I Sverige kan man se en nedåtgående trend när det gäller alkoholkonsumtion bland ungdomar. Denna studie utforskar ungdomars attityder till alkohol och vilka faktorer som kan påverka ungdomars alkoholkonsumtion utifrån socialpsykologiska teorier och ett genusperspektiv. Avsikten var att undersöka om det fanns skillnader och likheter mellan könen. Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ studie och urvalet bestod av tio respondenter mellan 15 - 20 år bosatta i Sverige. Det vi kom fram till var att det fanns skillnader i attityder till alkohol mellan könen, men att faktorerna som framkom var lika för båda könen. Det fanns små variationer mellan motiven bland de som konsumerade alkohol och de som inte konsumerade alkohol. Däremot var motiveringarna lika oavsett kön bland dem som drack alkohol. Hos de drickande respondenterna var motiveringarna lika oavsett kön. Studien baseras på Theory of planned behaviour, social påverkan, social tuning och referens till genussystemet för att nå en djupare förståelse för ungdomars förhållningssätt till alkohol. / Currently there is a downward trend considering alcohol consumption among young people in Sweden. This study explores attitudes towards alcohol and the factors that can affect alcohol consumption among young people. This is a qualitative study based on social psychological theories from a gender perspective and includes research models for the Theory of planned behavior, Social Influence and Social tuning. In this study a broadened perspective and a deeper understanding of the youth drinking culture are analysed. The investigation includes interviews with ten Swedish students between the ages of 15 and 20. The result shows that there are differences in attitudes to consume alcohol due to gender differences, but that the factors that emerged were the same for both genders. There were small variations in motivations among non-drinking respondents and the main differences could be found among non-drinkers and drinkers. Among respondents who had a positive attitude towards alcohol consumption, the motivation was the same independent of gender.

Bakgrund: Förekomsten av psykisk ohälsa så som depression, ångest och stress (DÅS) är vanligt förekommande bland unga vuxna, framförallt hos kvinnor. Evidensen för att fysisk aktivitet har en reducerande effekt på DÅS är stark. Forskning visar också på en variation i stress och psykosomatiska besvär relaterat till typ av program på gymnasiet.    Syfte: Att undersöka tänkbara samband mellan nivå av fysisk aktivitet och upplevd DÅS hos 18-åringar som läser naturvetenskapligt program. Samt undersöka eventuella könsskillnader inom upplevd DÅS och självrapporterad nivå av fysisk aktivitet.   Metod: Studien var en kvantitativ, icke-experimentell tvärsnittsstudie med komparativ design. Vid datainsamling användes två självskattningsformulär (IPAQ-SF och DASS-21). Genomförandet skedde inom Uppsala kommun på fyra gymnasieskolor med naturvetenskapligt program. Totalt deltog 35 elever från nio klasser.   Resultat: Samtliga deltagare översteg rekommendationer för fysisk aktivitet. Inga signifikanta könsskillnader förekom. Majoriteten av deltagarna visade på ingen eller låg nivå av DÅS. Resultatet visade på skillnader i nivå av ångest, där kvinnorna rapporterade en högre nivå. Ett negativt samband mellan uppskattad fysisk aktivitet och DÅS gick att se hos gruppen som helhet, samt hos männen. Konklusion: Majoriteten av de 18-åriga män och kvinnor som undersökts i denna studie rapporterade höga nivåer av fysisk aktivitet och ingen eller låg nivå av DÅS. Kvinnorna rapporterade dock högre nivåer av ångest. Studien fann inget samband mellan självrapporterad fysisk aktivitet och DÅS för kvinnor men ett starkt samband för män. Dessa könsskillnader bör undersökas vidare. / Background: The presence of mental illness, like depression, anxiety and stress (DAS), is common among young adults, especially among females. There is strong evidence of physical activity having a reducing effect on DAS. Furthermore, research shows variation in stress and psychosomatic disorders related to different programs in high school.   Purpose: To investigate possible correlations between level of physical activity and experienced DAS among 18-year olds, studying natural science programme. Also, to investigate possible gender differences regarding experienced DAS and self-reported level of physical activity.   Method: The study consisted of a quantitative, non-experimental cross section study with comparative design. For data collection, two self-administered forms (IPAQ-SF and DASS-21) were used. The implementation took place at four high schools that had natural science programs within Uppsala municipality. A total of 35 students from nine classes attended.   Results: All participants exceeded recommendations for physical activity. There was no significant difference between the sexes. Most of the participants showed none, or low levels of DAS. The results showed differences in level of anxiety, where females reported a higher level. A correlation between DAS and physical activity was detected among males and females together as a group, as well as among the males.   Conclusion: Most of the 18-year old males and females investigated within this study reported high levels of physical activity, and none or low levels of DAS. The females reported higher levels of anxiety. Among the females, no correlation was found between level of physical activity and perceived DAS, but a strong correlation was found among the males. These gender differences should be further investigated.

