Within the field of second language acquisition of phonology, the role of immersion experiences on language learners' pronunciation has recently become a topic of greater interest. While students of a foreign language with study abroad experience (one to six months) have shown relatively little progress in pronunciation gains, language learners group with extended immersion experience—approximately 24 months abroad—have demonstrated more native-like pronunciation. This study compares the pronunciation of L2 Spanish /u/ among native English speakers enrolled in the same third-year Spanish course who belong to two different groups based on the context of their previous language learning: extended immersion in a Spanish-speaking country or traditional classroom instruction. The effects of syllabic stress and speech task type on the pronunciation of these two groups are also examined. Acoustic data from participants' speech is used to conduct statistical analyses. Words and phrases are subject over time to a process called grammaticalization, especially those that are used frequently. This process causes a gradual shift from use as lexical items to use as grammatical devices. Semantic bleaching also occurs, which means that the earlier or original lexical content of a word or phrase is partially or completely lost. Verbs expressing the idea of possession are particularly susceptible to this type of change. The Spanish verb tener ('to have'), while still retaining its lexical content, has come to be used in constructions that do not represent the explicit idea of possession—they incorporate a bleached usage of the word. This alteration is evident in four construction types examined in this paper. These constructions all have three essential elements: a "possessor" argument, a "possessed" argument, and a third modifying component. The analyses of these constructions include templates that describe both their semantic content and their syntactic structure.

客語的「有」字就其語法功能而言可以作動詞、助動詞、及動詞補語用。就其意義上而言，「有」標示著領屬義、強調義、及結果完成義。在這些共時歧異的功能意義背後，實存在著一個核心意義---領有。本論文旨在用語法化理論將客語「有」字之共時分歧用法作一合理之解釋，而提出三個主張：第一、將存在的概念提升至更深層，將之視為領有義的預設。第二、將領有義分析為更基本的基模（source schemas）。第三、利用這些基本的基模來解釋「有」字的各種延伸意義。透過這樣的角度分析客語「有」字句，將可以更合理的解釋「有」的共時歧異現象。 / Hakka Yu 'to own, to possess' has various grammatical functions. It can function as a full-fledged verb, appear in a serial verb construction, serve as an auxiliary, and act as a verbal complement. With the structural complexity, Hakka Yu denotes possession, emphatic assertion and the existence of the resultative state of being. The divergent syntactic behaviors as well as the different functions of Hakka Yu do not share the same surface form by chance. The coincidence suggests that there must be an extant semantic core that links together all the seemingly unrelated functions exhibited by various syntactic structures of Yu. This thesis, aiming at linking the diversity of usage of Yu, claims that the structural divergence of Yu corresponds to the "cline of grammaticality," which synchronically refers to a continuum at one hand of which is a fuller lexical form, and at the opposite end, a reduced grammatical form. Three major claims are therefore advanced to account for the synchronic differences of Hakka Yu.

The aim of this dissertation is to give a detailed analysis of the Dutch verb komen ‘come' and the Swedish verb komma ‘come' based on a systematic comparison. Focus has been placed on grammatical polysemy and the study is written within the framework of cognitive linguistics. Both verbs can be defined as corresponding to a complex category consisting of a prototypical meaning and other meanings which can be central or peripheral in relation to the prototype. Two monolingual corpora consisting of newspaper texts were used as sources of data: INL 27 Miljoen Woorden Krantencorpus 1995 and Press 95, 96, 97 Concordances in Göteborg University's Bank of Swedish. A sample of 1,490 tokens of komen and 1,518 tokens of komma was taken from the two corpora. When analyzing the two verbs and their context the following ten variables were taken into consideration: 1) physical movement, 2) animate or inanimate subject, 3) adverbial, 4) future reference 5) bounded or unbounded aktionsart, 6) ingressive meaning, 7) accidentality, 8) infinitive marker, 9) predictive and/or intentional meaning, and 10) causativity. The results indicate that komen and komma have the same prototypical meaning. However, the semantic extensions from the prototype differ between the two verbs. If we consider the two verbs in a network, the meanings of komen and komma occupy different positions relative to the prototype. On the one hand, when Dutch komen is a copulative verb and/or occurs in lexicalized verb phrases, the resultative meaning is more central, while the aspectual meaning is peripheral. On the other hand, the temporal meaning of Swedish komma, as a future auxiliary verb, holds a more central position than the resultative meaning which is more peripheral. Nevertheless, Dutch komen, which is not considered a future auxiliary verb, but is rather an aspectual auxiliary verb shows similarities in the present tense (komen te + V2) with the Swedish kommer att construction (a true future auxiliary verb). That is, Dutch komen can have clear future reference, but in a limited context. Whereas Dutch komen is categorized as a copulative verb, the Swedish komma is not considered a copulative verb. Nevertheless, it is clear from the corpus that Swedish komma has a copula-like function, but in a limited context. Finally, it has become clear that komen and komma have undergone somewhat different grammaticalization processes even though both verbs contain similar meanings.