Glycoconjugates are biologically important molecules with diverse functions. They consist of carbohydrates of varying size and complexity, attached to a non-sugar moiety as a lipid or a protein. Glycoconjugate structures are often very complex and their intricate biosynthetic pathways makes overexpression difficult. This renders the isolation of pure, structurally defined compounds from natural sources cumbersome. Therefore, to better address questions in glycobiology, synthetic glycoconjugates are an appealing alternative. In addition, synthetic methods allow for the preparation of non-natural glycoconjugates that can enhance the understanding of the influence of structural features on the biological responses. In this thesis, synthetic methods for the preparation of glycoconjugates, especially glycolipid analogues, have been developed. These methods make use of solid-phase chemistry and are amenable to library synthesis of series of similar compounds. Solid-phase synthesis is a technique where the starting material of the reaction is attached to small plastic beads through a linker. This allows large excess of reagents to speed up the reactions and the sometimes difficult purifications of intermediate products are reduced to simple washings of the beads. One problem with solid-phase synthesis is the difficulties to monitor the reactions and characterize the intermediate products. Gel-phase 19 F-NMR spectroscopy, using fluorinated linkers and protecting groups, is an excellent tool to overcome this problem and to monitor solid-phase synthesis of e.g. glycoconjugates. Two novel fluorinated linkers for the attachment of carboxylic acids have been developed and are presented in the thesis. These linkers can be cleaved with both acids of varying strengths and nucleophiles like hydroxide ions, and they are stable to glycosylation conditions. In addition, a novel filter reactor for solid-phase synthesis was designed. The reactor fits into an ordinary NMR spectrometer to facilitate the reaction monitoring with gel-phase 19 F-NMR spectroscopy. The biological applications of the synthesized glycolipids were demonstrated in two different settings. The CD1d restricted binding of glycolipids carrying the monosaccharide α-GalNAc as carbohydrate could be detected on viable cells of mouse origin. CD1d is one of several antigen presenting molecules (the CD1 proteins) that presents lipids and glycolipids to circulating T-cells that in turn can initiate an immune response. The CD1 molecules are relatively sparsely investigated, and the method to measure glycolipid binding on viable cells, as described in the thesis, has the possibility to greatly enhance the knowledge of the structural requirements for CD1-binding. Serine-based neoglycolipids with terminal carboxylic acids were used to prepare glycoconjugate arrays with covalent bonds to secondary amines on microtiter plates. Carbohydrate arrays have great possibilities to simplify the study of interactions between carbohydrates and e.g. proteins and microbes. The usefulness of the glycolipid arrays constructed in the thesis was illustrated with two lectins, RCA120 from Ricinus communis and BS-1 from Bandeiraea simplicifolia. Both lectins bound to the array of neoglycolipids in agreement with their respective specificity for galactosides. Glycobiology is a large area of great interest and the methods described in this thesis can be used to answer a variety of glycoconjugaterelated biological questions.

In this study, we have synthesized two families of new carbohydrate-based amphiphilic derivatives: a series of alkyl glucoside ethers varying in terms of chain length and position on the sugar, and a series of glucosteroids varying in terms of alkyl spacer and, for the disutibstuted systems, in terms of alkyl side chain length. By the means of analytical methods, such as NMR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and elementary analysis, the structure of all the compounds was carefully established, as well as their purity. Their liquid crystalline behaviors were studied by the means of transmission light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The two families of compounds which have been studied illustrate how much the behavior can be essentially related to polar interactions (H-bonding), therefore to the sugar moiety, for the ether series, or to hydrophobic interactions (lipid-lipid) in the glucosteroid series. In this latter series, preference for either steroid-stroid or steroid alkyl packing appears as an insight in understanding the behavior of complex lipids, showing potentially more than one conformational structure with important consequences on the supramolecular level, therefore to their potential biological role. This could be regarded as "lipid denaturation" by analogy to the protein denaturation. Also, when we see that compounds like the glycosteroids having an long chain ester -CAG, BbGL-I, are found to exist in Nature, and how much glycolipid-cholesterol interactions were recently shown to be critical in some biological processes, it is hoped that our observations can provide a new vision angle for the study of complex lipids and glycolipids. As a start to develop new probes targeting the "lipid raft" microdomain in membranes, we also explored a sequence towards carbohydrate laurdan hybrids. Further development of this strategy and evaluation of the biological properties is programmed within new collaborative projects.