MGS / Instittute of Gender and Youth Studies / In spite of the golden age of women which was ushered in by the Berlin Conference of 1995, women continue to be disadvantaged when it comes to public participation, both in the public and private sectors of the society. On a global scale even when they are well-qualified and in spite of the mainstreaming of more women into public life, women remain discriminated against in terms of accessing leadership positions. Despite their positive contribution, women continue to be significantly underrepresented in leadership positions. The aim of this study was to explore on the experiences and challenges of junior female managers at Tshilidzini Hospital in Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Qualitative method was used because it enabled the researcher to gain in-depth information about the challenges and experiences of junior female managers at Tshilidzini Hospital. This study is exploratory in nature. The population of this study consisted of junior female managers. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the research participants for this study. Ethical principles were considered, to ensure maximum protection of the research participants in this study. Face to face interviews were used to solicit information on the experiences and challenges of junior female managers at Tshilidzini Hospital. Thematic data analysis method was used in this study. The study found that gender discrimination is still widespread in South Africa, despite of the availability of many gender equality policies. The study recommends that policy makers, various government departments and law enforcement agencies makers should strengthen the gender machinery, to ensure that women are not denied an opportunity to take up leadership positions. / NRF

(en) Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology  Toxicology Student: Růžena Kubíčková Supervisors: Prof. Manuela Morato PharmDr. Ivan Vokřál, PhD. Title of diploma thesis: Differential reactivity of the longitudinal and circular muscle of the rat distal colon Physiological regulation of the function of the large intestine is neurohumoral. The neural part of this regulation implies the vegetative nervous system, which is crucial for the control of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) motility. Concerning the humoral part of the regulation, recent studies showed that angiotensin II (Ang II) causes contraction of the colonic smooth muscle and, thus, can also influence the motility of the colon. However, there are no known studies that have described this process in detail. The aims of this work were (1) to compare the reactivity of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the rat distal colon to potassium chloride (KCl), acetylcholine (ACh) and Ang II, (2) to compare the observed results between male and female rats, and (3) to characterize the receptors mediating the response to Ang II. For purpose of the project, adult, 10-12 weeks old Wistar Han rats of both genders were used. Strips of the the rat distal colon were mounted in organ baths along their...

Self-efficacy is a person's own perception about performing a task with a certain level of proficiency (Bandura, 1986). An important affective aspect of learning chemistry is chemistry self-efficacy (CSE). Several researchers have found chemistry self-efficacy to be a fair predictor of achievement in chemistry. This study was done in a college preparatory chemistry class for science majors exploring chemistry self-efficacy and its change as it relates to achievement. A subscale of CAEQ, Chemistry Attitudes and Experiences Questionnaire (developed by Dalgety et al, 2003) as well as student interviews were used to determine student chemistry self-efficacy as it changed during the course. The questionnaire was given to the students five times during the semester: in the first class and the class before each the four tests taken through the semester. Twenty-six students, both men and women, of the four major races/ethnicities were interviewed three times during the semester and events that triggered changes in CSE were followed through the interviews. HLM (hierarchical linear modeling) was used to model the results of the CSE surveys. Among the findings, women who started at significantly lower CSE than men accomplished a significant gain by the end of the semester. Blacks' CSE trends through the semester were found to be significantly different from the rest of the ethnicities.

This essay is about gender differences in attitudes towards a Swedish membership in Nato. The selected method for this essay is a quantitative survey method, and the purpose is to contribute to research on influential attitudes towards Nato amongst Swedish citizens. The presented results include the opinions of Swedish citizens that have participated in two surveys. One created by the authors of this essay, and the other by the SOM-institute. Regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationships between the variables. This essay concludes that there are gender differences in the attitudes of the Swedish population towards a Nato membership where men appear to have a more positive attitude. It was also found that there are gender differences in the Swedish population when it comes to concerns about the crisis or a war. That may explain why there is a positive view towards a Nato membership, as women that were worried about a crisis or a war, also are more positive towards a Nato membership.

The present study aims to investigate the possible impact that extramural English (EE) has on students’ foreign language anxiety (FLA) in the Swedish EFL classroom. The focus lies specifically on speaking anxiety and its relation to EE, if certain EE activities have a greater importance than others, and if there are gender differences in EE activities and levels of speaking anxiety. The study was carried out in a secondary school in Stockholm, Sweden. The 142 participants attended the last term of ninth grade when the study was carried out. Quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire and results demonstrated that the more extramural English the participants engaged in, the lower their levels of speaking anxiety were. Results also showed that productive EE activities seemed to have a greater impact than receptive activities on FLA. Finally, the study also revealed gender differences in preferred EE activities as well as in levels of speaking anxiety. The participating girls, as a group, had higher levels of speaking anxiety than the boys and were more involved in receptive EE activities than the participating boys. Additionally, the boys spent more time on activities involving video games than girls.

