Utifrån ett interpersonellt psykologiskt perspektiv och self determination theory har föreliggande studie som syfte att undersöka hur sånglärare samtalar om relationer mellan lärare och elev i sångundervisning. I bakgrundskapitlet presenteras litteratur och forskning som belyser olika aspekter av relationer, relationskompetens och relationer i utbildning. Datamaterialet samlades in genom två fokusgruppsintervjuer där sånglärare diskuterade relationer. Den data som har genererats ur intervjuerna har bearbetats och analyserats med hjälp av ett tematiskt analyssätt. Resultatet visar att lärarna anser att relationer är viktiga för att eleven skall känna sig trygg och att det krävs en välfungerande relation för att kunna ställa krav i undervisningen. Resultatet visar också att lärarna anser att relationer kan vara svårt när de inte förstår eleven eller när eleven inte mår bra. Vidare visar resultatet att lärarna försöker hitta en bra balans i relationen till sina elever genom att ställa frågor för att visa genuint intresse. Sammanfattningsvis har lärarna svårt att definiera och beskriva vad det är som gör relationer välfungerande eller inte. I diskussionen lyfts två sammanfattade teman fram vilka är relationers betydelse och förutsättningar för relationer. / Through the lens of interpersonal psychological theory and self determination theory, this study explores how vocal teachers converse about relationships between teacher and students. The background chapter presents literature and previous research that describes different aspects of relationships, relationship competence and relationships in education. The data generated from the interviews has been collected through two focus group interviews where vocal teachers discuss relationships. The generated data was processed and analysed applying thematic analysis. The result shows that the teachers consider that relationships are important for the student to feel confident and that well-functioning relationships are needed to be able to make demands for teaching. Furthermore, the result reveals that teachers consider relations to be difficult when they experience that they don’t understand each other or when the student doesn’t feel well. Finally, the result shows that the teachers try to find a balance in the relationships to their students by asking questions to show genuine interest. In summary, the teachers find it difficult to describe and define what makes relationships effective, or lack thereof. In the discussion two concluding themes are highlighted, meaning of relationships and conditions for relationships.

This essay is based on a qualitative interview study with focus groups as a method and examines how sponsored videos from american influencers are received by their audience. Influencers are a new fenomena within the marketing business and therefore it is interesting to examine how this new marketing tactic is received by the viewers. We used two american beauty influencers with over one million subscribers on youtube as a conversation starter for the groups. We found that, after showing the videos to the participants, that the key to success for both influencer and viewer was that a relationship had to be established between viewer and influencer because if not the influencer did not come across as trustworthy since the viewer lacked the personal connection to him or her, but also they didn’t know their personalities. The women with this attitude did not, on a regular basis, follow any type of influencer in their daily life. However the women who did follow influencers regularly showed understanding in the concept and were also more likely to say that the influencers were in fact trustworthy. However, all of the women agreed that this is commercial and should always be regarded as that. They meant that as a viewer and consumer they should always be critical towards sponsored videos since there is large sums of money involved, and that means that the influencer could not be one hundred percent honest

未岀生胎兒的生命尊嚴長期被在公領域被乎略。本研究以質性之焦點團體訪談法，分別在臺灣與新加坡進行24個焦點團體進行訪談。其中包括12個沒有信仰者的團體與12個有信仰者的團體，探索其對未岀生胎兒生命尊嚴的看法，以及臺灣與新加坡如何在聯合國、美國、新馬爾薩斯人口學家、優生學家與國際計畫家庭組織（International Planned Parenthood Federation，IPPF)所推動的家庭計畫，因追求經濟成長而選擇人口零成長的政策，導致未岀生胎兒的生命尊嚴更行惡化。 / The human dignity of the unborn child remains uncertain in public policy domain. The importance of rethinking public reasonableness becomes unavoidable in the stage of late capitalism and liberal democracy. Political power, knowledge, and participation are three key elements of policymaking. The human dignity of the unborn child is neglected in the process of policymaking of population politics. There are advocators, United Nations, United States, eugenicists, neo-Malthusians and International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) in the process of population policymaking at the international level during the past three decades. This research first attempts to focus on the inter relationship among these five advocators and to review how the unborn child becomes missing within the process of international population policymaking. Secondly, Taiwan and Singapore are two test cases to reveal the policy follower roles who adopt the similar dream of modern states. Thirdly, since the personal religious beliefs play a significant role not only in shaping attitudes, but also in economic development, political stability, sexual morality and gender equality. This research adopts qualitative approach the focus group interview to compare the attitude of human dignity of the unborn child between the faith-based people with non-faith people both in Taiwan and Singapore. In this research 24 focus groups will be organized across Taiwan and Singapore, each country contains 12 groups. Each country contains 6 faith-based focus groups and 6 non-faith focus groups. Attempt to find the difference and similarity of population policy between Taiwan and Singapore and to explore how the religious values and the concept of human dignity of the unborn child excluded in the process of demographic policymaking.