La tuberculose (TB) est une maladie infectieuse causée par M. tuberculosis. En 2009, la mortalité était élevée avec 1,7 millions de décès enregistrés dans le monde. La co-infection par le VIH, notamment en Afrique, et les tuberculoses à bacilles multi-résistants aux antibiotiques, rendent la maîtrise de la pandémie encore plus complexe. Les tests actuels de diagnostic présentent des lacunes notamment en terme de sensibilité pour la microscopie qui est le test le plus utilisé, ou en terme de praticité, en ce qui concerne la culture qui est le test de référence. Le développement de nouveaux tests pour le diagnostic de la TB active représente un enjeu majeur de nos sociétés modernes. Les tests immunologiques, en particulier les tests sérologiques actuellement disponibles, présentent une alternative aux tests bactériologiques couramment utilisés mais leurs performances restent faibles. Pour cela, il est indispensable de cibler de nouveaux biomarqueurs pour développer un test efficace, sensible, rapide et peu onéreux. C'est dans de cadre que s'inscrit ce travail de thèse.Nous rapportons dans ce mémoire, la recherche de marqueurs innovants dans le cadre de la mise au point d'un test de diagnostic de la tuberculose. Nous avons ciblé plusieurs marqueurs protéiques (OmpATb, LipY, Rv0183, Rv1984c et Rv3452) et un marqueur glycolipide, le tréhalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM). Parmi ces candidats, plusieurs présentent de réelles performances sur le plan diagnostique. Parallèlement à cette étude, nous avons mis au point une technique de séparation des différentes formes de TDM. La séparation des différentes formes de TDM devrait permettre de déterminer de façon précise les fonctions de ces composants majeurs de la paroi de M. tuberculosis et d'évaluer leur potentiel en terme de diagnostic.Mots clés : tuberculose, sérodiagnostic, détection antigène, détection anticorps, enzymes lipolytiques, glycolipide. / Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by M. tuberculosis. In 2009, mortality was high with 1,7 million of recorded deaths in the world. The co-infection by the HIV, in particular in Africa, and tuberculosis with multi-resistant bacilli to antibiotics, make the control of pandemia more complex. The current tests of diagnosis present gaps, in particular, in term of sensitivity for microscopy, which is currently the used test, or in term of praticity, for the culture which is considered as the gold standard.The development of new tests for the diagnosis of TB active represents a major challenge of our modern societies. The immunological tests, in particular the serologic tests available, can present an alternative to the currently bacteriological tests. However, their performances are not sufficient. That's why, it is essential to target new biomarkers which permit to establish an effective, sensitive, fast and cheap test. It is in this context that my study takes place.We report in this memory, the research of innovating markers for the development of a diagnostic test of tuberculosis. We targeted several protenic markers (OmpATb, LipY, Rv0183, Rv1984c and for Rv3452) and a glycolipid marker, the trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM). Among these candidates, several shown good performances for active TB diagnosis. In parallel to this study, a technique of separation of the various forms of TDM was developed. The separation of the various forms of TDM will permit to study their role on the biological activities and evaluate their potential in term of diagnosis.Key words: tuberculosis, serodiagnostic, antigen detection, antibody detection, lipolytic enzymes, glycolipid.

No description available.

No description available.

