Les modèles de culture constituent des outils indispensables pour comprendre l’influence des conditions agropédoclimatiques sur le système sol-plante à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. A l’échelle locale de la parcelle agricole, le modèle peut être utilisé dans le cadre de l’agriculture de précision pour optimiser les pratiques de fertilisation azotée de façon à maximiser le rendement ou le revenu tout en minimisant le lessivage des nitrates vers la nappe. Cependant, la pertinence de l’utilisation du modèle repose sur la qualité des prédictions réalisées, basée entre autres sur une bonne détermination des paramètres d’entrée du modèle. Dans le cadre de l’agriculture de précision, les paramètres concernant les propriétés des sols sont les plus délicates à connaître en tout point de la parcelle et il existe très peu de cartes de sols permettant de les déterminer de manière précise. Néanmoins, dans ce contexte, on peut disposer d’observations acquises automatiquement sur l’état du système sol-plante, telles que des images de télédétection, les cartes de rendement ou les mesures de résistivité électrique du sol. Il existe alors une alternative intéressante pour estimer les propriétés des sols à l’échelle de la parcelle qui consiste à inverser le modèle de culture à partir de ces observations pour retrouver les valeurs des propriétés des sols. L’objectif de cette thèse consiste (i) dans un premier temps à analyser les performances d’estimation des propriétés des sols par inversion du modèle STICS à partir de différents jeux d’observations sur des cultures de blé et de betterave sucrière, en mettant en oeuvre une méthode bayésienne de type Importance Sampling, (ii) dans un second temps à mesurer l’amélioration des prédictions de variables agro-environnementales réalisées par le modèle à partir des valeurs estimées des paramètres. Nous montrons que l’analyse de sensibilité globale permet de quantifier la quantité d’information contenue dans les jeux d’observations et les performances réalisées en matière d’estimation des paramètres. Ce sont les propriétés liées au fonctionnement hydrique du sol (humidité à la capacité au champ, profondeur de sol, conditions initiales) qui bénéficient globalement de la meilleure performance d’estimation par inversion. La performance d’estimation, évaluée par comparaison avec l’estimation fournie par l’information a priori, dépend fortement du jeu d’observation et est significativement améliorée lorsque les observations sont faites sur une culture de betterave, les conditions climatiques sont sèches ou la profondeur de sol est faible. Les prédictions agro-environnementales, notamment la quantité et la qualité du rendement, peuvent être grandement améliorées lorsque les propriétés du sol sont estimées par inversion, car les variables prédites par le modèle sont également sensibles aux propriétés liées à l’état hydrique du sol. Pour finir, nous montrons dans un travail exploratoire que la prise en compte d’une information sur la structure spatiale des propriétés du sol fournie par les mesures de résistivité électrique, peut permettre d’améliorer l’estimation spatialisée des propriétés du sol. Les observations acquises automatiquement sur le couvert végétal et la résistivité électrique du sol se révèlent être pertinentes pour estimer les propriétés du sol par inversion du modèle et améliorer les prédictions des variables agro-environnementales sur lesquelles reposent les règles de choix des pratiques agricoles / Dynamic crop models are very useful to predict the behavior of crops in their environment and are widely used in a lot of agro-environmental work. These models have many parameters and their spatial application require a good knowledge of these parameters,especially of the soil parameters. These parameters can be estimated from soil analysis at different points but this is very costly and requires a lot of experimental work. Nevertheless,observations on crops provided by new techniques like remote sensing or yield monitoring, is a possibility for estimating soil parameters through the inversion of crop models. In my work, the STICS crop model is studied for the wheat and the sugar beet and it includes more than 200 parameters. After a previous work based on a large experimental database for calibrate parameters related to the characteristics of the crop, I started my study with a global sensitivity analysis of the observed variables (leaf area index LAI and absorbed nitrogen QN provided by remote sensing data, and yield at harvest provided by yield monitoring) to the soil parameters, in order to determine which of them have to be estimated. This study was made in different climatic and agronomic conditions and it reveals that 7 soil parameters (4 related to the water and 3 related to the nitrogen) have a clearly influence on the variance of the observed variables and have to be therefore estimated. For estimating these 7 soil parameters, I chose a Bayesian data assimilation method (because I