This essay presents a study on gender differences with a focus on mild and strong swearwords and their pre-modifying adjectives when describing a person, based on findings from the BNC2014. Previous research implies that men and women use different types of swearwords, suggesting that men tend to use stronger language than women. The aim of this study is to investigate the usage of strong versus mild swearwords to analyze if there are differences in frequency and use of pre-modifying adjectives across gender. A set of mild swearwords (cow, git) and strong swearwords (dick, cunt) from Ofcom’s scale of offensiveness (Ofcom, 2016) was used to manually compare how men and women tend to differ in the way they use these words. Previous research on swearing in connection to gender, offensiveness, and pre-modifying adjectives is presented as well as a definition of the swearwords. The results show that the usage of mild and strong language is equally used in male and female speakers and that negative and other pre-modifying adjectives are most used together with these words. Hopefully, the findings in this study could shed more light on the topic of gender differences and swearing.

The aim of this study was to explore how women in social work experience the equality in their workplace, and their experience of an unequal gender distribution. To answer this, a qualitative method was used, and four individual interviews were conducted. At the time of the study all four interviewees worked as social workers in medium sized municipalities in the middle of Sweden. Yvonne Hirdman’s theory on gender systems, Joan Ackers theory on gender regimes and the theory of homo- and heterosociality were used for the analysis. The result of the study showed that the interviewees considered their place of work to be equal between men and women but at the same time described differences between male and female coworkers. It appeared that there were mainly structural factors that seemed undetectable, like norms, values and stereotypes, that contributed to the gender difference and inequality between genders in the workplaces. These structural differences were only detectable when critically examining the concrete experiences the interviewees talked about. In conclusion, there were some structural patterns that contributed to a gender difference and therefor an inequality between genders in the workplaces, at the same time, the interviewees mentioned factors that contributed to gender equality in the workplaces. What this essay illustrated is women’s perspective and concrete experiences of gender differences and gender equality and inequality. / Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur kvinnor inom socialtjänsten upplever jämställdheten på deras arbetsplats, och deras erfarenheter av en ojämn könsfördelning. För att besvara detta användes kvalitativ metod och fyra individuella intervjuer utfördes. När intervjuerna utfördes så jobbade kvinnorna inom socialtjänsten i medelstora kommuner i mellansverige. Som teoretiskt ramverk har främst både Yvonne Hirdmans teori om genussystem och Joan Ackers teori om genusregim används, men även teorin om homo- och heterosocialitet använts. Resultatet av studien visade att kvinnliga socialsekreterare ansåg arbetsplatsen de jobbade på som jämställd samtidigt som de nämnde de erfarenheter som tydde på skillnader mellan manliga och kvinnliga kollegorna. Det framkom att det främst var strukturella faktorer som verkade osynliga, som normer, värderingar och stereotypa, som bidrog till en könsskillnad och ojämställdhet på arbetsplatserna. Dessa strukturella ojämlikheter blev bara synliga när man kritiskt granskade de konkreta erfarenheter som intervjupersonerna berättade om. Slutsatsen var att det framkom vissa strukturella mönster som bidrog till en könsskillnad och därmed ojämställdhet på arbetsplatserna, samtidigt som intervjupersonerna även nämnde faktorer som bidrar till jämställdhet på arbetsplatserna. Det uppsatsen har belyst är kvinnornas perspektiv och konkreta erfarenheter om könsskillnader, och grad av jämställdhet och ojämställdhet.

This paper investigates the effect of CEO compensation structure on the risk-taking of the firms in Sweden. In addition, the study examines whether the gender of the CEO plays a role in this relationship. In the recent decades, there has been a drastic increase in the use of variable pay in the CEO compensation package, motivated by the alignment of risk preferences between shareholders and CEOs. However, researchers have failed to reach a unanimous conclusion regarding the effect of variable pay on risk-taking. This study examines the companies listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm, comprising 643 observations during the three-year period from 2017- 2019. The results from this study find no positive relationship between compensation and risk-taking as predicted by the agency theory. The study results confirm no or negative relation, depending on the risk measure; indicating that increased CEO variable compensation reduces firm risk through less financial leverage and no significant relationship is found between variable pay and volatility of stock return. Moreover, when examining the gender aspect of risk-taking, no significant difference is found and gender has no impact in the effect of compensation structure on risk-taking.