Glycosphingolipid (GSL) metabolism is a complex process involving proteins and enzymes at distinct locations within the cell. Mammalian GSLs are typically based on glucose or galactose, forming glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and galactosylceramide (GalCer). Most GSLs are derived from GlcCer, which is synthesized on the cytosolic leaflet of the Golgi, while all subsequent GSLs are synthesized on the lumenal side. We have utilized both pharamacological and genetic manipulation approaches to selectively regulate GSL metabolism and better understand its mechanistic details. We have developed analogues of GlcCer and GalCer by substituting the fatty acid moiety with an adamanatane frame. The resulting adamantylGSLs are more water-soluble than their natural counterparts. These analogues selectively interfere with GSL metabolism at particular points within the metabolic pathway. At 40 µM, adaGlcCer prevents synthesis of all GSLs downstream of GlcCer, while also elevating GlcCer levels, by inhibiting lactosylceramide (LacCer) synthase and glucocerebrosidase, respectively. AdaGalCer specifically reduces synthesis of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and downstream globo-series GSLs. AdaGalCer also increases Gaucher disease N370S glucocerebrosidase expression, lysosomal localization and activity. AdaGSLs, therefore, have potential as novel therapeutic agents in diseases characterized by GSL anomalies and as tools to study the effects of GSL modulation. Two predominant theories have been developed to explain how GlcCer accesses the Golgi lumen: one involving direct translocation from the cytosolic-to-lumenal leaflet of the Golgi by the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1), and the other involving retrograde transport of GlcCer by FAPP2 to the ER, followed by entry into the vesicular transport system for Golgi lumenal access. To examine the in vivo involvement of P-gp in GSL metabolism, we generated a knockout model by crossbreeding the Fabry disease mouse with the P-gp knockout mouse. HPLC analyses of tissue Gb3 levels revealed a tissue-specific reduction in MDR1/Fabry mice. TLC analyses, however, did not show such reduction. In addition, we performed a gene knockdown study using siRNA against P-gp and FAPP2. Results show these siRNA to have distinct effects on GSL levels that are cell-type specific. These results give rise to the prospect of unique therapeutic approaches by targeting P-gp or FAPP2 for synthesis inhibition of particular GSL pathways.

Glycosphingolipid (GSL) metabolism is a complex process involving proteins and enzymes at distinct locations within the cell. Mammalian GSLs are typically based on glucose or galactose, forming glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and galactosylceramide (GalCer). Most GSLs are derived from GlcCer, which is synthesized on the cytosolic leaflet of the Golgi, while all subsequent GSLs are synthesized on the lumenal side. We have utilized both pharamacological and genetic manipulation approaches to selectively regulate GSL metabolism and better understand its mechanistic details. We have developed analogues of GlcCer and GalCer by substituting the fatty acid moiety with an adamanatane frame. The resulting adamantylGSLs are more water-soluble than their natural counterparts. These analogues selectively interfere with GSL metabolism at particular points within the metabolic pathway. At 40 µM, adaGlcCer prevents synthesis of all GSLs downstream of GlcCer, while also elevating GlcCer levels, by inhibiting lactosylceramide (LacCer) synthase and glucocerebrosidase, respectively. AdaGalCer specifically reduces synthesis of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and downstream globo-series GSLs. AdaGalCer also increases Gaucher disease N370S glucocerebrosidase expression, lysosomal localization and activity. AdaGSLs, therefore, have potential as novel therapeutic agents in diseases characterized by GSL anomalies and as tools to study the effects of GSL modulation. Two predominant theories have been developed to explain how GlcCer accesses the Golgi lumen: one involving direct translocation from the cytosolic-to-lumenal leaflet of the Golgi by the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1), and the other involving retrograde transport of GlcCer by FAPP2 to the ER, followed by entry into the vesicular transport system for Golgi lumenal access. To examine the in vivo involvement of P-gp in GSL metabolism, we generated a knockout model by crossbreeding the Fabry disease mouse with the P-gp knockout mouse. HPLC analyses of tissue Gb3 levels revealed a tissue-specific reduction in MDR1/Fabry mice. TLC analyses, however, did not show such reduction. In addition, we performed a gene knockdown study using siRNA against P-gp and FAPP2. Results show these siRNA to have distinct effects on GSL levels that are cell-type specific. These results give rise to the prospect of unique therapeutic approaches by targeting P-gp or FAPP2 for synthesis inhibition of particular GSL pathways.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Jon Faubion / Whole wheat flour has become a popular ingredient in baked goods. Consumers are seeking the added benefits of consuming healthy phytochemicals and bioactive compounds. As the demand for wholemeal flour increases it is important to understand the factors contributing to changes in whole wheat flour breadmaking quality as a function of both wheat and flour age. In wholemeal flour, the lipid composition appears to be a factor causing variable baking quality. Changes that occur in both freshly harvested wheat and milled flour can cause variations in baking quality. Bakers’ attempts to adjust formulations and processes are often unsuccessful. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of aging both new crop wheat and freshly milled flour at 2 different temperatures on baking quality and glycolipid composition. This study aged freshly harvested Overley hard red winter wheat at RT (23˚C) and FZ (-26˚C) for 8, 50, and 91 days before milling. Whole wheat flour baking and lipid extraction studies were performed incrementally over 31 days of flour storage after each milling. Glycolipid structure and amounts were measured using automated electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The glycolipids analyzed in this study were DGDG (digalactosyldiglycerol), MGDG (monogalactosylmonoglycerol), MGMG (monogalactosylmonoglycerol), and DGMG (digalactosylmonoglycerol). Both the wheat and flour stored at -26˚C produced larger mean loaf volumes than did the 23˚C treatment for all 3 wheat ages. The FZ and RT DGDG:MGDG ratios were similar over both wheat and flour age so changes to the glycolipid fraction did not appear to be the cause of the significant difference between volumes of bread baked from samples stored at RT and FZ. There was limited change in mean volume over flour age except for an increase at the FZ 91 day point. The DGDG:MGDG ratios were generally unchanged over flour age. Loaf volumes were the same over wheat age except for an unexpected drop during the 50 day wheat study. The corresponding DGDG:MGDG ratios did not show any significant differences over wheat age. The FZ storage temperature might be inhibiting some biochemical change not affecting the glycolipids, leading to higher volumes than the RT storage treatment.

Cette thèse est une contribution à l’étude des relations structure propriétés dans le domaine de la glycoamphiphilie. Trois nouvelles familles de neoglycolipides ont été synthétisées, deux familles principalement destinées à apporter des éléments sur l’état liquide cristallin des glycolipides, et une troisième famille permettant d’aborder l’étude de nouvelles glycosondes fluorescentes. Plus de 50 produits finaux ont été préparés (et donc leurs très nombreux précurseurs) et caractérisés structuralement par spectroscopie RMN, de masse, et par analyse élémentaire. Les propriétés liquides cristallines de ces nouveaux produits ont été ensuite étudiées par microscopie optique et DSC. L’étude des propriétés liquides cristallines de la famille d’éthers montrent que la localisation de la chaine sur le squelette sucre modifie la répartition entre liaisons hydrogène inter- ou intra moléculaires entre têtes polaires sucres. L’analyse du comportement thermotrope des glucostéroïdes, notamment ceux qui sont disubstitués, montre que les interactions lipide-lipide sont également très importantes. Il a été observé que ces systèmes complexes pouvaient adopter deux types d’architectures au niveau supramoléculaire en fonction de la flexibilité du système, laissant plus ou moins aux trois motifs présents dans la molécule la liberté de choisir leur préférence d’autoassociation. Les glycostéroïdes étant largement rencontrés dans la Nature, on peut considérer que ces observations nouvelles qui ont été apportées signalent que le comportement supramoléculaire de telles molécules est potentiellement multiple. Enfin, une brève exploration d’une nouvelle famille de glycosondes fluorescentes a été abordée. / In this study, we have synthesized two families of new carbohydrate-based amphiphilic derivatives: a series of alkyl glucoside ethers varying in terms of chain length and position on the sugar, and a series of glucosteroids varying in terms of alkyl spacer and, for the disutibstuted systems, in terms of alkyl side chain length. By the means of analytical methods, such as NMR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and elementary analysis, the structure of all the compounds was carefully established, as well as their purity. Their liquid crystalline behaviors were studied by the means of transmission light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The two families of compounds which have been studied illustrate how much the behavior can be essentially related to polar interactions (H-bonding), therefore to the sugar moiety, for the ether series, or to hydrophobic interactions (lipid-lipid) in the glucosteroid series. In this latter series, preference for either steroid-stroid or steroid alkyl packing appears as an insight in understanding the behavior of complex lipids, showing potentially more than one conformational structure with important consequences on the supramolecular level, therefore to their potential biological role. This could be regarded as “lipid denaturation” by analogy to the protein denaturation. Also, when we see that compounds like the glycosteroids having an long chain ester -CAG, BbGL-I, are found to exist in Nature, and how much glycolipid-cholesterol interactions were recently shown to be critical in some biological processes, it is hoped that our observations can provide a new vision angle for the study of complex lipids and glycolipids. As a start to develop new probes targeting the “lipid raft” microdomain in membranes, we also explored a sequence towards carbohydrate laurdan hybrids. Further development of this strategy and evaluation of the biological properties is programmed within new collaborative projects.