have prior information on these parameters) named Importance Sampling by using observations, on wheat and sugar beet crop, of LAI and QN at various dates and yield at harvest acquired on different climatic and agronomic conditions. The quality of parameter estimation is then determined by comparing the result of parameter estimation with only prio rinformation and the result with the posterior information provided by the Bayesian data assimilation method. The result of the parameter estimation show that the whole set of parameter has a better quality of estimation when observations on sugar beet are assimilated. At the same time, global sensitivity analysis of the observed variables to the 7 soil parameters have been performed, allowing me to build a criterion based on sensitivity indices (provided by the global sensitivity analysis) able to rank the parameters with respect to their quality of estimate. This criterion constitutes an interesting tool for determining which parameters it is possible to estimate to reduce probably the uncertainties on the predictions. The prediction of the crop behaviour when estimating the soil parameters is then studied. Indeed, the quality of prediction of agro-environmental variables of the STICS crop model (yield, protein of the grain and nitrogen balance at harvest) is determined by comparing the result of the prediction using the prior information on the parameters and the result using the posterior information. As for the estimation of soil parameters, the prediction of the variable is made on different climatic and agronomic conditions. According to the result of parameter estimation, assimilating observations on sugar beet lead to a better quality ofprediction of the variables than observations on wheat. It was also shown that the number ofcrop seasons observed and the number of observations improve the quality of the prediction

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la modélisation et l’étude numérique dessystèmes couplés de deux équations de Schrödinger non linéaires. Dans un premiertemps, nous considérons un système de deux équations de Schrödinger non linéairesPT −symétrique qui modélise des phénomèmes de fibre optique biréfringent. Lecomportement de la solution est étudié dans certains espaces comme l’espace de SobolevH1. De plus, l’étude numérique du modèle est faite afin de valider les résultatsanalytiques et, montre clairement le comportement qualitatif de la solution dansles espaces choisis. Pour ce même modèle en dimension supérieure, des conditionssuffisantes sont établies pour que la solution explose en temps fini pour certainesnon linéarités et pour le cas général de la non linéarité focalisante, nous faisonsl’étude numérique du modéle et nous présentons certains cas d’explosion de la solutionen temps fini et aussi des solutions du modèle qui existent tout le temps.D’autre part, nous adressons un nouveau modèle d’équations discrètes de Schrödingernon linéaires PT -symétrique. Un tel modèle décrit la dynamique d’une chaînede pendules faiblement couplés près d’une résonance entre une force paramétriqueet la fréquence linéaire des pendules. En vue d’étudier la stabilité des pendules, desconditions suffisantes ont été établies sur les paramètres du modèle pour que la solutiond’équilibre zéro soit linéairement et non linéairement stable. Des expériencesnumériques sont présentées pour valider les résultats analytiques et pour caractériserla déstabilisation de la chaîne de pendules couplés dans la région d’instabilité. / The works of this thesis concern the modeling and the numerical study of thesystems of two coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations. At first, we considered aparity-time-symmetric system of the two coupled nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equationsthat modeled phenomenons in birefringent nonlinear optical fiber. We studythe behavior of the solution in some spaces like the Sobolev space H1. And we studythe numerical aspect of the model which clearly shows the behavior of the solutionin the chosen space. For the same model in higher dimension, we establish sufficientconditions for the initial conditions to blow up in finite time for some nonlinearityand for others we do the numerical study of the model and we present some casesof blowing up of the solution in finite time and also of the solutions of the modelthat exist all the time. On the other hand, we address a new model of discrete nonlinearSchrödinger equations PT -symmetric. A such model describes dynamics inthe chain of weakly coupled pendula pairs near the resonance between the parametricallydriven force and the linear frequency of each pendulum. In order to studythe stability of the pendulums, we establish sufficient conditions on the parametersof the model so that the equilibrium solution is stable. Numerical experiments arepresented to validate the analytical results and to characterize the unstabilizationof the coupled pendulum chain in the region of instability.