Samhällets digitalisering ökar konstant och användare introduceras ständigt till nya element inom informationsteknologi. Baksidan av detta har inneburit att individen förväntas kunna bemöta de risker och hot som digitaliseringen medfört. Litteraturen hävdar i regel att individen är den svagaste länken i cybersäkerhetskedjan och att individens medvetenhet kring riskerna inom informationsteknologin är avgörande för att förhindra och minska hot. Det har medfört att alla Internetanvändare behöver innehava grundläggande nivåer av cybersäkerhetsmedvetenhet och kunskap för att tillåtas utföra sina dagliga aktiviteter på ett säkert sätt. Studien utforskar svenskars självrapporterade beteendeavsikter för att bemöta vardagliga cyberhot samt deras integritetsbeteende och angelägenhet att värna om sin digitala integritet. För att svara på forskningsfrågan utfördes en kvantitativ enkätundersökning som utformades med hjälp av tidigare framtagna teoretiska ramverk. Studien involverade 432 respondenter vilket gjorde att populationsurvalet var representativt för forskningsfrågans ändamål. Könet är en av de mest fundamentala grupperingar en individ kan tillhöra, tidigare forskning belyser olika grader av divergens mellan män och kvinnor inom individers säkerhets- och integritetsbeteende. Studien fyller ett hålrum inom svensk forskning då den eftersträvar att belysa eventuella könsskillnader mellan individers säkerhets- och integritetsbeteenden. För majoriteten av variablerna var det möjligt att hävda att det fanns en statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan de individer som identifierar som män och de individer som identifierar sig som kvinnor. Även om graden av skillnad emellanåt var låg eller i vissa fall väldigt låg, så fanns det över lag en diskrepans mellan kvinnors och mäns självrapporterade beteende avsikter, där män rapporterade en högre grad av självrapporterad säkerhets- och integritetsbeteende. / The digitalization of society is constantly increasing, and users are constantly being introduced to new elements in information technology. The downside of this has meant that the individual is expected to be able to respond to the risks and threats that digitalization has entailed. The literature generally claims that the individual is the weakest link in the cyber security chain and that the individual's awareness of the risks in information technology is crucial in preventing and reducing threats. This has meant that all Internet users need to have basic levels of cybersecurity awareness and knowledge in order to be allowed to carry out their daily activities in a secure manner.  The study explores Swedes' self-reported behavioral intentions to respond to everyday cyber threats as well as their privacy behavior and concern to protect their digital integrity. To answer the research question, a quantitative questionnaire survey was conducted which was designed with the help of previously developed theoretical frameworks. The study involved 432 respondents, which made the population sample representative of the research question's purpose.  Gender is one of the most fundamental groups an individual can belong to, previous research sheds light on different degrees of divergence between men and women within individuals' security and integrity behavior. The study fills a gap in Swedish research as it strives to shed light on any gender differences between individuals' safety and integrity behaviors.  For the majority of the variables, it was possible to argue that there was a statistically significant difference between the individuals who identify as men and the individuals who identify as women. Although the degree of difference was sometimes low or in some cases very low, there was generally a discrepancy between women's and men's self-reported behavioral intentions, with men reporting a higher degree of self-reported safety and integrity behavior.

This paper studies the Covid-19 pandemics effect on female labor market participation in Sweden and Denmark. Previous studies have various assessments on whether women were affected to a different extent than men. Studies from the United States indicate that women have been hit harder than men as a result of the pandemic. According to the Swedish data, women were not affected significantly more than men. This study contributes to the research by examining how the gender gap develops during the pandemic in Sweden and Denmark. This is warrant by the different policies that the countries have introduced. In this study panel data between 2014 and 2021 is used, the results of this study indicate that there is no significant effect of the pandemic on women's unemployment rate in Sweden while the results from Denmark is significant at a 1 percent level. The results show that the pandemic has affected the gender gap in Sweden more than in Denmark.

The underachievement of boys in school seems to be the general norm in many countries. Many studies have tried to find the key to this problem; still, no one seems to have found it. Studies about brain research, boys’ attitudes or motivation are trying to find the final solution and the appropriate strategies to address the problem. This degree project has chosen to explore if single-sex classrooms can enhance boys’ achievement in the language classrooms. Many scholars seem to be convinced that single-sex teaching can be the solution of the underachievement of the male students in compulsory schools. However the findings of this degree project show that more work must be done in this field to accept single-sex teaching as the solution to close the gender gap. Many recent articles, books and documents about the actual topic have been reviewed to give some light to this degree project.

