Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6827.pdf: 6176457 bytes, checksum: 823dd52eccef3613576b10cc5541f646 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-20 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The mechanization of sugarcane harvesting in Brazil has been presenting significant growth since 2007. The machines used in the fields were originally designed in Australia and were transferred to Brazil in the 70 s. Since its original conception, the design has suffered several modifications and improvements. In ergonomics, it is known that the appropriation of artifacts leads to a process of construction and reconstruction of uses and devices, so that the design continues in usage. With this regard, the present study aimed to analyze the process of design in use of sugarcane harvester machines and to contribute to the understanding of how users design. Considering that the machine was originated in Australia, the study also aimed to conduct a comparative study between the two situations, based on the principles of antropotechnology. Furthermore, given the historical participation of users in design process of sugarcane harvesters, the study also aimed to verify whether this participation still exists now that the design is controlled by multi-national equipment manufacturers. For this purpose, three case study were conducted in Brazil and two in Australia, according to the principles of Ergonomic Work Analysis. The obtained results describe the studied situations, the activity and operation, the modifications in machine s design performed by the harvesting teams, the elaboration process and the need for design improvements. The modifications in machines design were divided into three categories: structural, functional and operational. Structural modifications aimed to adapt the technology to Brazilian conditions: the soil characteristics and the duration of the harvesting season in the country. Functional modifications aimed to solve design problems not anticipated by designers during design process. Operational modifications represented the contribution of users and their activity to the design. In Brazil, several modifications were found and they were elaborated through the articulation of competences of two actors: harvester operator and harvester mechanic. Besides the differences in the amount of modifications, other differences between the two countries were the work organization and the harvesting strategies. It can be concluded that: 1) design in use is essential to adapt a technology to local conditions of usage; 2) the genesis of instrumental genesis is in the junction of operators activity and of mechanics inventory to practice bricolage as a way of designing, as well as the existence of social spaces of interaction between these subjects; 3) users participation, which has always been essential to the design of sugarcane harvester machines, is still crucial and can be reached through a dialogical approach of design. / A mecanização do corte de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil vem apresentando crescimento significativo desde 2007. As máquinas empregadas nos canaviais tiveram seu projeto originado na Austrália, sendo transferidas para o Brasil na década de 70. Desde sua concepção inicial, o projeto das máquinas sofreu diversas modificações e aprimoramentos. Na ergonomia, é sabido que a apropriação dos artefatos levam a um processo de construção e reconstrução de usos e dispositivos, de modo que o projeto continua no uso. Neste tocante, o presente estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar o processo de concepção no uso das máquinas colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar e contribuir para a compreensão de como os usuários projetam. Considerando que a máquina teve origem na Austrália, buscou-se realizar um estudo comparativo entre as duas condições de utilização, com base nos pressupostos da abordagem da antropotecnologia. Além disso, dado o histórico de participação de usuários no projeto das máquinas colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar, buscou-se compreender se essa participação ainda existe e como ela ocorre agora que a fabricação das máquinas é dominada por grandes fabricantes. Para isso, foram realizados estudos de caso em três situações no Brasil e duas situações na Austrália, segundo os pressupostos da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET). Os resultados obtidos descrevem as situações estudadas, a atividade e os detalhes da operação, as modificações no projeto realizadas pelas equipes, seu processo de elaboração e as necessidades de melhorias. As modificações no projeto foram divididas em três categorias: estruturais, funcionais e operacionais. As modificações estruturais visavam adequar a tecnologia às condições de uso do Brasil: características dos terrenos e a duração da operação das máquinas em uma safra brasileira. As modificações funcionais resolviam problemas de projeto não antecipados durante o processo de concepção dos projetistas. Já as modificações funcionais representaram a contribuição dos usuários e do desenvolvimento da atividade para o projeto. No Brasil foram encontradas inúmeras modificações, elaboradas através da articulação das competências de dois atores: operador de máquina e mecânico. Além das diferenças nas modificações no artefato, outras duas diferenças relevantes entre os países foram com relação à organização do trabalho e à estratégia de corte. Conclui-se que: 1) o projeto no uso é essencial para adequar uma tecnologia às condições de uso locais; 2) a gênese das gêneses instrumentais está na junção da atividade dos operadores e do repertório dos mecânicos para praticar a bricolagem, bem como na existência de espaços sociais de interação entre esses atores; 3) a participação dos usuários, que sempre foi fundamental para 8 o projeto das máquinas colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar, continua sendo essencial e pode ser alcançada através de uma abordagem dialógica de concepção.