A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology by Coursework and Research Report, Johannesburg, 2017 / Experiences of transgender individuals in South Africa have largely remained marginalised and silenced by a discriminatory, gender binary and prescriptive society, in spite of progressive legislation within the constitution. The literature reviewed substantiated such experiences both within and outside of the South African transgender communities, further illuminating the need to deepen the understanding of transgender and gender identity dynamics. Through in depth face-to-face interviews with five self-identified adult transgender participants, the present study documented experiences identified as they navigated their gender identity and expression from dissonance towards gender congruency. The interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis. The results of the qualitative interviews revealed multiple beneficial factors as well as challenges whilst navigating gender congruent identity and expression. As a result, seven overarching themes were identified broadly defined as: (1) gender identity and dissonance; (2) gender expression; (3) challenges to gender congruency; (4) protective factors and coping strategies; (5) ‘coming out’; (6) toward gender congruent expression and (7) activism. / XL2018

Since the 17th century there has been a proliferation of discourse on sex and a host of sexual identities have been surfaced. One such sexuality that is particularly marginalised is transsexuality; central to which is the management of the transsexual self. The critical study of such practices has often been neglected in favour of ‘mainstream’ research on transsexuality’s deviance, aetiology and treatment. Furthermore, internet-based resources have been identified as a key site for the management of the transsexual self. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the constructions of transitioning in popular websites aimed at transsexuals and significant others, family, friends and allies of transgendered persons (SOFFAs). A search strategy was adapted to select the most popular websites for analysis. A discourse analysis – guided by Parker’s (1992) 20 ‘steps’ – was conducted on 12 webpages. The construction of transitioning was dominated by biomedicine and the ‘psy’ professions. Due to these hegemonic powers the transsexual identity was associated with distress and thus a number of technologies of self – particularly medical intervention – were ‘needed’ for the management of the transsexual self. This construction spoke to the rights and health of transsexuals but also appeared to limit their freedom and serve capitalist gain rather than the interests of trans persons. Uncovering these power dynamics may have important implications for the Standards of Care, the controversial status of gender identity disorder in the DSM and allowing for the creation of alternative power strategies which may permit more freedom in the care of the gendered self.

Orientador: José Geraldo Alberto Bertoncini Poker / Banca: Rodolfo Arruda Leite de Barros / Banca: Edson Passetti / Resumo: No decorrer da década de 1980 o mundo vê aparecer uma nova doença, atingia as sexualidades periféricas, principalmente homossexuais masculinos, discursos e imagens povoadas de medos e novos termos médicos: Sarcoma de Kaposi, Grid, doença dos 5H, câncer gay. Todas essas eram maneiras de designar o que em 1983 ficou conhecido como Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana(HIV), causador da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS). Unindo um pânico sexual com a necessidade de gerenciamento desta doença, a aids conseguiu articular ao longo dos seus 30 anos o dispositivo da sexualidade e dispositivos de poder e saber-médico silenciosos e muito eficazes da Biopolítica. A biopolítica, ou biopoder, para Michel Foucault é propriamente a maneira pela qual se geriu a vida. Epidemias pestes, pandemias esses são termos que designam doenças que deve ser contidas, elas afligem em grande escala a população, prejudicando a relação econômica, com a diminuição de sujeitos ativos, além de produzir um grande ônus para o Estado com tratamentos. As discursividades com relação à aids possuem esse caráter normalizador, duplo perigo, do sangue e do sexo, articulados neste dispositivo que tenta administrar a vida por meio de vigilância, norma e regulamentação do corpo. No Brasil , estas tecnologias foram centras nos corpos gays,em um momento histórico em que estas identidades emergiam a homossexualidade teve sua vida atravessada pela Aids, curiosamente, foi exatamente isto que deu inicio aos processos de busca por visibilidade e direitos democráticos no movimento conhecido como Lgbt. / Abstract: During the 1980s the world sees a new disease appears, reached the peripheral sexualities, especially gay men, speeches and populated pictures fears and new medical terms: Kaposi's sarcoma, Grid, disease 5H, gay cancer. All these were ways to designate what in 1983 was known as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Bringing a sexual panic with the need to manage this disease, AIDS was able to articulate throughout its 30 years the device of sexuality and power devices and medical know-silent and very effective of Biopolitics. The biopolitics or biopower, to Michel Foucault's exactly the way it managed the life Pest epidemics, pandemics, these are terms that designate diseases that must be contained, they afflict large-scale population, undermining the economic relationship, with the decrease of active subjects, in addition to producing a large burden for the state with treatments. The discourses regarding AIDS have this normalizing character, double danger, blood and sex, articulated this device that tries to manage life through surveillance, rule and regulation of the body. In Brazil, these technologies were centras in gay bodies, in a historical moment in which these identities emerging homosexuality had his life crossed by AIDS, interestingly, this is exactly what has initiated the process of searching for visibility and democratic rights in the movement known as lgbt. / Mestre