L’enginyeria metabòlica és una estratègia molt útil per produir molècules d’alt valor afegit mitjançant microorganismes. Molècules d’interès per la seva funció biològica, d’estructura complexa i amb dificultats en la seva obtenció i síntesi s’han obtingut de forma molt satisfactòria mitjançant aquesta metodologia. En el laboratori de Bioquímica de l’IQS s‘estudia la glicosiltransferasa de Micoplasma genitalium codificada pel gen mg517 i responsable de la síntesi de glicoglicerolípids (Andrés et al., 2010). S’ha vist que aquesta proteïna sobreexpressada en E.coli és funcional i acumula diferents glicoglicerolípids en la membrana plasmàtica. Aquests glicoglicerolípids mostren diferents punts d’interès. D’una banda, són tensioactius d’alt valor afegit que permeten la construcció de niosomes per l’alliberament controlat de fàrmacs i, d’altra banda, s’han relacionat com agents terapèutics amb inhibició de tumors cancerígens. Degut al creixent interès d’aquests productes,en el present treball s‘ha escollit E. coli com a microorganisme a modificar per enginyeria metabòlica per la producció de glicoglicerolípids, ja que per una banda, no presenta aquests lípids però sí sintetitza els seus precursors UDP-glucosa i diacilglicerol (DAG). S’han dissenyat diferents soques d’E.coli on se sobreexpressen la glicosiltransferasa MG517 i, a més, la uridiltransferasa GalU procedent d’E.coli JM109, que sintetitza el precursor UDP-glucosa a partir de glucosa 1-fosfat, i l’aciltransferasa PlsC involucrada en la biosíntesi del precursor DAG. En les soques on les proteïnes GalU i PlsC s’han sobreexpressat, les seves activitats han augmentat 220 i 80 vegades, respectivament. La glicosiltransferasa MG517 és activa en totes les soques però, sorprenentment, la seva activitat després de les cinc hores d‘inducció és10 vegades inferior quan es dóna la coexpressió de MG517 i PlsC. S’observa que la sobreproducció de UDP-glucosa no incrementa la quantitat total de glicoglicerolípids mentre que el DAG sí, de manera que la soca AbC amb els gens mg517 i plsC és la que sintetitza més glicoglicerolípids, arribant a nivells de 1059 nM per biomassa. Dels tres glicoglicerolípids formats, el diglucosilacilglicerol és sempre el més abundant i el seu percentatge varia entre 57 i 82% en funció de la coexpressió dels enzims. La producció d’aquests nous lípids en la membrana d’E. coli implica que el percentatge del fosfolípid fosfatidiletanolamina disminueixi un 20%, mentre els fosfolípids anionis es mantenen constants. Es conclou que la soca modificada d’E. coli AbC és una bona plataforma per la producció de nous glicolípids amb diferent estructura. / La ingeniería metabólica es una estrategia muy útil para producir moléculas de valor añadido mediante microorganismos. Moléculas de interés por su función biológica, de estructura compleja y con dificultades en su obtención y síntesis se han obtenido de forma muy satisfactoria con el uso de esta metodología. En el laboratorio de Bioquímica del IQS se estudia la glicosiltransferasa de Micoplasma genitalium codificada por el gen mg517 y responsable de la síntesis de glicoglicerolípidos (Andrés et al. 2011). Se ha observado que esta proteína sobreexpresada en E.coli es funcional y acumula estos lípidos en la membrana plasmática. Los glicoglicerolípidos muestran diferentes puntos de interés. Por una parte, son tensioactivos que permiten la construcción de niosomas para la liberación controlada de fármacos y, por otra parte, se han seleccionado como agentes terapéuticos con inhibición de tumores cancerígenos. Debido al creciente interés de estos productos, en el presente trabajo, se ha escogido E.coli como microorganismo a modificar por ingeniería metabólica para la producción de glicoglicerolípidos, ya que no presenta estos lípidos pero sí sintetiza sus precursores UDP-glucosa y diacilglicerol (DAG). Se han diseñado diferentes cepas de E.coli donde se sobreexpressa la glicosiltransferasa MG517 y, además, la uridiltransferasa GalU de E.coli JM109, que sintetiza