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aim of our work is to approach the theme of the genesis of ethical subjectivity in E. Lévinas, in an attempt to understand - from the author - how the processes of subjectivation of the self imply those of moralization and how the sensitive conditions of the subject in formation serve of basic field for the establishment of the first meaningful relationships from which the "order of meaning" is introduced into the "order of being", tensioning with it. According to the Lithuanian thinker, this "institution of signification" is ethical and installs itself from the sensibilization/incarnation of nascent subjectivity. Thus, it seems to us that sensitivity/sensibility has, in Lévinas, a dual function: 1) Conditioning; 2) Paradigmatic. We will try to analyze in what sense the "conditions of genesis" are sensitive/sensibles and to expose the paradigm of the sensibility within which the Levinasian critique of ontology and the rescue of alterity and heteronomy work as what conditions the ethical signification in a more original way. To do so, we will cover aspects such as: i. The tension between singularization and totalization in signification linked to subjective individuation; ii. The role of corporeality in ethical theory and the passage from the phenomenology of moral subjectivity to a possible phenomenological ethics; iii. The possible repercussions of the "Levinasian paradigm" - based on ethical sensitivity and heteronomy - on the definition of an "ethic of otherness". Thus, ethical significance will be composed of two articulated elements: a) Individuating tension; B) Responsive Guidance/Orientation. We will map the contours and essential elements of this articulated meaning from the paradigmatic condition of the sensibility as the soil from which an ethic of alterity emerges. / O objetivo de nosso trabalho é abordar o tema da gênese da subjetividade ética em E. Lévinas, na tentativa de compreender – a partir do autor – como os processos de subjetivação do eu implicam os de moralização e como as condições sensíveis do sujeito em formação servem de campo básico para o estabelecimento das primeiras relações significativas a partir das quais a “ordem do sentido” se introduz na “ordem do ser”, tensionando com a mesma. Conforme o pensador lituano, esta “instituição da significação” é ética e se instala partir da sensibilização/encarnação da subjetividade nascente. Assim, parece-nos que a sensibilidade possui, em Lévinas, uma dupla função: 1) Condicionante; 2) Paradigmática. Tentaremos analisar em que sentido as “condições de gênese” são sensíveis e expor o paradigma da sensibilidade dentro do qual funcionam a crítica levinasiana da ontologia e o resgate da alteridade e da heteronomia como aquilo que condiciona a significação ética de modo mais originário. Para tanto abordaremos aspectos tais como: i. a tensão entre singularização e totalização na significação ligada à individuação subjetiva; ii. o papel da corporeidade na teoria ética e na passagem da fenomenologia da subjetividade moral para uma possível ética fenomenológica; iii. as possíveis repercussões do “paradigma levinasiano” - baseado na sensibilidade ética e na heteronomia – na definição de uma “ética da alteridade”. Assim sendo, a significação ética será composta de dois elementos articulados: a) Tensão Individuante; b) Orientação Responsiva. Mapearemos os contornos e elementos essenciais dessa significação articulada a partir da condição paradigmática da sensibilidade como solo de onde emerge uma ética da alteridade.

The change from static to genetic perspective involves an enlargement of the phenomenological field. The main subject is not anymore the description of the essential notes of a phenomenon but rather the search for its origins. New levels of objects and consciousness arise as consequence of this new approach. The structures of subjectivity revealed by the genetic inquiry constitute the field of passivity. / El pasaje de la perspectiva estática a la genética implicó una ampliación del campo de la indagación fenomenológica. En efecto, el desplazamiento del interés desde la descripción de las invariantes estructurales que definen a un fenómeno dado hacia la pregunta retrospectiva por su origen colocó en el centro de la investigación no solo un conjunto de nuevos objetos, sino que puso a la luz nuevos niveles de conciencia. Estas capas situadas por debajo de la actividad yoica constituyen el campo de la pasividad.