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lopesdamasio_lr_dr_sjrp.pdf: 3859789 bytes, checksum: 72de940d35ca5c80e26c827371daa287 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Partindo de um enfoque teórico geral baseado na concepção Coseriana (1975) de sincronia, diacronia, história e mudança linguística, em direção a um específico, sobre um tipo de mudança que faz emergir itens/construções gramaticais a partir de itens/construções lexicais ou menos gramaticais, via processo de gramaticalização (TRAUGOTT, 1995; TRAUGOTT e KÖNIG, 1991), conjugado aos pressupostos analíticos da perspectiva textual-interativa, assentada numa concepção pragmática de linguagem e texto (JUBRAN, 2006), e numa orientação teórico-metodológica fundamentada no conceito de diacronia não-ideal e, consequentemente, no de Tradição Discursiva (KABATEK) esta pesquisa, vinculada ao “Projeto para História do Português Paulista”, analisa assim e suas formas correlatas: assim como, mesmo assim e assim que no que tange: (i) ao seu funcionamento tópico geral, especificamente com enfoque nos aspectos semântico-formais e nos processos de junção instaurados; e (ii) aos processos de repetição, correção, paráfrase e parêntese, em diferentes Tradições Discursivas (TDs). O estudo é direcionado pela tese de que as TDs devem ser consideradas na investigação da mudança por GR, já que afetam ambas as perspectivas, interna e externa, de abordagem linguística: afetam a interna, quando esta pretende reconstruir uma diacronia única e linear, já que faz referência direta à realidade de língua concreta, conforme concepção coseriana. Os resultados comprovam a existência dessa relação entre TD e o caminho de mudança do item focalizado, a partir da constatação de que: enquanto determinados aspectos gramaticais se desenvolvem mediante pressões contextuais favorecidas pelas características de determinadas TDs, outros se desenvolvem independentemente delas. Comprova-se, também, a existência de uma relação entre processos de constituição textual... / Starting from a general theoretical approach based on the Coseriana conception (1975) of synchrony, diachrony, history and linguistic change, towards a particular subject, about one type of change that makes grammatical items/constructions emerge from lexical or less grammatical items/constructions, through the process of Grammaticalization (TRAUGOTT, 1995; TRAUGOTT and KÖNIG, 1991), conjugated to the analytical presuppositions of the textual-interactive perspective, established on a pragmatic conception of language and text (JUBRAN, 2006), and on a theoretical-methodological orientation based on the concept of the non-ideal diachrony and, consequently, on the concept of Tradição Discursiva – TD (Discursive Tradition), this research, linked to the “Projeto para História do Português Paulista” (Project for the History of Paulista Portuguese), analyses assim and its correlated forms: assim como, mesmo assim and assim que , as of the following: (i) its general topic function, specifically focused on the semantic and formal aspects and on the established processes of linking; and (ii) the processes of repetition, correction, paraphrase and parenthesis, in different Discursive Traditions – TDs. The study is based on the thesis which states that the TDs must be considered when investigating the change for GR, as they affect both inner and outer perspectives of linguistic approach: they affect inner perspective when it aims at reconstructing a single and linear diachrony, as it is directly related to the reality of concrete language, according to the coseriana conception. The results verify the existence of that relation between the TD and the change of the focused item, from the confirmation that: while specific grammatical aspects are developed according to context pressures supported by the features of specific TDs, others are developed without depending on them at all... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