The first half of the twentieth century was in many ways a watershed era for women and their role in British society. The world wars ushered in a time of unprecedented change. The wars opened positions for women outside of the home, making it a more accepted practice; the government recruited and drafted women not just for work but for active service. Looking at these changes, the shifts in women’s roles in British society can be reflected by the more extreme cases of this shift, focusing on the experiences of female spies. This paper serves to demonstrate that the involvement of female spies in WWI and WWII is a useful indicator in the shift of women’s role in British society during this span of time. Alongside the goals of the government, this paper aims to analyze the broader shift in gender roles. Focusing in on the micro-history of spies, this study explores the evolution of the experience of female spies from WWI to WWII, reflecting the same kinds of changes taking place in the experience of the everyday British woman. Then, by focusing in on the struggle for agency that British female spies faced in the second world war, the study directly relates their attempts with those of the everyday British woman. War did not simply generate a change, a quick and sudden reversal of gender roles. Instead, the war afforded women opportunities to prove themselves and make strides towards being the kind of woman they wanted to be. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. / Spring Semester 2018. / March 6, 2018. / British Gender Roles, British Spies, Female Spies, Ministry of Information, Special Operations Executive, WWII Spies / Includes bibliographical references. / Nathan Stoltzfus, Professor Directing Thesis; Charles Upchurch, Committee Member; Diane Roberts, Committee Member.

Intimate spaces play a key role in the development of human identity, constructing identity through an internalized experience of the house itself. Building on Bachelard's theories in The Poetics of Space, I argue that characters in Yevgeny Zamyatin's We and J.G. Ballard's The Drowned World gain a new awareness of self after experiencing nature as a substitute for the house. The emergence of a new identity occurs because nature offers protection from the forces that inhibit both D-503 and Keran's individual growth ; it offers the safety of the house that neither character is allowed in a private home : D-503 because of the panoptic space of the One state and Kerans due to the nature of the changing circumstances of the environment and his own biology that force him to accept his role as a "new" human and the jungle as "home". / by Megan Mandell. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

A self-discrepancy is a cognitive incompatibility between a conception of the desired self and the perception of the actual self (Higgins, 1987; Rogers & Dymond, 1954). The purpose of this dissertation is to gain a better understanding of the effects of gender self-discrepancies on the personal and social adjustment of preadolescent children. I propose that gender-related stereotypes and self-appraisals can be examined within a self-discrepancy framework. Preadolescent children (N=195) completed a variety of self- and peer-report questionnaires in the fall and spring of the school year. Children reported gender stereotypes and self-appraisals for four attributes (body image, athletics, dominance, and popularity). Measures of gender identity and of adjustment were also collected. Results suggested that children who possess a gender self discrepancy are at risk for maladjustment, especially internalizing difficulties and victimization by both girls and boys. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