Dentro da proposta de estudo do desenvolvimento, a presente pesquisa propõe a análise da gênese do empresário no Rio Grande do Sul sob a perspectiva institucional, mais propriamente segundo os modelos de matriz institucional e de construção mental de Douglass North. Para tanto, recorre-se a teoria de Schumpeter para caracterizar esse empresário, bem como o seu papel no sistema capitalista. Os primeiros empresários gaúchos são imigrantes ou descendentes de germânicos e, ao contrário do que acontece em São Paulo, na sua maioria são descapitalizados. Boa parte exerce também a função de capitalista, e assume-se a tese de Pesavento de que o capital industrial é acumulado na atividade comercial, prioritariamente vinculada à economia colonial. Deste modo, apesar de ser a economia pecuária-charqueadora a mais rentável durante a formação econômica do estado, não é dela que surgem o capital e a mão-de-obra da indústria, nem o empresário. Visando compreender o ambiente tradicional não propício ao surgimento do empresário vis-à-vis o capitalismo moderno, são utilizadas as teses de Weber e Veblen sobre o desenvolvimento das sociedades, relacionando as instituições com as trajetórias seguidas. Ainda, para o estudo dessa dicotomia entre instituições tradicionais e modernas, são apresentadas as análises de Florestan Fernandes e Sérgio Buarque de Holanda para a sociedade brasileira. Assume-se que o legado cultural dos imigrantes alemães, tanto a ética protestante, quanto a superação das adversidades, foi um dos vetores de estímulo da matriz institucional que permitiu o surgimento do empresário no Rio Grande. Ainda, a dominação do capital e a disciplina do trabalho, bem como a aliança com o Estado e a constituição da classe empresarial, são os três outros vetores da matriz institucional que se forma na transição capitalista no estado, durante a República Velha. Na aplicação do modelo de construção mental são estudadas as biografias de alguns empresários do escalão regional onde se verifica um comportamento diferenciado que procurava aproveitar as oportunidades econômicas, na tentativa de mostrar como a leitura do ambiente institucional desses atores é influenciada pela herança cultural. / Within development study purpose, this present research proposes to analyze the genesis of entrepreneur in Rio Grande do Sul under institutional perspective, more specifically following institutional matrix and mental construction models created by Douglass North. It is based in the theory of Schumpeter to characterize this entrepreneur as well as its role in the capitalist system. The first gaúchos entrepreneurs are Germanic immigrants or descendants and, unlike what happens in São Paulo, most of them are undercapitalized. Much of them also had capitalist functions, and it is assumed Pesavento's thesis that industrial capital is accumulated in commercial activity, primarily linked to the colonial economy. Thus, although the livestock-dry beef economy was the most profitable activity during the economic formation of the state, is not from it that that appears the capital and labor of industry neither the entrepreneur. To understand the traditional environment not auspicious to the emergence of the entrepreneur vis-à-vis modern capitalism, are used Weber and Veblen thesis on the development of societies, relating institutions with the paths followed. To the study of this dichotomy between traditional and modern institutions, are presented the analysis of Florestan Fernandes and Sergio Buarque de Holanda to Brazilian society. It is assumed that the cultural legacy of German immigrants (both Protestant ethic, and overcoming adversity) was one of the vectors to stimulate institutional matrix that allowed the emergence of the entrepreneur in the Rio Grande. Still, the domination of capital and labor discipline, as the alliance with the State and the constitution of a business class are the three other vectors of institutional matrix that forms in capitalist transition during the República Velha in the state. In the application of mental construction model are studied the biographies of some entrepreneurs from regional level where there is a differentiated behavior that seek to take advantage of economic opportunities in an attempt to show how the perception of the institutional environment of these actors is influenced by cultural heritage.