Une étude architecturale à travers quatre monographies des forts du Deccan (Inde), Naldurg, Torgal, Firozabad et Bellary dans le contexte des échanges interculturels (Orient-Occident) au sein de la culture technique de la guerre (fortification, artillerie, rôle des défenses, gestion de l’eau) dans la société médiévale et moderne indienne.Finalement, cette thèse cherche à définir les spécificités de l’architecture militaire du Deccan du 14ème au 18ème siècle, comme l’aboutissement technique de la défense médiévale et moderne en Inde. / Architectural studies of four forts of Deccan (India): Naldurg, Torgal, Firozabad and Bellary in the context of intercultural exchange (between East-West) in the technical culture of war (fortification, artillery, defenses role, water management) in the medieval and modern Indian society.Finally, this study seek to define specificities of the military architecture of Deccan from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century, as the technical outcome of medieval and modern defense in India.

L’étude du développement de la performance ESG dans les PME libanaises prouve son importance dans le fait que ces entreprises cherchent des solutions durables pour faire face aux différentes crises politiques et leurs répercussions non négligeables sur l’économie du pays. Notre recherche s’est engagée de souligner à l’aide d’une étude qualitative exploratoire sur quatre PME libanaises, si ces entreprises sont sensibilisées aux critères ESG de la performance en particulier voir le rôle du dirigeant, des parties prenantes et de l’adoption des normes ESG dans la promotion des pratiques responsables pour une meilleure performance globale durable. Les PME libanaises constituent des terrains souvent néophytes en RSE. Leurs défis principaux sont notamment l’amélioration de leur performance économique et financière et surtout leur survie. L’engagement ESG des PME libanaises est justifié par les convictions du dirigeant et ses valeurs, l’amélioration de la performance économique et financière et parfois l’adoption des normes ESG. Des freins sont à signaler notamment le manque des ressources financières dû principalement aux crises économiques et politiques. / The study of the development of ESG performance in Lebanese SMEs proves its importance in the fact that these companies are looking for sustainable solutions to deal with the different political crises and their significant repercussions on the country’s economy. Our research is committed to highlight via a qualitative exploratory study of four Lebanese SMEs if these companies are aware of the ESG performance criteria, underline the role of managers, stakeholders, and the adoption of ESG standards in promoting responsible practices. Lebanese SMEs are often neophytes’ grounds for CSR. Their main challenges include improving their economic and financial performance and especially their survival. The ESG commitment of Lebanese SMEs is mainly justified by the manager’s beliefs and values, the improvement of economic and financial performance and sometimes by the adoption of ESG standards. There are many brakes especially the lack of financial resources mainly due to economic and political crisis.

Satire erlaubt alles – so die Aussage einiger Comedians und Freunde des gepflegten Spöttelns. Doch wenn politisches Kabarett dazu beiträgt, Falschinformationen und Fehlinterpretationen zu verbreiten – darf Satire dann immer noch alles? Trägt nicht auch das politische Kabarett Verantwortung für eine adäquate Faktendarstellung anstelle einseitiger Politisierung? Satire blendet leider auch einige Fakten und Wirkbezüge in der Klimadebatte und den wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen aus. Dass diese Blindheit und Ignoranz nicht zwingend zuträglich für eine gesellschaftliche Entwicklung und die Aufgeklärtheit einer Gesellschaft sind, liegt auf der Hand – aller Freiheit politischer Satire zum Trotz. Auch wenn zu viel Informationen und Wissen, und erst recht ambigue und widersprüchliche Daten, zu Verwirrungen und häufig nicht zur Irritation der eigenen (festgefahrenen) Weltbilder führen können, soll dieser Beitrag die Vielfalt der Daten und Interpretationsspielräume aufzeigen und zu mehr factfulness in der Klimadiskussion motivieren. / Satire allows everything - so the statement of some comedians and friends of the cultivated mockery. But if political cabaret contributes to spreading misinformation and misinterpretations - is satire still allowed to do everything? Doesn't political cabaret also bear responsibility for an adequate presentation of facts instead of one-sided politicization? Unfortunately, satire also ignores some facts and causal relations in the climate debate and scientific knowledge. It is obvious that this blindness and ignorance is not necessarily conducive to social development and the enlightenment of a society - despite all the freedom of political satire. Even if too much information and knowledge, and even more so ambiguous and contradictory data, can lead to confusion and often not to the irritation of one's own (deadlocked) world views, this contribution is intended to show the diversity of data and scope for interpretation and motivate more factfulness in the climate debate.