The perpetration of theft by employees in a nursing home is the subject of this study. The investigation focuses mainly on the theft of clients’/residents’ possessions by those people who are supposed to care for them. Previous research indicated a relationship between ethical climate and the behavioural outputs of employees in an organization. This research, which is mainly qualitative in nature, endeavours to study the assumed relation between ethical climate and theft by employees in a specific location, namely at Vergenoeg vir Seniors, an old age home in Pretoria. With the aid of a standardized questionnaire the nature of the ethical climate in the home is clarified. Thereafter the results are evaluated and investigated by utilizing (i) a focus group interview and (ii) six in- depth individual interviews. Certain substantial and formal tendencies which present themselves, are discussed fully. For example, it is detected that “rules and regulations” play a paramount role as regards ethical climate, whereas “friendship and team work” rate very low. Ethical climate however does affect employee theft. Therefore it is recommended that this aspect should be managed with care and should also enhance the climate type of “social responsibility”. Other recommendations involve the need for team building and proper job descriptions, as well as dealing with the perception of most older people that theft practices differ according to race. Finally, some suggestions for further study are made. / Dissertation (MCom (Human Resources Management))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

Doctor Educationis / This study examined the prevalence and the nature of truancy among early adolescent learners attending secondary schools in the Education Management and Development Centre (EMDC) in the eastern metropole of the Western Cape. The main purpose of the study was to answer the following question: How can secondary school educators, in loco parentis, be equipped with the required skills and resources in order to deal with the issue of truant behaviour among early adolescent learners? A comprehensive literature review was conducted to explore the character and extent of truancy. Thereafter, various theories of child development were highlighted, followed by a synopsis comprising different dimensions of the development of the early adolescent learner. The empirical investigation was carried out through quantitative as well as qualitative research methodology. A focus group interview was conducted with six learners, offering them an opportunity to express their perceptions and experiences as truants. Interviews were conducted with principals to obtain their impressions regarding truant behaviour. Thereafter, a questionnaire, which investigated truancy related aspects such as interaction with peers, parents and caregivers' involvement in learners' school activities, educators' influence on learners' school work and learners' self-esteem regarding their schooling, was administered to three hundred learners. The quantitative investigation revealed significant aspects about truant behaviour, indicating that predominantly more male than female learners (173 male and 26 as in the case of the present study) display this type of behaviour, truants generally originate from single parent families, and that they experience their educators and learning environments as extremely negative. Finally, two in-depth case studies were conducted on two learners, one identified as a truant and the other as a non-truant respectively. The purpose of the in-depth studies was to explore possible differences in their experiential worlds. Although the qualitative data is not generalisable, the findings of the case studies have revealed significant differences in the life worlds of the two learners. Comparatively speaking, it appears that non-truant learners are significantly better adjusted on all their functioning levels than truant learners. The results of the empirical investigation were compared with relevant findings which emerged from the literature study. Based on the present investigation, the study was concluded by offering a range of recommendations to secondary school educators, in loco parentis, empowering them in addressing the phenomenon of truancy among early adolescent learners in the Western Cape with its distinctive problems.

The aim of this study is to investigate how oral sources can be documented in a better way, through a more conscious use of interview methods in archaeological contexts. By analysing and comparing three case studies, namely the excavation of The Overstone Miners’ Cottages in Northumberland, Great Britain, the excavation of Ramnässkärsparken near Uddevalla, Sweden and the excavation of The Mott Farm, Rhode Island, USA, different ways of using interview methods in relation to the archaeological material have been shown. One conclusion is that the use of the material world in the interviews gives them an archaeological focus. Therefor it is valuable that the archaeologist is the one performing the artefact-centred or spatial interview. Other conclusions are that memories from finds are dependent on recognition. A reference collection can be used to support reminiscence. The interview situation should be open and striving for different perspectives rather than facts. Lastly, archaeologists should apply ethical considerations in their research. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur muntligt källmaterial kan dokumenteras på ett bättre sätt, genom en mer medveten användning av intervjumetod i arkeologiska kontexter. Genom att analysera och jämföra tre fallstudier, nämligen utgrävningen av The Overstone Miners’ Cottages i Northumberland, Storbritannien, utgrävningen av festplatsen Ramnässkärsparken utanför Uddevalla, Sverige och utgrävningen av The Mott Farm, Rhode Island, USA, har olika sätt att använda intervjumetod i relation till ett arkeologiskt material framträtt. En slutsats från undersökningen är att användningen av det materiella i intervjuer ger dem ett arkeologiskt fokus. Därför är det värdefullt att just arkeologen håller i den föremålsbaserade eller rumsliga intervjun. Andra slutsatser är att minnen utifrån fynd är beroende av igenkänning. Referensexemplar kan användas för att stötta hågkomstprocessen. Intervjusituationen bör vara öppen och sträva efter att fånga olika perspektiv snarare än fakta. Slutligen bör arkeologer applicera etiska hänsynstaganden i sin forskning.