Esta pesquisa investigou os processos de gênese dos NITOSSOLOS VERMELHOS Férricos, buscando compreender quais os fatores que levam a diferenciação entre Nitossolos típicos, nos quais encontramos a sequência de horizontes A-Bni-C e Nitossolos latossólicos, mais comuns, de sequência A-Bni-Bw-C. A área de estudos é a bacia do córrego Miringuava, situada no município de Maringá-PR. Esta pequena bacia se insere em um setor da bacia do ribeirão Pinguim no qual ocorre uma transição, entre duas áreas de domínio latossólico, uma no alto curso do Pinguim, outra no baixo curso. A área apresenta-se dominada por Nitossolos e por associações entre Cambissolos e Neossolos Litólicos, que ocorrem devido à presença de diques de diabásio relacionados aos derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral. Para atingir este objetivo, investigamos a relação entre a declividade e a posição destes solos nas vertentes, a ocorrência de transporte de argila no interior destes perfis e sua eventual relação com a formação dos horizontes B níticos (Bni) e por fim, a relação da evolução destes sistemas pedológicos com a evolução do relevo regional. Os procedimentos adotados no estudo seguem a abordagem da Análise Estrutural da Cobertura Pedológica, proposta por Boulet (1982 a, b, c). Os resultados mostram que há uma relação entre declividade e a posição destes solos na vertente, embora não seja possível estabelecer um limite que possa ser extrapolado para toda a bacia do Pinguim. Revelam ainda indícios que apontam para processos de eluviação/iluviação nos perfis estudados e, por fim, que provavelmente os horizontes Bni se formaram a partir de antigos horizontes B latossólicos (Bw), como os encontrados no alto curso do ribeirão pinguim, e que há um processo atual de degradação dos horizontes Bni, que ocorre através da fragmentação de sua estrutura poliédrica em uma estrutura microagregada, sugerindo que há um processo de latossolização destes sistemas, que provavelmente evoluirão para uma cobertura pedológica semelhante à encontrada no setor do baixo curso do ribeirão Pinguim, dominado por Latossolos eutróficos. / This research investigated the genetic processes which give origin to the Red ferric Nitisols, trying to understand which factors lead to the differentiation between the typical Nitisols, with a horizon sequence A-Bni-C and the latosolic Nitisols, the most common type, with an A-Bni-Bw-C horizon sequence. The study area is the Miringuava Creek basin, located in the municipality of Maringá-PR, Brazil. This small hydrographic basin is placed in a sector of the Pinguim Creek basin, in which occurs a transition between two sectors dominated by Latosols, one in the high course of the Pinguim Creek and the other in the low course. The area is dominated by Nitisols and associations of shallow, poorly developed soils, which occur due to the presence of diabase dikes related to the basalts of the Serra Geral Formation. In order to accomplish the goal of this work, we investigated the relationship between slope and the positions of the soils in the hillslopes, clay transportation within the soil systems and finally, the relation between soil coverage and regional landform evolution. The procedures adopted for this research are based on the Structural Analisys of the Pedologic Coverage, proposed by Boulet (1982, a, b, c). The results show a relationship between slope and soil position, although it wasn´t possible to establish a limit which could be extrapolated for the entire area of the Pinguim Creek basin. The results also reveal evidence which point towards clay migration within the soil profiles studied in this work and finally, point to an evolution process in which the nitic horizons are formed from older latosolic horizons, such as the ones found in highest sectors of the Pinguim Creek basin, and that there is a present process of degradation of the nitic horizons, which through the fragmentation of the blocky structures into microgranular ones, suggesting that the Nitisols are evolving into younger eutrofic Latosols, similar to the ones found in the sectors of the low course of the Pinguim Creek.