La classe des indéfinis est l’une des classes posant problème au cours de l’histoire du français, une classe hétérogène regroupant pêle-mêle différentes catégories de mots inclassables. L’étrangeté de cette classe nous a amenée à choisir de travailler sur la série [aucun] : aucun, aucune chose, aucune part et aucune fois, série comprenant, outre aucun, des items formés à partir de l’indéfini aucun, rejoignant ainsi la problématique de l’indéfini. Le choix de travailler sur la série [aucun] se justifie, d’une part, par le jugement accordé au mot aucun qui, classé généralement comme un indéfini, ne mérite pas cette appellation selon Arrivé et al. (1986). Ce choix a été renforcé, d’autre part, par le fait que cette série est peu ou nullement étudiée malgré le rôle important joué par aucun, aucune chose, aucune part et aucune fois respectivement dans l’évolution de quelqu’un, quelque chose, quelque part et quelque fois.Notre objectif est de déterminer, à partir d’une étude des caractéristiques morphosyntaxiques et sémantiques de la série [aucun], si l’on peut parler de grammaticalisation ou de lexicalisation. Est-ce qu’il serait abusif de parler de grammaticalisation dans la mesure où elle exige, par exemple, un changement de catégorie grammaticale, et plus prudent d’opter pour la lexicalisation qui ne traite, comme le suggère Prévost (2006), que la forme « cible, lexicale » sans tenir compte « de la forme d’origine, lexicale ou grammaticale » ? Pour mener à bien cette étude, nous avons constitué un corpus, allant de l’Ancien Français au Français Moderne, à partir de la Base du Français Médiéval, du Dictionnaire du Moyen Français et de Frantext. / The category of the indefinite pronouns is one of the categories that poses a problem in the history of the French language, a heterogeneous category including pell-mell a number of sub-categories. The strangeness of this category has led us to choose to work on the series [aucun] : aucun, aucune chose, aucune part and aucune fois, a series containing, in addition to aucun, some items formed from the indefinite pronoun aucun, and hence joining the question of indefinite pronouns. The choice to work on the series [aucun] is justified, on the one hand, by the judgment of the word aucun which is generally classified as an indefinite pronoun that does not deserve this appellation according to Arrivé et al. (1986). This choice is reinforced, on the other hand, by the fact that this series is rarely or never being studied despite the important role played by aucun, aucune chose, aucune part and aucune fois respectively in the evolution of quelqu’un, quelque chose, quelque part and quelque fois.Our objective is to determine, from the study of morphosyntactic and semantic characteristics of the series [aucun], if we can speak about grammaticalization or lexicalization. Would it be exaggerated to talk about grammaticalization in which it requires a change of grammatical category, and would it be cautious to opt to lexicalization which treats, according to Prévost (2006), just the target form that should be lexical without taking into consideration the original form, lexical or grammatical ? To achieve this study, we have constructed a corpus, starting from the Old French to the Modern French, from the Base du Français Médiéval, the Dictionnaire du Moyen Français and Frantext.

Depuis les travaux de Haiman (1985), l’iconicité de la syntaxe est un sujet à la mode. Ce sujet s’impose particulièrement dans le cas des langues isolantes, à morphologie réduite, où l’ordre des mots est le marqueur principal des structures syntaxiques et se trouve, par là, au centre de la grammaire. L’ordre des mots dans une phrase mime-t-il l’ordre des événements dont on parle ou reflète-t-il l’ordre même du discours, ou est-il arbitraire ? Dans la lignée des travaux sur l’iconicité de Peirce (1930), Haiman (1980, 1985), Tai (1985) etc., nous appelons ‘iconicité temporelle’ le fait que la succession dans le temps, c’est-à-dire dans la chaîne parlée, des constituants d’un énoncé mime la succession des événements dans un monde de référence. Nous avons étendu le champ d’application de cette ‘iconicité temporelle’ des événements aux procès et, de là, aux phases qui les composent. L’objectif de cette thèse est de tenter de ‘faire marcher’ l’idée d’‘iconicité de la séquence 'jusqu’au bout, en partant d’une définition des CVS la plus large possible permettant d’englober toute suite de constituants verbaux ne présentant aucun connecteur. Cela permet d’étendre l’étude à toute séquence de procès décomposable en sous-procès dans le monde de référence ou en sous-événements dans le monde du discours (systèmes protase-apodose hypothétique et temporel). Si l’iconicité est partout, c’est que les marques séquentielles (l’ordre des constituants), avec les informations sur les prédicats (valence et Aktionsart) codées dans le lexique, sont essentielles au fonctionnement des langues isolantes du type du chinois, et que ces marques séquentielles obéissent le plus souvent, au moins dans le cas du chinois, à l’iconicité. / Since Haiman (1985), the iconicity of syntax is a hot topic. This subject is particularly important in the case of isolating languages, with reduced