from a higher occupational status is similar for men and women across the life course. More importantly, all else being equal, health of women declines at a rate half that of men, showing a reversed gender health gap toward old age. Regarding health selection, results show that health is not a predictor of occupational status for either men or women, but is an important predictor for employment status and downward mobility of both genders. From a theoretical standpoint, this research illustrates the limitation of using one dominate life course theory, and calls for a more prominent theory that examine both biological and social processes that contribute to the life course gender health inequality. Methodologically, results suggest the superiority of combining longitudinal designs with hierarchical longitudinal models, which are able entangle the within-person health change and between-person effects of time. From a policy standpoint, the study suggests that familyriendly policies should be able to improve both women's employment and, by extension, their health status.

I nyligen publicerade (2008-2013) vetenskapligt granskade artiklar i ämnet matematikångest, har i första hand artiklar som behandlar gymnasiet och högskolan studerats. Sökningen av litteratur har skett i två databaser, Summons och ERIC, med hjälp av boolesk sökning och ämnesord. Fyra frågeställningar har använts vid läsningen av litteraturen. I orsaker till problemet, II är matematikångest ett könsrelaterat problem, III finns det lösningar på pro¬blemet och IV aktuella metoder för att mäta matematikångest. Orsakerna till problemet har studerats utifrån medicinska orsaker eller känslomässiga och kognitiva orsaker. Medicinska orsaker är arbetsminnet, aktiviteter i högra hjärnhalvan, spatiala bearbetningsförmågan och kortisolnivåer. Orsakssambandet för kortisolnivåerna är ännu ej klart fastställt. Kognitiva och känslomässiga orsaker är självtillit, självreglerande förmåga, självförtroende och tilltro till den egna förmågan (self-efficacy). Andra orsaker som har betydelse för matematikångest är inlärningsstilar, undervisningssitu¬ationen och lärarna. Det finns inget klart svar på frågan om matematikångest är ett könsrelaterat problem. Både forskningsrapporter för och emot ingår i studien. Möjliga lösningar är att inte överbelasta arbetsminnet och att lära eleverna metakogni-tiva strategier. Bedriva undervisningen i små grupper och anpassning av lärstilarna till elev-gruppen. Matematik i kombination med andra ämnen leder till minskad andel matematikångest. Trygga lärare innebär en trygg miljö och mindre antal elever med matematikångest. Om lärarna är medvetna om elevernas inlärning och hur de mäter matematikångesten ökar möjligheten att komma till rätta med problemet.Utvecklingen av metoder för att mäta matematikångest sker i olika delar av världen. De nya metoderna utgår alla från ett mindre antal påståenden jämfört med tidigare modeller som var mycket omfångsrika.