In 1997 a policy of rationalization and educator redeployment was adopted in South Africa to ensure funding equity among the provinces. This research investigates policy implementation with particular reference to the Limpopo Province. A literature review provided an overview of the policy including the determination of excess educators and the establishment of bodies to facilitate redeployment. Problems of implementation and the role of the school principal in this process are discussed. An empirical investigation using a qualitative approach explored the experiences of key stakeholders affected by educator redeployment: a government official, principals, educators who were transferred and educators awaiting redeployment. Participants were selected by judgement sampling and data gathered interviews. Findings illustrated the key role of the Department of Education, the educators' unions and principals; the effect on teachers' motivation; educator stress and the impact on receiving and sending schools. Based on the findings recommendations for practice are made. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Education Management)

This study examined the prevalence and the nature of truancy among early adolescent learners attending secondary schools in the Education Management and Development Centre (EMDC) in the eastern metropole of the Western Cape. The main purpose of the study was to answer the following question: How can secondary school educators, in loco parentis, be equipped with the required skills and resources in order to deal with the issue of truant behaviour among early adolescent learners? A comprehensive literature review was conducted to explore the character and extent of truancy. Thereafter, various theories of child development were highlighted, followed by a synopsis comprising different dimensions of the development of the early adolescent learner. The empirical investigation was carried out through quantitative as well as qualitative research methodology. A focus group interview was conducted with six learners, offering them an opportunity to express their perceptions and experiences as truants. Interviews were conducted with principals to obtain their impressions regarding truant behaviour. Thereafter, a questionnaire, which investigated truancy related aspects such as interaction with peers, parents and caregivers' involvement in learners' school activities, educators' influence on learners' school work and learners' self-esteem regarding their schooling, was administered to three hundred learners. The quantitative investigation revealed significant aspects about truant behaviour, indicating that predominantly more male than female learners (173 male and 26 as in the case of the present study) display this type of behaviour, truants generally originate from single parent families, and that they experience their educators and learning environments as extremely negative. Finally, two in-depth case studies were conducted on two learners, one identified as a truant and the other as a non-truant respectively. The purpose of the in-depth studies was to explore possible differences in their experiential worlds. Although the qualitative data is not generalisable, the findings of the case studies have revealed significant differences in the life worlds of the two learners. Comparatively speaking, it appears that non-truant learners are significantly better adjusted on all their functioning levels than truant learners. The results of the empirical investigation were compared with relevant findings which emerged from the literature study. Based on the present investigation, the study was concluded by offering a range of recommendations to secondary school educators, in loco parentis, empowering them in addressing the phenomenon of truancy among early adolescent learners in the Western Cape with its distinctive problems. / Educational Studies / D. Ed.(Psychology of Education)