morphology, in which the word order is the main marker of syntactic structures, and, is, therefore, at the centre of grammar. Does the word order in a sentence mimic the order of the events one is speaking of or does it reflect the very order of the discourse, or is it arbitrary? In the line of Peirce (1930), Haiman (1980, 1985), Tai (1985), etc., we call ‘temporal iconicity’ the fact that succession in the time, or in the spoken chain, of constituents of a statement mimics the succession of events in a world of reference. We have extended the scope of this ‘temporal iconicity’ from events to processes and hence to the phases that compose them. The objective of this thesis is to try to develop the idea of ‘iconicity of the temporal sequence’ to its very end, starting from a definition of SVC (serial verb construction) as wide as possible to encompass any sequence of verbal constituents without overt connector. In such a way, it becomes possible to extend the study to any sequence of decomposable processes in sub-tracks in the reference world or in sub-events in the discourse world (conditional and temporal protasis-apodosis systems). If the iconicity is everywhere, it is because that the sequential marks (the constituents order), with the informations about the predicates (valence and Aktionsart) encoded in the lexicon, are essential to the functioning of the isolating languages of the type of Chinese, and that these sequential marks obey most often, at least in the case of Chinese, to iconicity.

GONDIM, Emanuela Monteiro. Os processos de gramaticalização e de lexicalização dos advérbios em -mente no português dos séculos XIV, XVI e XX. 2014. 111f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-27T14:46:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_emgondim.pdf: 984189 bytes, checksum: a3dd9daeff53c2834c7f4fa52bcc5997 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-27T14:58:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_emgondim.pdf: 984189 bytes, checksum: a3dd9daeff53c2834c7f4fa52bcc5997 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-27T14:58:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_emgondim.pdf: 984189 bytes, checksum: a3dd9daeff53c2834c7f4fa52bcc5997 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / In this work, we perform a diachronic study of adverbs ending in -mente in the Portuguese of 14th, 16th and 20th centuries, in order to investigate the grammaticalization and lexicalization processes such adverbs have been experiencing. To this end, we analyzed constructions ending in -mente from four corpora, which consists of the representative of historiographical prose following texts: Crônica Geral de Espanha (CGE), from 14th century;História da Província de Santa Cruz (HPSC) and Da Monarquia Lusitana (ML), from 16th century, and História do Brasil (HB), from 20th century. Based on Lehmann (2002), who argues that grammaticalization and lexicalization processes are not opposite but complementary, since they occur in parallel, we evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively the roles played by these adverbs and the degree of compositionality they present in every period we analyzed. We concluded that, as time has gone by, adverbs ending in -mente have become decreasingly compositional and have expanded their functions progressively. However, these adverbs have concluded neither of these processes yet, once they still cannot be taken as lexicalizated words, since the adverb’s adjectival base still appears predominantly transparent even in the most recent period; and still hold, in 20th century, mostly semantic functions. / Neste trabalho, pretendemos fazer um estudo diacrônico dos advérbios em –mente no português dos séculos XIV, XVI e XX, a fim de investigar os processos de gramaticalização e lexicalização pelos quais tais advérbios vêm passando. Para tanto, analisamos as construções em -mente em quatro corpora, constituídos pelos seguintes textos representativos da prosa historiográfica: Crônica Geral de Espanha (CGE), do século XIV; História da Província de Santa Cruz (HPSC) e Da Monarquia Lusitana (ML), do século XVI e História do Brasil (HB), do século XX. Calcados em Lehmann (2002), que defende que os processos de gramaticalização e lexicalização não são opostos e sim complementares, vez que ocorrem em paralelo, avaliamos quantitativa e qualitativamente as funções exercidas por esses advérbios e o grau de composicionalidade que apresentam em todos os períodos analisados. Chegamos à conclusão de que, com o passar do tempo, os advérbios em –mente estão se tornando cada vez menos composicionais e expandindo cada vez mais suas funções. Todavia ainda não concluíram nenhum dos dois processos, vez que ainda não podem ser tomados como palavras idiomatizadas, já que a base adjetiva do advérbio ainda se mostra, mesmo no período mais recente, predominantemente transparente; e ainda exercem, no século XX, predominantemente funções semânticas.