Für die Optimierung akustischer Eigenschaften von Räumen ist die Verbesserung deren numerischer Simulationen von entscheidender Bedeutung. Im unteren Frequenzbereich hängt in vielen Fällen die Qualität der Lösungen stark von der Kenntnis akustischer Wandadmittanzen ab. Die vorliegende Arbeit umfasst die Entwicklung und Untersuchung verschiedener auf deterministischen Diskretisierungen des akustischen Randwertproblems basierender Formulierungen zur globalen Bestimmung frequenzabhängiger Admittanzparameter. Mit Admittanzen kann das Reflexions- und Absorptionsverhalten von Wänden quantifiziert werden. Der vorgestellte Ansatz der globalen Admittanzbestimmung in Innenräumen ermöglicht die Berücksichtigung schrägen Schalleinfalls. Die Methode sieht ein Experiment vor, bei dem das Schallfeld mit Mikrofonen abgetastet, alle vorhandenen Schallquellen bestimmt sowie die Geometrie des akustischen Raumes erfasst werden. Mit den in der Arbeit entwickelten Algorithmen wird eine globale Admittanzverteilung für den gesamten Rand aus diesen Daten berechnet. Mit Hilfe erfolgreich identifizierter Admittanzverläufe sollen Simulationen niederfrequenter Wellenausbreitungen in Räumen auch komplizierter Geometrien und Oberflächenbeschaffenheiten durch Hinzunahme von Admittanzrandbedingungen ermöglicht und verbessert werden. Die Bestimmung von Wandadmittanzen aus partiell bekannten Schalldruckwerten wird mathematisch als inverses Problem eingeordnet. Für die inversen Algorithmen werden die Methoden der Randelemente (BE) und der finiten Elemente (FE) zur Diskretisierung des akustischen Randwertproblems verwendet. Aus den Gleichungen der BE-Diskretisierung lässt sich ein schlecht konditioniertes, aber dafür lineares Gleichungssystem für das inverse Problem finden, während die FE-basierte Formulierung ein nichtlineares, aufgrund der Komplexität des Problems meist ebenfalls schlecht konditioniertes Optimierungsproblem darstellt. Ein wesentliches Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist die Gegenüberstellung der linearen und nichtlinearen Algorithmen des inversen Problems in Hinblick auf deren Herleitungen, die umgesetzten Berechnungsverfahren und der sich stark unterscheidenden Lösungsqualitäten. Untersuchungen der Admittanzrekonstruktion an zwei- und dreidimensionalen theoretischen Modellen verdeutlichen die Einflüsse der Modellgenauigkeit, des Messumfanges und des Messrauschens auf die Ergebnisse der inversen Algorithmen. Anhand der Anwendung auf Messdaten eines bei Brüel & Kjaer durchgeführten Experimentes wird das inverse Verfahren der globalen Admittanzbestimmung einem Praxistest unterzogen. / Reflection and absorption of sound waves on boundaries play a determining role for the optimization of acoustical properties in closed rooms. Above all the geometry and dynamic behavior of the wall structure are responsible for it. These boundary terms are quantifiable within the scope of numerical acoustics by the so-called admittance boundary conditions of the acoustical boundary value problem. Especially at low frequencies the quality of acoustical simulation depends strongly on the recognition of boundary admittances. The present work includes the development of two different inverse algorithms based on deterministic discretization methods for the global determination of frequency-dependent boundary admittance parameters. The approach of global determination of admittances allows to take account for non-perpendicular wave incident. For the method to work an experiment shall be initially conducted. In that process all present sound sources and microphone arrays scanning the sound field must be located and measured and a model of the geometry of the room needs to be created. The developed algorithms calculate then a global admittance distribution based on this data. Using successfully identified admittance characteristics as admittance boundary condition, low frequency simulation in rooms of complex geometry and arbitrary consistency of the surface shall be improved. Identifying boundary admittances out of partially measured sound pressure data is classifiable as inverse acoustic problem. In order to develop inverse formulations the acoustical boundary value problem is discretized by means of the Boundary Element and the Finite Element Method. The inverse formulation of the Boundary Element equations composes an ill-posed but linear system of equations. In contrast, based on Finite Elements only a nonlinear optimization problem can be set up that often features a bad condition due to the complexity of the inverse problem. The comparison of these linear and nonlinear algorithms of the inverse acoustic problem of global determination of boundary admittances in respect of derivation, implemented solution techniques and differing solution qualities states an essential result of this work. The investigation of admittance reconstruction at two and three-dimensional theoretical models reveal the influences of model accuracy, measurement expense and noise on measured data onto the results of both inverse algorithms. Finally, the problem of global admittance determination is subjected to experimentally obtained data (at Brüel & Kjaer) in order to check for practical applicability.