Cette étude exploratoire dresse un portrait des transitions de milieux de vie (MDV) dans des Centres de réadaptation en déficience intellectuelle et en troubles envahissants du développement (CRDITED) de la grande région de Montréal. Elle permet d’identifier 1) les pratiques de transition de MDV des intervenants pivots en CRDITED, 2) les critères de succès de la transition de MDV et les moyens de les évaluer selon les personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle et les intervenants pivots et 3) l’écart entre les pratiques souhaitées et les pratiques actuelles à partir du point de vue des deux types de participants. Des personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle (N = 9) et des intervenants pivots (N = 19) se sont exprimés sur leurs expériences de transition de MDV en participant à des entretiens de groupe. Une analyse qualitative de contenu a permis d’identifier une typologie des expériences de transition de MDV du point de vue des intervenants pivots. Un seul type de transition de MDV parmi les cinq identifiés, le type préparée, offre des conditions favorisant la réalisation de la transition dans des conditions satisfaisantes pour les intervenants pivots. Les autres types de transitions (types dernière minute, explosive, clé en main et salle d’attente) offrent peu d’occasions pour la personne présentant une déficience intellectuelle de s’impliquer dans le processus de transition. Les propos des intervenants pivots permettent d’identifier les caractéristiques d’une transition de MDV qu’ils jugent idéale (type comme si c’était moi). Les types de transitions sont comparés entre eux sur deux axes, soit sur l’axe représentant un continuum d’implication de la personne présentant une déficience intellectuelle dans sa propre transition et sur l’axe identifiant les grandes étapes de réalisation de la transition. Les résultats permettent de déceler un écart important entre les transitions actuellement effectuées et les politiques, intentions et engagements de l’offre de service auprès de cette clientèle, notamment au regard de l’implication de la personne présentant une déficience intellectuelle dans les décisions relatives à sa transition de MDV. L’étude permet aussi d’identifier trois dimensions importantes de l’évaluation du succès de la transition selon les perspectives des personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle et des intervenants pivots. Les dimensions identifiées sont : bien-être psychologique et comportement, santé physique et collaboration. Les propos des intervenants pivots permettent de constater qu’il existe parfois un paradoxe entre leurs perceptions du succès de la transition de MDV et celles des personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle. L’interprétation des résultats a permis d’élaborer des recommandations afin de favoriser de meilleures pratiques de transition. / This exploratory study provides a portrait of community living transitions in rehabilitation centers for intellectual disabilities and pervasive developmental disorders (CRDITED) in the greater Montreal region. It identifies: 1) the practices of community living transitions in CRDITED, 2) the success criteria of the community living transitions and ways to evaluate them according to people with intellectual disabilities and educators, and 3) the difference between the desired practices and current practices from the viewpoint of both respondents. People with intellectual disabilities (N = 9) and educators (N = 19) spoke about their experiences of community living transitions in group interviews. Qualitative content analysis has identified a typology of community living transitions from the educators’ point of view. One out the five types of transitions offers favorable conditions for a transition under satisfactory criteria for educators (prepared). Other types of transitions (last minute, explosive, turnkey, waiting room) offer little opportunity for the person with intellectual disabilities to get involved in the transition process. Educators identify characteristics of an ideal community living transition (as if it was me). All types of transitions are compared with each other based on transition steps and on the involvement level of the person with intellectual disabilities. A difference between the currently performed transitions and policy intentions and commitments was identified, particularly with regard to the involvement of the person in decisions on its own community living transition. The study also identified three important transition success dimensions from the perspective of both respondents: psychological well-being and behavior, physical health, and collaboration. The results disclose that there is sometimes a paradox in community living transition success perceptions between educators and people with intellectual disabilities. Interpretation of the results helped develop recommendations to promote better community living transition practices.

Bakgrund: De intrahospitala transporterna av kritiskt sjuka patienter ökar på grund av en alltmer avancerad intensivsjukvård. Transporterna är ofta associerade med komplikationsrisker och kan därmed även påverka patientsäkerheten, trots detta saknas det idag studier om intensivvårds-sjuksköterskans erfarenhet ur ett patientsäkerhetsperspektiv. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa intensivvårdssjuksköterskans erfarenhet av en patientsäker intrahospital transport för kritiskt sjuka patienter som vårdas på en intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: Studien utfördes genom semi-strukturerade fokusgruppsintervjuer med kvalitativ induktiv design. Under tre intervjuer samlades data in med hjälp av totalt tretton intensivvårds-sjuksköterskor. Insamlat material analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier; förberedelsens betydelse för patientsäker intrahospital transport, kommunikationens betydelse för patientsäker intrahospital transport samt yttre faktorer som kan påverka patientsäkerheten. Slutsats: För att förbättra patientsäkerheten rekommenderar författarna att arbeta med och uppdatera checklistor, förespråka god kommunikation samt använda sig av teamövningar. Den nya kunskapen skulle ur ett patient- och samhällsperspektiv kunna ge en ökad insikt och förståelse inför det preventiva arbetet med att motverka vårdskador samt minska onödigt lidande hos patienterna samt även kunna vara användbart ur ett utbildnings-perspektiv. Vidare forskning avseende samarbetets betydelse vid intrahospitala transporter samt att få ökad kunskap om olika förbättringsområden avseende den tekniska utrustningen, vore också önskvärt. / Background: The intrahospital transport of critically ill patients is increasing due to gradually advanced intensive care. Transports are often associated with complication risks and can thus also affect patient safety. Despite this, studies on the experience of the intensive care nurse from a patient safety perspective are lacking. Aim: The aim of the study was to highlight the intensive care nurse's experience of a patient-safe intrahospital transport for critically ill patients who are cared for in an intensive care unit. Method: The study was carried out through semi-structured focus group interviews with qualitative inductive design. During three interviews, data were collected using a total of thirteen intensive care nurses. The collected material was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in three categories; the importance of the preparation for patient-safe intrahospital transport, the importance of communication for patient-safe intrahospital transport and external factors that can affect patient safety. Conclusions: In order to improve patient safety, the authors recommend working with and updating checklists, advocating good communication and using team exercises. The new knowledge could, from a patient and societal perspective, provide an increased insight and understanding of the preventive work to counteract health injuries and reduce unnecessary suffering in patients and also be useful from an educational perspective. Further research on the importance of cooperation in intrahospital transport and to gain more knowledge about different areas of improvement regarding the technical equipment would also be desirable.