The core of the present master's thesis is a sociolinguistic analysis of the conversational marker 'che' in Rioplatense Spanish. Initially, the history and concept of conversation analysis are presented. The process of grammaticalization and the classification of pragmatic markers are also described. Secondly, the author defines sociolinguistics and, on the basis of William Labov's work, explains methodological problems related to collecting real language data. The terms Rioplatense Spanish and 'porte?o' are widely described as well. Further, 'che' is investigated theoretically as a case of interjection that resulted in a conversational particle. The proper sociolinguistic investigation is based on three methods: introspection, qualitative and quantitative analysis. Functions of 'che', as well as its occurence according to different social factores are studied in this work.

Dans une approche multi-théorique, cette étude propose d'observer des emplois en contexte des marqueurs genre en français, like en anglais et so en allemand, à travers des occurrences attestées et issues de productions (principalement orales) présentant un faible degré de planification. Cette analyse contrastive part du constat selon lequel ces trois termes présentent des emplois non-standard similaires à travers les langues, malgré des origines et des fonctionnements standard différents. Nous envisageons leurs caractéristiques communes du point de vue du changement linguistique qu'est la « grammaticalisation ». L'observation du corpus d'étude nous amène ensuite à analyser genre, like et so en convoquant différents outils théoriques syntaxiques et macro-syntaxiques, prosodiques et énonciatifs. Dans des configurations en « liste », telles que des énumérations, des reformulations ou après des segments interrompus de la production orale, nous examinons dans quelle mesure ces trois mots fonctionnent comme marqueurs de la construction progressive du discours. Cette étude se poursuit par l'analyse d'un fort point de congruence entre les trois marqueurs, à savoir l'introduction de discours direct. / Through a multi-theoretical approach, and using a corpus of authentic examples of unplanned conversations, this dissertation aims at describing the markers genre in French, like in English and so in German. This contrastive analysis is based on the observation that these three words display similar non-standard functions across languages despite their different origins and standard functions. Their common features are investigated from the theoretical perspective of « grammaticalization » as a type of linguistic change. Through the observation of the study corpus, we analyze genre, like and so with different theoretical tools, syntactic and macro-syntactic, prosodic and enunciative. In « list » configurations, such as enumerations, reformulations or interrupted segments of spoken discourse, we present how these three words work as markers of the progressive construction of discourse. This study further investigates the quotative function of genre, like and so as a strikingly congruent feature.

Esta tese de doutorado parte da perspectiva inicial de que a gramaticalização se restringe a tratado sobre itens lexicais ou discursivos que se tornam itens gramaticais (o que a enquadraria dentro da Teoria da Variação, inserta esta dentro da Pesquisa Sociolinguística), mas segue em direção a um salto epistemológico que remodele aquela perspectiva, ampliando-a a patamar do qual ela pode ser observada como teoria autônoma, investigativa de fenômenos limítrofes e nem sempre discretos entre linguagem e língua, discurso e texto, descrição e prescrição, oralidade e escrita, léxico e gramática. Desse modo, propugna-se pela visão epistemológica do tema, conduzido, até aqui, de modo puramente ontológico, circunscrito a um (e apenas um) dos muitos espectros que se podem alcançar com a aludida ampliação àquele que vem sendo perquirido como tratado, porém que, segundo se pretende demonstrar, pode e deve ser expandido à malha de uma teoria geral, qual seja a Teoria Geral da Gramaticalização: trata-se, aqui, de seu objetivo geral. Para esse propósito, vale-se a tese de filósofos da linguagem que atuaram sobre essa faculdade ou capacidade humana de forma direta ou indireta desde os seus primórdios ocidentais (como Sócrates, Platão e Aristóteles), passando pelos pensadores mais incisivamente preocupados com os aspectos cognitivos e interativos da linguagem e da língua (como Hegel, Husserl, Saussure, Sapir, Bloomfield, Wittgenstein, Derrida, Chomsky, Labov, Charaudeau, Maingueneau, Ducrot, Coseriu), além de ser necessária a incursão à Gramaticografia mais estrita (como a empreendida por Dionísio da Trácia, Varrão, Arnault e Lancelot, Nebrija, Jerônimo Soares