Low-grade mineral deposits lead to a very high tonnage excavation with the adherent economical and environmental problems belong to gas emissions and minerals recovery costs, which, accompanied by the higher operational and equipment costs and the higher demand for the mineral resources, lead to increasing of mineral commodities prices, especially metals. These challenges can be overcome through mine planning optimization. Therefore, an approach for the global optimization of the integrated mining and processing operations is designed by a dynamic and simulation model construction. By applying a case study and through mining selectivity strategy, deeply investigation of the ore parameters (especially mineral liberation grain size and hardness), and proper arrangements for the plant facilities, mineral production is realized, with better quality, lower environmental impacts, lower costs, and higher economic benefits.:Table of Content List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………….……… V List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………….…… IX List of symbols and Abbreviations …………………………………………………............ XII List of Appendices …………………………………………………………..……............ XVIII 1. Justification and Importance of the Mine Planning Optimization ……………………….. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Urgent need for general mine planning optimization ............................................................... 2 1.2.1 Overall costly low-grade ore deposits ................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 World markets ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.3 Sustainability requirements in mining, environmental and social issues .............................. 5 1.2.4 The strategic importance of the mining industry ................................................................... 6 2. State of the Science and General Outline for Mine Planning Optimization Concepts …... 8 2.1 The mine planning optimization concepts ................................................................................ 8 2.1.1 Improvements for the interconnected mining and processing operations ............................. 8 2.1.2 Urgent demand for the unit-operations cost reduction through holistic optimization ......... 12 2.1.3 Expenditures of size reduction operations ........................................................................... 13 2.1.4 The Mill as a critical point in the product supply chain ...................................................... 17 2.2 Critical review of researches for the (Mine-to-Mill) optimization field ................................. 18 2.2.1 Mill throughput optimization ............................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Intelligent assistant systems and processes automation and monitoring …………………. 19 2.2.3 Scheduling software and operationally holistic modules ……………………………...…. 20 2.3 The aim of work and the thesis layout .................................................................................... 22 3. Suggested Approach for a Holistic Mine-to-Mill Optimization ……………………….… 25 3.1 Introduction and scope …………………………………………………………………….. 25 3.2 The methodology plan …………..………………………………………………………….. 26 3.3 Assignment of the operational parameters inter-acting the integrated optimization ……….. 29 3.3.1 Mining and processing activities …………………………………………………………. 29 3.3.2 Mining and processing operational parameters …………………………………………... 31 3.3.3 Mining and processing special indicators ………………………………………………… 42 3.4 Introduction to the dynamic modeling and simulation softwares ………………………...… 45 3.5 Particular concepts belonging to the chosen modeling software ………………………...…. 46 3.6 Main tools, components and constituents of the used software …………………………..… 49 3.7 Assumed case study for the model construction ……………………………………….…… 51 4. Calculation Basics for Applying Dynamic Modeling and Simulation for the Mining and Processing Operations ……………………………………………………………………….... 53 4.1 The modeling construction strategy ………………………………………………………… 53 4.2 Construction of the [Reference-Mode] model …………………………………………….... 54 4.2.1 Dynamic modeling and simulation for the drilling and blasting operation ………………. 54 4.2.2 Dynamic modeling and simulation for the loading and hauling operations …………..….. 62 4.2.3 Dynamic modeling and simulation for the crushing and grinding operations …………..... 71 5. Case Study Application and the Model Output and Assessment ……………………...… 82 5.1 Main physical properties of the ore deposit under study ………………………………..….. 82 5.2 Principal technological and operational parameters within the case study ……………....… 83 5.3 Processing of the data from the case study ………………………………………………… 86 5.4 [Reference-Mode] model results and assessment ………………………………………...… 87 5.4.1 Preliminary main results of the mining activities sub-models ………………………...….. 87 5.4.2 Preliminary main results of the processing activities sub-model ……………………..….. 97 5.4.3 Further model optimization requirements ……………………………………………….. 105 6. The Model Optimization, Validation and Practical Applications ………………..…….. 107 6.1 Model further optimization plan …………………………………………………….