M.A. (Religious Studies) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Pidginspråk är kontaktspråk som uppstår under ansträngda sociolingvistiska förhållanden. De anses vara de mest reducerade språkliga system som ändå möjliggör en lyckad kommunikationinom ett specifikt socialt sammanhang. Det saknas idag forskning som undersöker hur pidginspråk bildar sina språkliga system. Den aktuella studien ska vara ett steg mot mer kunskap inom området och ämnar analysera hur pidginspråk bildar sina personliga pronomenparadigm. Förekomsten av nio olika grammatiska drag har kartlagts hos 18 pidginspråk, deras lexifierare och viktigaste substratspråk. Uppgifterna hämtades genom litteratursökningar och sammanställdes i tabeller i datorprogrammet Excel. Resultatet visar att samtliga undersökta drag förekommer bland pidginspråken men med varierande frekvens. Uppgifterna indikerar att substratspråken har en framträdande roll i processen när pidginspråken bildar sina personliga pronomenparadigm. / Pidgins are contact languages that emerge under strained sociolinguistic circumstances. They are seen as the most reduced linguistic system that can still enable successful communication in a specific social context. To this date there is a lack of research investigating how pidgins form their linguistic systems. The present study is intended to be a step towards extended knowledge within the field and aims to investigate how pidgins form their personal pronoun paradigms. The occurrence of nine different grammatical features in 18 pidgins, their lexifiers and most important substrates has been surveyed. The data was collected through literature search and compiled in tables in the computer program Excel. The results show that all surveyed features occur among the pidgins but the frequencies vary. The data indicates that the substrates have a prominent role in the process of pidgins forming their personal pronoun paradigms.

L’œuvre d’André Frénaud (1907-1993) se ressent profondément des convulsions de l’histoire contemporaine – essor des régimes totalitaires en Europe, Seconde Guerre mondiale, découverte des camps de la mort –, qui paraissent remettre en cause la possibilité même d’une signification de l’histoire et de l’action humaine. La pensée anthropologique exprimée dans les poèmes défend la capacité de l’homme à discerner et à faire le bien, sans rien ignorer de ses pulsions mauvaises ni de son manque à être. Les poèmes déploient une pensée du sujet originale, nourrie de philosophie heideggérienne, de mystique et surtout de l’analyse avec André Green et de la lecture de Dostoïevski : les tréfonds du moi abritent un grouillement de pulsions antagonistes. Frénaud, après Kojève, place l’homme et l’Histoire sous le signe de la négativité. L’éthique frénaldienne maintient conjointement la conscience de « notre inhabileté fatale » et la nécessité d’agir. L’existence de Frénaud atteste la même exigence : ainsi s’expliquent le ton des poèmes engagés, qui causa de vifs débats avec Aragon et Guillevic, et son attitude dans la cité, mêlée d’engagement et de retrait, comme au Comité national des écrivains (CNE) ou à la Comunità Europea degli scrittori (COMES), aux côtés de Sartre, Ponge et Tardieu. Enfin, les poèmes mettent en question les frontières et l’unité de la condition humaine. Un anthropomorphisme généralisé et une veine épique et mythique originale assurent l’unité du questionnement. Mais la condition humaine n’a pas la cohérence du concept : elle s’offre à la méditation du lecteur sous la forme d’une multitude de figures singulières qui invitent à un véritable exercice spirituel. / André Frénaud’s anthropology is profoundly impregnated with the upheavals of modern history, from the rise of totalitarian régimes throughout Europe to WWII and the discovery of death camps, all of which seem to question the remote possiblity of giving any meaning to History and human action. The anthropological thought expressed in his poems defends man’s ability to identify what is good and act accordingly, without ever overlooking any of his bad drives or his failure to truly be. His poems display an original conception of the self, inspired by Heidegger’s philosophy, mysticism, and above all by psychoanalysis with André Green and the reading of Dostoyevsky. Indeed, the depths of the self are teeming with antagonistic drives. After Kojeve, Frénaud places mankind and History under the sign of negativity. Frénaud’s ethics support both the awareness of « our fatal inability » and the need to act. Frénaud’s life proves the same dedication, and the tone of his committed poems – which caused heated debates with Aragon and Guillevic – can thus be explained, as well as his public presence, a mix of commitment and reserve, e.g. at the Comité national des Écrivains (CNE) or at Comunità Europea degli scrittori (COMES) with Sartre, Ponge, and Tardieu. Finally, his poems question the limits and unity of the human condition, while a pervasive anthropomorphism and an original streak, both epic and mythical, hold the questioning together. The human condition, however, is not as coherent as the concept. It becomes available to the reader’s meditation in the form of a multitude of characters which lead one to a spiritual exercise.