Barbosa, Eduardo Carlos Pereira, Said Ali, Bechara), e, naturalmente, a contribuição filosófica dos pesquisadores sobre a gramaticalização (como Meillet, Vendryès, Bréal, Kurilowicz, Traugott, Heine, Hopper, Lehmann). Uma vez que se tenha mostrado ser verossímil aceitar-se a gramaticalização como teoria autônoma, esta tese pretende legar-lhe o papel instrumental de metodologia auxiliar a muitas entre as que ora se empreendem quando se trata de pesquisas em campos cuja ocupação é a linguagem e a língua: trata-se, aqui, de seu objetivo específico. Para essa duplicidade de metas ou objetivos, será necessário compreender conceitos, categorias e protótipos oriundos da Filosofia da Ciência (Epistemologia), do contraste entre ciências da linguagem e outros ramos do saber, da imersão em Gramaticologia e Gramaticografia (e, em alguns aspectos, em Gramatização e Gramatologia) referentes à Língua Portuguesa, da defesa, enfim, de que o ensino da Gramática Formal (ou Normativa) do idioma privilegia a acepção reflexiva e ativa (plena) dos usos ou atos a que a linguagem só pode chegar por meio do domínio da língua em toda a sua tessitura epistemológica, que gera comunicação e expressividade, raciocínio e emotividade, indo da concretude do discurso ou da oralidade à abstração da entidade pouco ou nada material, que, por sua vez, é mais nitidamente representada pela escrita, seu estágio por assim dizer de forma ainda mais pura, conquanto não excludente da substancialidade com que dialoga de modo incessante no seu constante e dialético passado-futuro ou diversidade-homogeneidade (tese e antítese) de onde emerge o seu presente ou a sua unidade (síntese) / This thesis begins from the initial view that grammaticalization is restricted to tract on lexical or discoursive items that become grammatical items (what would insert it into the Theory of Change, insert into the Sociolinguistics Research), but goes towards an epistemological leap which reshape that perspective, expanding it to the level where it can be seen as an autonomous theory, investigating borderline phenomena between the language and specific languages, speech and text, description and prescription, orality and literacy, vocabulary and grammar. Thus, it intends to show the possibility of the epistemological view of the subject, conducted hitherto purely on an ontological way, restricted to one (and only one) of the many spectra that can be achieved with the expansion alluded, which should be expanded to a general theory, which is the General Theory of Grammaticalization: its overall goal. For this purpose, it is necessary to go to the view of philosophers of language who served on the human faculty or capacity directly or indirectly from its Western origins (such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle), through the thinkers most pointedly concerned with the cognitive aspects and interactive language and specific languages (as Hegel, Husserl, Saussure, Sapir, Bloomfiled, Wittgenstein, Derrida, Chomsky, Labov, Charaudeau, Maingueneau, Ducrot, Coseriu). The incursion in the Grammaticography will also be required (as undertaken by Dionysius of Thrace, boar, Arnault and Lancelot, Nebrija, Jerome Soares Barbosa, Carlos Eduardo Pereira, Said Ali, Bechara), as well as the philosophical contribution of the researchers on the grammaticalization (as Meillet, Vendryes, Breal, Kurilowicz, Traugott , Heine, Hopper, Lehmann). Since it has been shown to be believable to accept it as a standalone grammaticalization theory , this thesis intends to bequeath his instrumental role in helping many among which we hereby undertake when it comes to research methodology in fields whose occupation is the language and specific languages: its specific goal . For this duplicity goals or objectives , it is necessary to understand concepts , categories and prototypes derived from the philosophy of science (epistemology), the contrast between the language sciences and other branches of learning, immersion in Grammaticology and Grammaticography (and, in some respects, in grammatization and Grammatology ) for the Portuguese language, defending, finally, that the teaching of formal (or normative ) grammar language favors the reflective and active sense of uses or acts that the specific languages can only achieve when they go to the the field of language in all its epistemological possibilities that generates communication and expressiveness, reasoning and emotion, going from the concreteness of speech or of orality to abstraction, which is represented by writing, that not excludes the substantiality that dialogues with unrelenting in its constant dialectic and past-future or homogeneity-diversity (thesis and antithesis), where is its present or its unity (synthesis)