…….. 107 6.2 The ore deposit characteristics and details …………………………………………….….. 108 6.2.1 Tonnage distribution and cut-off-grade for the ore deposit ……………………………... 108 6.2.2 Liberation size and microscopic grain size distribution for the ore deposit …………….. 112 6.3 Mining selectivity and processing mixing scenarios …………………………………….... 113 6.3.1 Blending triangle design for choice of the annual mining contribution scenarios ……… 113 6.3.2 Planed processing strategies according to the pre- and post-grinding mixing ………..… 115 6.4 An Excel calculation tool for preparing the new detailed inputs to the modified model .… 118 6.4.1 The need for new prepared and detailed inputs to the modified model ……………….… 118 6.4.2 Description and benefits of the designed Excel calculation tool ……………………..…. 118 6.4.3 The main outputs of the Excel calculation tool ……………………………………….… 120 6.4.4 The Excel calculation tool outputs as inputs to the modified Vensim model ………….... 120 6.5 The model modification through the new added mathematical and functions ……………. 123 6.6 [Controlled] model results and the comparable discussion of the processing strategies ..… 129 6.6.1 General notifications for the model handling and the results presentation …………….... 129 6.6.2 Results of the mining section of the model …………………………………………….... 130 6.6.3 Results of the processing section of the model ……………………………………….…. 132 6.6.4 Comparison between the three data processing and arrangement methodologies ……..... 142 6.6.5 Comparison between scenarios ………………………………………………………….. 149 6.6.6 Extreme cases versus the chosen Organized Method ………………………………….... 153 6.7 Optimization evolution overview across the operations improvement steps …………...… 157 7. Conclusion and Recommendations …………………………………………………...… 163 References …………………………………………………………………………………… 168 Appendices ……………………………………………………………………………...…… 179

Reporting functions reflect a novel technique to formulate sequence-oriented queries in SQL. They extend the classical way of grouping and applying aggregation functions by additionally providing a column-based ordering, partitioning, and windowing mechanism. The application area of reporting functions ranges from simple ranking queries (TOP(n)-analyses) over cumulative (Year-To-Date-analyses) to sliding window queries. We discuss the problem of deriving reporting function queries from materialized reporting function views, which is one of the most important issues in efficiently processing queries in a data warehouse environment. Two different derivation algorithms, including their relational mappings are introduced and compared in a test scenario.

Ce mémoire court a comme objectif d’appliquer le concept de responsabilité politique développé par Iris Marion Young dans Responsibility for Justice, ainsi que son modèle de connexion sociale, au contexte du recyclage des déchets électriques et électroniques. Au premier chapitre, il sera question en un premier temps d’explorer comment Young définit ses concepts et comment ils diffèrent des conceptions plus traditionnelles de la responsabilité. Au chapitre suivant, il s’agira de comprendre à quels problèmes philosophiques Young tente de répondre. Il sera intéressant ici de voir comment Young se distingue de J. Rawls, de comment elle s’inspire d’H. Arendt et comment elle se distance de l’approche nationaliste de D. Miller. Enfin, au dernier chapitre, ce travail termine par une application du modèle de Young au contexte du recyclage des déchets électriques et électroniques. Bien qu’il y ait des similitudes avec l’étude de cas présenté par Young dans Responsibility for Justice, des différences marquées dans les types d’interactions sociales à la source des injustices structurelles illustrent la pertinence d’utiliser le modèle de Young afin d’entamer une réflexion sur les solutions possibles. Ce mémoire court se veut donc être une sorte d’hommage à la pensée de Young qui est toujours d’actualité. / The objective of this short-form master thesis is to put in application the concept of political responsibility and its social connexion model developed by Iris Marion Young in Responsibility for Justice to the context of e-waste. In the first chapter, we will start by exploring how Young define her concepts and how they differ from traditional conceptions of responsibility. In the second chapter, we will see which philosophical questions Young wanted to address with her model. It will be interesting to see how she distinguishes her theory to the one of J. Rawls, how she seeks inspiration in the thoughts of H. Arendt, and how she distances herself from the national conception of responsibility developed by D. Miller. Finally, in the last chapter, this work ends with an application of Young’s social connection model to the context of e-waste. While there are some similarities with the case study presented by Young in Responsibility for Justice, the context of e-waste provides a different insight on the many types of social interactions at the source of structural injustices, and how Young’s theory is useful for a reflection about the possible solutions. This work is a kind of tribute to the thoughts of Young which are still relevant today.