La trace écrite d'une séance de lecture se définit ordinairement comme l'écrit consigné dans les cahiers d'élèves. Notre recherche porte sur ce que fait l'enseignant, ce qu'il cherche à faire et ce à quoi il renonce, en lien avec la trace écrite du travail de la classe, à la frontière entre l'école et le collège. À partir des notions de trace et d'écriture, nous définissons la trace écrite scolaire, à travers sa production, sa réception et ses fonctions. Notre cadre de référence, composite, sous-tend l'étude de l'activité professionnelle de l'enseignant. Nous étudions les pratiques en matière de trace écrite du point de vue du métier enseignant, du point de vue de l'écriture enseignante et du point de vue des pratiques enseignantes et de leur ancrage didactique. Nous recourons au concept intégrateur du dialogisme (Bakhtine, 1979) qui fonde trois champs scientifiques : l'analyse de l'activité professionnelle, l'analyse de l'écriture et l'analyse de l'activité didactique. Nous avons observé et filmé douze séances de lecture. Chaque film a fait l'objet d'un entretien d'autoconfrontation au cours duquel l'enseignant a documenté son activité. L'étude de genèse des écrits-traces produits en classe, appuyée par l'étude de leur élaboration avant et pendant la classe permet de conclure à l'existence d'un genre d'activité didactique trace écrite de lecture. Ce résultat est prometteur pour la prise en compte didactique de la trace écrite. / The written trace of French lesson is usually defined as the piece of writing kept in pupils' copy books. Our research is about what the teacher does, seeks to and renounces to do regarding the written trace of the class work, at the very frontier between elementary school and middle school (year 6 and year 7 in UK). From the notions of trace and writing, we define school written trace through its production, its reception and its functions.We refer to a composite theoretical framework which underlies the study of professional teaching activity. We study the practices regarding the written trace from the perspective of the teaching activity, of the teacher's writing, of the teaching practices and the didactical activity. We use the dialogism integrator concept (Bakhtine, 1979) wich is the base of three scientific fields : the analysis of the professional activity, of the writing activity and of the didactical activity.We observed and recorded twelve reading lessons, followed by simple auto-confrontation interviews. The study of the genesis of the written trace produced in class, supported by the study of its elaboration before and during the class allows to conclude there is a reading lesson written trace didactical activity type. This promossingly result the didactical consideration of the written trace.

Isaac, the least of the patriarchs in the texts of the Old Testament and in the eyes of its readers, offers a surprising number of possibilities for new avenues of interpretation of the Pentateuch and related texts. These are arrived at in this study by first tracing a number of historical-developmental trajectories relevant to the author, namely from philosophy of science, through the main points from the history of Pentateuch studies in South Africa, via an argued choice for historical exegesis over against a-historical methods, and by means of a brief overview of the major insights that had shaped the scholarly study of the Old Testament patriarchs. The central part of the study is exegetical, with the main focus on Genesis 22, which has proven to be a key text. An overview of the historical issues related to this text is offered. Illustrating the limitations of a-historical exegesis, a narrative reading of Genesis 22 is undertaken, followed by a new historical interpretation of the same text, which draws on all of the foregoing. In the light of this new Genesis 22 interpretation, the other Isaac texts in the Old Testament are reviewed, as they would have been understood in post-exilic inner-Judean identity politics, namely between the tradents of the patriarchal traditions. Drawing throughout on an anecdotal view of Old Testament historiography, a theory proposed on the multiplex or composite nature of the personages of the patriarchs, though of Isaac in particular, and on the idea of the post-exilic inner-Judean identity politics, a creative, critical, historical retelling in almost narrative mode is offered of the history of Isaac in the Old Testament as a conclusion to the study. / Thesis (DD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Old Testament Studies / unrestricted