O objeto principal da pesquisa é a violência contra travestis, mulheres transexuais e homens transexuais no Brasil contemporâneo. Ele é abordado a partir das denúncias de violações de Direitos Humanos (DH) dessa população, realizadas através do serviço Disque Direitos Humanos (Disque 100) da Secretaria de Direitos Humanos da Presidência da República (SDH/PR). Foram identificadas as seguintes categorias de violação: agressão verbal, ameaça/tentativa de morte, ameaças (exceto de morte), assassinato, discriminação, negligência, prejuízo financeiro, violência física e violência sexual. Apurou-se quantitativamente a frequência de violações por unidades da federação, por categorias de violações e por categorias de suspeitos, relacionando-as entre si. A maioria das violações são perpetradas por homens, exceto nos casos de negligência, em que os principais violadores são instituições públicas. Também foram descritas, numa abordagem qualitativa, situações de violação nos contextos familiar, de trabalho, de consumo, de exploração sexual e de utilização de serviços públicos, especialmente nas áreas de educação, saúde, assistência social e segurança. Além disso, procurou-se compreender os impactos da violência nas subjetividades das vítimas utilizando-se o conceito de humilhação social. À luz dos resultados desta pesquisa e de outros trabalhos realizados em várias partes do mundo, conclui-se que a transfobia é um fenômeno transcultural que se assenta em cinco eixos ligados à interdição e à reificação: interdição da vida corpórea, interdição na vida social, interdição na vida política, reificação para uso sexual e reificação para o escárnio / The main purpose of this research is to discuss about violence against transvestites, transsexual women and transsexual men in contemporary Brazil. Its approach is based on the reports of Human Rights violations in this population, carried out through the Human Rights Hotline Service (Dial 100) of the Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic. The following categories of violation have been identified: verbal aggressiveness, death threat/attempt, threats (except death), murder, discrimination, neglect, financial loss, physical violence and sexual violence. The frequency of violations by federation units, by category of violations and by categories of suspects, was quantitatively determined by relating them to each other. Most of the violations are perpetrated by men, except in cases of negligence, where the main violators are public institutions. Situations of violation concerning the contexts in the family, work, consumption, sexual exploitation and use of public services, especially in the areas of education, health, social assistance and security, were also described in a qualitative approach. Moreover, we aimed at the comprehension of the impacts of violence on the subjectivities of victims making use of the social humiliation concept. In the light of the outcomes of this research and other works held in various parts of the world, the conclusion is that transphobia is a cross-cultural phenomenon which is based on five axes linked to interdiction and reification: corporeal life interdiction, social life interdiction, political life interdiction, reification for sexual use and reification for derision

Crianças e adolescentes podem fornecer informações importantes para a melhoria dos serviços de saúde, por exemplo, no que se refere à comunicação com a equipe de enfermagem e à qualidade da assistência recebida durante a hospitalização. Podem, ainda, dizer a respeito de sua relação com a equipe multidisciplinar, em particular com os enfermeiros, pois identificam o que os torna bons profissionais. Sendo assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender as perspectivas de crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados sobre o que significa ser um bom enfermeiro. Considerando o objeto e objetivo do estudo, optamos por adotar o referencial da Grounded Theory ou Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. O estudo, desenvolvido na unidade de pediatria de um hospital universitário do estado de São Paulo, teve a participação de 17 crianças e adolescentes, com idades entre 5 e 17 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista intermediada por estratégias lúdicas de comunicação, complementada por informações clínicas dos prontuários. A análise dos dados seguiu as recomendações da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados e permitiu a elaboração de três categorias temáticas: enfermeiro ou enfermeira: as questões de gênero no trabalho da enfermagem; a comunicação como instrumento de trabalho do enfermeiro no cuidado a crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados e competências do enfermeiro diante da realização de procedimentos dolorosos na assistência a crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados. As questões de gênero no trabalho da enfermagem foram observadas quando os participantes, embora tenham mencionado a presença ainda discreta de homens na profissão, reconheceram que todos eram enfermeiros e que, desde que realizassem o cuidado corretamente, não deveria haver distinção. A comunicação desses profissionais foi considerada essencial durante a hospitalização e um importante atributo para o bom enfermeiro, sendo esta uma estratégia capaz de tornar o ambiente hospitalar mais acolhedor, amenizando o sofrimento provocado pelo período de hospitalização. As competências do enfermeiro diante da realização de procedimentos dolorosos também foram apontadas como atributo de um bom profissional. Os participantes destacaram a punção venosa como fonte de desconforto e dor, os quais poderiam ser amenizados mediante aprimoramento profissional, paciência, interação do enfermeiro com o paciente durante a realização deste procedimentos e tempo de experiência prática. Os resultados deste estudo preenchem uma lacuna na literatura brasileira sobre a temática, pois evidenciam implicações para a prática do enfermeiro e contribuem para a compreensão das experiências de crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados sobre a qualidade dos cuidados de saúde e o processo de hospitalização. Destaca, ainda, que crianças e adolescentes demonstram entendimento acerca dos cuidados realizados, sendo capazes de apontar o que esperam de um bom enfermeiro e de expressar suas perspectivas / Children and adolescents can provide important information for the improvement of health services, such as communication with the nursing team and the quality of care they receive during hospitalization. They can also say about their relationship with the multidisciplinary team, in particular with the nurses, they know, for example, what makes them good professionals. Thus, the present study aims to understand the perspectives of hospitalized children and adolescents about what it is to be a good nurse. Considering the object and purpose of the study, we rely on Grounded Theory. The study was carried out in a university hospital in the state of São Paulo, in the pediatric unit, with the participation of 17 children and adolescents, aged between 5 and 17 years. The data were collected through an interview intermediated by playful communication strategies and complemented by clinical information obtained in the medical record. Data analysis was performed according to the recommendations of the Grounded Theory. From the analysis of the empirical material, three thematic categories emerged: nurse: gender issues in nursing work, communication as a nurses work tool in the care of the hospitalized child and adolescent, and nurses competencies in the face of painful assistance procedures hospitalized child and adolescent. Gender issues in nursing work have implications when children and adolescents have pointed out the discreet presence of men in the profession, but that all are nurses and that by doing the right care there should be no distinction. The nurses communication was considered essential during hospitalization and an important attribute for the good nurse, being this a strategy to make the hospital environment more welcoming, alleviating the suffering caused by the hospitalization period. The nurses\' competences regarding painful procedures were also pointed out as an attribute of the good professional. The participants emphasized venous puncture as a source of discomfort and pain, which could be softened by professional improvement through study, patience, interaction of the nurse with the patient during the performance of the procedures and their time of practical experience. The results of this study fill a gap in the Brazilian literature on the subject, identifying implications for the practice of nurses and contributing to the understanding of the experiences of hospitalized children and adolescents about the quality of health care and the hospitalization process. It is also worth noting that children and adolescents demonstrate an understanding of the care they perform, being able to point out what they expect from a good nurse, as well as express their perspectives