Circadiane Uhren sind endogene Oszillatoren, die 24-Stunden Rhythmen erzeugen. Sie erlauben Organismen deren Physiologie und Verhalten an tägliche Änderungen der Umwelt anzupassen. In Säugetieren basieren solche Uhren auf transkriptional-translationalen Rückkopplungsschleifen, aber es ist noch nicht ganz verstanden, welche Schleifen zur Erzeugung von Rhythmen beitragen. Eine der physiologischen Schlüsselfunktionen von cirkadianen Uhren scheint die zeitliche Anordnung von metabolischen Prozessen zu sein. Im ersten Projekt haben wir eine Methode eingeführt, um systematisch Regulationen in einem datengetriebenen mathematischen Modell der Kernuhr zu testen. Überraschenderweise haben wir ein Rückkopplungsmotif entdeckt, das vorher noch nicht im Zusammenhang mit der circadianen Uhr in Säugetieren in Betracht gezogen wurde. Dieser Repressilator ist mit Gen-knockout Studien und weiteren Perturbationsexperimenten konsistent. Im zweiten Projekt haben wir das Modell wiederholt auf gewebespezifische Datensätze gefitted und essentielle Rückkopplungen in allen Modellversionen identifiziert. Interessanterweise fanden wir dabei für alle gewebespezifischen Datensätze Synergien von Rückkopplungen, die zusammen Rhythmen erzeugen. Desweiteren haben wir festgestellt, dass die Synergien sich abhängig vom Gewebe unterscheiden. Im dritten Projekt haben wir die circadianen Aspekte des Metabolismus untersucht. Wir haben circadiane Komponenten in verschiedenen omics Studien identifiziert, integriert und auf ein metabolisches Netzwerk gemapped. Unsere Analyse hat bestätigt, dass viele Stoffwechselwege vermutlich circadianen Rhythmen folgen. Interessanterweise haben wir festgestellt, dass die durchschnittlichen Phasen von rhythmischen Komponenten sich zwischen verschiedenen Stoffwechselwegen unterscheiden. Solche Unterschiede könnten eine zeitliche Anpassung metabolischer Funktionen an Zeiten darstellen zu denen sie gebraucht werden. / Circadian clocks are endogenous oscillators that generate 24-hour rhythms. They allow many organisms to synchronize their physiology and behaviour with daily changes of the environment. In mammals such clocks are based on transcriptional-translational feedback loops, however, it is not fully understood which feedback loops contribute to rhythm generation. Within an organism different clocks are distinguished by their localization in different organs. One of the key physiological functions of circadian clocks in various organs seems to be the temporal alignment of metabolic processes. In the first project we introduced and applied a method to systematically test regulations in a data-driven mathematical model of the core clock. Surprisingly, we discovered a feedback loop that has previously not been considered in the context of the mammalian circadian clock. This repressilator is consistent with knockout studies and further perturbation experiments. It could constitute an explanation for different phases observed between Cryptochromes, which are part of the core clock. In the second project we repeatedly fitted the same mathematical model to tissue-specific data sets and identified essential feedback loops in all model versions. Interestingly, for all tissue-specific data sets we found synergies of loops generating rhythms together. Further, we found that the synergies differ depending on the tissue. In the third project we examined the circadian aspects of metabolism. We identified rhythmic data in different omics studies, integrated and mapped them to a metabolic network. Our analysis confirmed that many metabolic pathways may follow circadian rhythms. Interestingly, we also found that the average peak times of rhythmic components between various pathways differ. Such differences might reflect a temporal alignment of metabolic functions to the time when they are required.