el precursor UDP-glucosa, y la aciltransferasa PlsC involucrada en la biosíntesis del precursor DAG. En las cepas donde las proteínas GalU y PlsC se han sobreexpressado, sus actividades han aumentado 220 y 80 veces, respectivamente. La glicosiltransferasa MG517 es activa en todas las cepas pero, sorprendentemente, su actividad después de inducir es 10 veces inferior cuando se da la coexpresión de MG517 y PlsC. Se observa que la sobreproducción de UDP-glucosa no incrementa la cantidad total de glicoglicerolípidos mientras que el DAG sí, de forma que la cepa AbC con los genes mg517 y plsC es la que sintetiza más glicoglicerolípidos, llegando a niveles de 1059 nM por biomasa. De los tres glicoglicerolípidos formados, el diglucosildiacilglicerol es siempre el más abundante y su porcentaje varía entre 57 y 82% en función de la coexpressión de las enzimas. La producción de los nuevos lípidos en la membrana de E.coli implica que el porcentaje del fosfolípido fosfatidiletanolamina disminuya un 20%, mientras los fosfolípidos aniónicos se mantienen contantes. Se concluye que la cepa modificada de E.coli AbC es una buena plataforma para la producción de nuevos glicolípidos con distinta estructura. / Metabolic engineering is a useful strategy to achieve target molecules using microorganisms. Molecules of high biological value, with complex estructure and difficulties to be obtained and synthesised, as for example, glycoconjugates, have been successfully obtained by this methodology (Ruffing i Chen, 2010). Our group studies the Mycoplasma genitalium glycosyltransferase encoded by mg517 gene and responsible of glycoglycerolipid synthesis. (Andrés et al., 2010). This protein overexpressed in E. coli is functional and accumulates the glycolipids in its plasma membrane. These glycoglycerolipids have different points of interest. On one hand, they are biosurfactants and evencan form niosomes for drug delivery systems. On the other hand, they have been related to inhibition of cancer tumors. Due to growing interest of these products, and in order to improve production of glycoglycerolipids, different metabolic engineered E. coli strains have been designed in this work. This microorganism has been chosen since on the one hand, it does not produce these lipids but its metabolism produces the glicoglicerolipids precursors, UDP-glucose and diacylglycerol (DAG). In these strains, the glycosyltransferase is coexpressed with genes related to biosynthesis of both precursors. Therefore coexpression of the glycosyltransferase MG517, the uridyl transferase GalU from E. coli JM109, which synthesizes the precursor Glc-UDP from glucose-1-phosphate, and the acyl transferase PlsC involved in the biosynthesis of the precursor DAG have been studied. Once modified strains were constructed, their phenotype have been analysed. On one hand, the three enzymatic activities have been determined in vitro from the cell extracts. When GalU and PlsC were overexpressed, their activities increased 220 and 80-fold, respectively, compared to the controls. The glycosyltransferase MG517 was active in these modified strains but, surprisingly, its activity decreases 10-fold when MG517 and PlsC were coexpressed. It is observed that overproduction of UDP-glucose does not increase total glycolipids amount while DAG have a positive impact on this production, being strain with mg517 and plsC genes which produces more glycolipids achieving 1059 nM per biomass. . Furthermore, the modified strains showed different glycoglycerolipids profiles. In all strains the disaccharide glycoglycerolipid is the most abundant but its percentage varies from 57% to 82% depending on enzyme coexpression. Production of these new lipids in E. coli membrane implies less synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipid, which is characteristic of this microorganism. Our results show the modified E. coli strain with mg517 and plsC genes is a good platform microorganism for the production of new glicolipids with different structure.