Background: The environmental changes leave the younger generation (Gen Z) to worry about their future, which means implementing changes in their consumption behavior. With global meat consumption drastically increasing, Gen Z has the potential to frame their food consumption patterns for the future. Existing research lacks an understanding of the young consumer's motives for their meat consumption and how marketing can reach the young consumers. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the motives of Gen Z's sustainable consumption, and more precisely, meat consumption, and what implications their perceptions can have on the marketing of meat substitutes.  Method: This is an exploratory qualitative study, where sixteen semi-structured, in-depth interviews of participants from Gen Z were held and analyzed inductively. The collected data was analyzed through the Gioia method to find patterns and further develop a theory.  Conclusion: The empirical findings suggest that awareness is the key driver for women of Gen Z to change their consumption patterns. However, the same awareness is not affecting the male participants to the same extent. Moreover, the findings suggest that the best approach to reach the young consumers is through digital channels and through neutralizing the concept of avoiding meat. This study contributes to research regarding the consumption patterns of Gen Z and provides insight into a crucial segment of the modern market. Furthermore, suggestions are provided for future research.

As an institution, the preschool shall contribute to an active education of democracy andequality. Preschool educators are important intermediaries within the educational system andtheir work shall contribute to a democratic environment. The methods that preschooleducators use has a big impact on children’s education and application of democraticprinciples and how children get affected by this is based on the values that the preschool hasin their environment. The preschool supports different principles of equality, which meansthat they work actively to strengthen the child’s knowledge and values for equality in livingconditions. The preschool also teaches the children that everyone is equal regardless thegender. Research shows that children at the age of 2.5 begin to make use of their genderidentity, girls begin to show stereotypically female tendencies while boys showstereotypically male tendencies. The children’s identity is formed and created throughinteraction with other people, for example preschool educators at the preschool. Therefore, itis interesting to see how preschool educators affect children’s gender socialization in thepreschool by focusing on the roles that preschool educators take in the making of gender. Thepurpose of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of how preschool educators relate toboys and girls at the preschool. Are the children treated equally within the preschoolenvironment or is there a difference between what gender they have and further on howgender is created in practice. Our qualitative study was conducted at a preschool in middleSweden where we studied preschool educators’ interactions with the children. To answer thepurpose of the study, we made participant observations and interviews with preschooleducators at the preschool. The results of the study show us that preschool educators behavedifferently to boys and girls despite having conscious thoughts about gender. Howapproaching the gender happens unconscious in preschool educators’ interactions with thechildren. / Förskolan som institution ska medverka till en aktiv fostran av demokrati och jämställdhet.Inom skolväsendet är förskolepedagoger betydelsefulla förmedlare, förskolepedagoger skasåledes bidra till en demokratisk miljö. Förskolepedagogers arbete, vilka förhållningssätt menäven vilka värderingar de har på förskolan påverkar barnens fostran och tillägnandet av dedemokratiska principerna. Förskolan stödjer olika principer för jämställdhet vilket innebär attde aktivt stärker barnets kunskaper och värderingar för jämlikhet i levnadsvillkor. Påförskolan ska barnen lära sig att alla människor är lika mycket värda oavsettkönstillhörighet. Forskning visar att barn vid en ålder av 2,5 år börjar att använda sig av sinkönsidentitet, flickor börjar visa stereotypiskt kvinnliga tendenser medans pojkar visarstereotypiskt manliga tendenser. Barnens identitet formas och skapas genom interaktion medandra människor exempelvis förskolepedagoger på förskolan. Därför är det intressant attstudera hur förskolepedagoger påverkar barnens könssocialisation i förskolan genom attfokusera på förskolepedagogers roller i görandet av kön. Syftet med studien var att få endjupare förståelse om hur förskolepedagoger förhåller sig till pojkar och flickor på förskolan.Behandlas barnen lika inom förskolans miljö eller det skiljer sig åt på grund av barnens olikakönstillhörigheter, det vill säga hur genus skapas i praktiken. Vår kvalitativa studiegenomfördes på en förskola i mellansverige där vi studerade förskolepedagogers interaktionermed barnen. För att besvara studiens syfte gjorde vi deltagande observationer och intervjuermed förskolepedagoger på förskolan. Resultatet av studien visar att förskolepedagogerförhåller sig olika till pojkar och flickor trots att de har medvetna tankar om genus. Ettgörande av kön sker omedvetet i förskolepedagogers interaktioner med barnen.

The study reported here examined 367 adolescent 4-H participants in terms of demographic, psychological, behavioral, and relational characteristics, as well as their perceptions and experiences in 4-H. Overall, participants scored high on all outcome variables except having a diverse population in their club. Older participants were more optimistic, participated in more deviant behaviors, and were more satisfied with their 4-H experiences in comparison to younger participants. In comparison to boys, girls appeared to be healthier in regards to psychological characteristics, positive behaviors, and relationships with peers and other adults and were more satisfied with their 4-H experiences.