This dissertation examines the literary and activist histories of lesbian and queer communities in France from 1968 to the present, retracing the changing relationship between national and sexual identities. It contributes in several ways to debates about ‘homonormativity’ and ‘sexual democracy’ that have unfolded in France since the beginning of the twenty-first century, notably by bringing recent historical and sociological scholarship on the racialization of gender and sexuality into dialogue with literary studies. Sex, Race and the Epistemology of Desire puts well-established literary authors (such as Monique Wittig, Mireille Best, and Nina Bouraoui) in conversation with little-known queer writers and activists of color (such as the Groupe du 6 novembre and the Lesbiennes of color), studying processes of subject formation through which individuals come to understand their desires in relation to family structures and community belonging. Through historically and politically contextualized readings, it reflects on the fact that desire has often come to be understood through the lens of sexual identity, arguing that assumptions about the importance of visibility and “coming out” have tended to marginalize poor and racialized groups. Deconstructing the common opposition between “identitarian” and “non-identitarian” literature, it argues for a richer and more epistemologically-attentive approach to sexual and gender politics. It shows that this epistemological reframing is necessary to counteract mainstream media’s often reductive accounts of minority sexualities, particularly with respect to Islamic, Middle Eastern, or North African cultures.

This is a study of the early work of the American artist Louise Lawler and her collaborators, including Christopher D’Arcangelo, Sherrie Levine, and Jenny Holzer. It centers on the New York art world between 1978 and 1983—a moment hailed as the end of avant-gardism and the birth of postmodernism—and examines the legacy and transformation of conceptual art and institutional critique by a new generation of artists during this period. Lawler’s practice is analyzed in relation to her Pictures Generation peers, so named for their affiliation with the non-profit space Artists Space (which mounted the influential exhibition "Pictures," curated by Douglas Crimp, in 1977) and the commercial gallery Metro Pictures, founded in 1980. The work of Pictures artists is united by its appropriation of images and texts that were culled from everyday life and modified through photographic strategies such as cropping, captioning, and juxtaposition. These artists, many of them women, developed a critique of representation—in Gayatri Spivak’s words, of "standing-for" and "speaking-for"—located at the crossroads of feminism and postmodernism. Though Lawler’s practice was understood as institutional critique at the moment of its emergence, she has since been historicized as a Pictures artist. This study understands her as a double agent who deliberately operates between and across spheres usually kept separate. In so doing, she refigures the practice of critique as a subtle form of maneuvering that I, following the artist, term finesse. The key contribution of Lawler’s work is a new understanding of power, informed by the politics of identity and difference, which accounts for the crucial importance of subjectivity and positioning in the act of critique.