Underachievement in reading literacy for boys in secondary school seems to be a generalnorm in many countries around the world today. PISA’s studies highlight that Sweden also isone of countries that has big differences in between the genders in reading literacy; moreover,the results showed that almost every third boy is underperforming in reading literacy. A lot ofstudies have been made on this subject and the researchers have tried to find the source to theproblem. However, no one seems to have found the solution to the problem just yet.Therefore, we became interested in finding out how teachers can remedy boys’ lowerperformances in reading, in Swedish language classrooms. Through the use of a researchsynthesis and a pilot study, the question whether teachers can remedy boys’ underachievementin reading literacy is dealt by carefully analyzing articles, journals and books. The resultsrevealed four themes that may play a big part in increasing boys’ achievement in reading.These four themes are: motivation, teacher modeling, text interest and choices, and theimportance of time frame.Keywords: Gender differences, attitudes, underachievement, boys, motivation, literacy,reading, second language learning, PISA

Research specific to gender and violent juvenile delinquency is sparse due to two factors: a substantially higher incidence of delinquent male violence and the cost associated with drawing adequate female samples is frequently prohibitive (Howell, 2003). Gender-differences are explored in a sample of arrested juveniles using an expanded measure of parental attachment [bond]. The dimensions of emotional attachment, supervision, and time-involvement with a selfreported caregiver are explored for between group differences and association with recognized risk factors for juvenile delinquency. Findings indicate that while statistically significant between-group differences are not found in the presentation of attachment, descriptive differences do exist. Females demonstrated a higher level of impairment in emotional attachment to a caregiver than their male counterparts; females arrested for a violent offense reported the highest level of problem in this area. Findings also indicate that the mechanism of attachment appears to function differently by gender group in terms of association with risk factors for delinquency. Time-involvement emerged as an important predictor for the full group and the female group, particularly in relationship with higher risk for antisocial peer involvement. Support for a gendered experience of parental attachment [social bond] is provided. Emotional attachment and time-involvement were found to be important predictors for the full group, while supervision was not indicated as important to any risk factor or to recidivism. The current research advances knowledge on gender-related differences within delinquency. Through enhancing the understanding of the complex gender-specific influences on juvenile crime, criminal justice and human service systems may better learn to address these needs thereby reducing both entrance rates into the juvenile justice system and recidivism.

An experimental research study using a mixed-method analysis to was conducted to examine educational video game effects on mathematics achievement and motivation between sexes. This study examined sex difference in a 7th grade mathematics (Mathematics 2/Mathematics 2 Advanced) classroom (n=60) learning algebra. Attributes and barriers relating to educational video game play, preference, and setting characteristics were explored. To examine achievement and motivation outcomes, a repeated-measure (SPSS v14) test was used. The analysis included ethnographic results from both student and teacher interview and observation sessions for data triangulation. Results revealed a statistically significant academic mathematics achievement score increase (F =21.8, df =1, 54, < .05). Although, mathematics class motivation scores did not present significance (F =.79, df =1, 47, p > .05), both sexes posted similar data outcomes with regard to mathematics class motivation after using an educational video game as treatment during an eighteen-week term in conjunction with receiving in-class instruction. Additionally, there was an increase in male variability in standard deviation score (SDmotivationpre=8.76, SDmotivation post=11.70) for mathematics class motivation. Lastly, self-reported differences between the sexes for this limited sample, with regard to game design likes and dislikes and observed female game play tendencies, were also investigated. The data presented customization as a unified, but most requested, game design need between the sexes. Between sex differences were found only to be superficial other than a female delay in game acceptance with regard to time and game play comfort.

Recent correctional literature has turned attention to the impacts of social support on formerly incarcerated populations. However, the research lacks the specificity of how social support may benefit probationers. In addition, most of the literature does not examine gender differences and the experience of social support. Finding a way to efficiently deal with being on probation and the many conditions imposed on their freedom in the community in order to avoid probation revocation is a major concern and challenge confronting men and women placed under community supervision. Positive social support is vitally relevant to supervision well-being. From the reentry standpoint, exploring the effects and role of social support on individuals under probation supervision is critical to understanding positive supervision outcomes. Using in-person interviews, this study explored types and sources of support received by 28 individuals under probation supervision.Probationers discussed family members as substantial providers of both instrumental and emotional support. This includes the provision of housing, transportation, caring for their children, and overall assistance in navigating difficult situations. Support from romantic partners was also reported, with emotional support being common. The findings from the data suggest that social support has pivotal impacts on one's well-being/ success during reentry. This study adds to the body of literature on social support and probationers by comparing men and women's experiences and the perceived availability of social support. Findings from the data reveal gender variations in the type of support received and the perceived sources of support. Implications for correctional policies that target probationers in terms of promoting positive family-probationer bonding and a clear comprehension of positive supervision outcomes via the enhancement of social support are discussed.