The sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a species adapted to the tropical climatic conditions and has been presenting fundamental function in the economical development in the Southeast and Northeast regions of the Brasil. The adaptation capacity of the culture to the different cultivation environment can be evaluated through the growth analysis, from the physiologic answers and of the biological and economical production. Thus, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the growth, leaf pigment photosynthetic and yield of four sugarcane varieties (RB92579, SP79-1011, RB931530 and RB93509), in the Tabuleiros Costeiros region, in the State of Alagoas. The work was developed in the experimental area of Centro de Ciências Agrárias, of the Ferderal University of Alagoas in Rio Largo city (09°28'02 ''S; 35°49'43 ''W and altitude de 127m). The statistical design was in random blocks, with four treatments and five replications. They number of plants per meter, stem diameter, plants height, leaf area and leaves area rate (IAF) were evaluated, the measurements began 30 days after the harvest (DAC), except the number of plants that went measured 90 DAC. The leaf pigments photosynthetic were appraised in the period between 213 and 284 DAC. Other evaluations such as: raw material quality, dry mass and yield were evaluated in the harvest period 360 DAC, and the data was submitted to the variance analysis and the averages compared by the Tukey test, with P ≤ 0,05. The results showed that the maximum sprouting happened 90 DAC for all the studied varieties, and the variety RB92579 presented the largest sprouting and the largest stem height in the harvest period. The stem diameter of the RB931530 variety was better than the others, however, it obtained the smallest contents chlorophyll a, b and total and larger correlation (r) between the reading of SPAD-502 and the chlorophylls contents. The RB92579 and BR93509 varieties were better than the others in relation to the sugar production of dry matter and yield, however they differed to each other just to the dry matter. The RB92579 and RB931530 varieties were similar to the soluble solids content (BRIX), percentage of rude sugar (PCC) and recoverable total sugar (ATR). / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) é uma espécie amplamente adaptada às condições climáticas tropicais e tem apresentado papel fundamental no desenvolvimento econômico das regiões Sudeste e Nordeste do país. A capacidade de adaptação da cultura aos diferentes ambientes de cultivo pode ser avaliada através da análise de crescimento, das respostas fisiológicas e da produção biológica e econômica. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento, os pigmentos fotossintéticos foliares e a produtividade de quatro variedades de cana-de-açúcar (RB92579, SP79-1011, RB931530 e RB93509), na região dos Tabuleiros Costeiros de Alagoas. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, município de Rio Largo - AL (09°28 02 S; 35°49 43 W e altitude de127m). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foram avaliados: número de plantas por metro linear, diâmetro do colmo, altura das plantas, área foliar e índice de área foliar (IAF), cujas medidas iniciaram-se aos 30 dias após o corte (DAC), exceto o número de plantas que foi aos 90 DAC. Os pigmentos fotossintéticos foliares foram avaliados no período entre 213 e 284 DAC. As demais avaliações como: qualidade da matéria prima, matéria seca e produtividade final, foram avaliadas no período da colheita, aos 360 DAC, e os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey, com P ≤ 0,05. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o máximo perfilhamento ocorreu aos 90 DAC para todas as variedades estudadas, sendo que a variedade RB92579 apresentou o maior perfilhamento e a maior altura de colmo no período da colheita. A variedade RB931530 apresentou diâmetro de colmo superior às demais, e os menores teores de clorofila a, b e total e maior correlação (r) entre a leitura do SPAD-502 e os teores de clorofilas. As variedades RB92579 e BR93509 foram superiores às demais quanto à produção de açúcar, de matéria seca e a produtividade, porém, diferiram entre si apenas quanto ao teor de matéria seca. As variedades RB92579 e RB931530 foram semelhantes quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis (BRIX), percentagem de açúcar bruto (PCC) e açúcar total recuperável (ATR).

Measures of growth rate and allocation of nutrients during phenological development of the culture of sugarcane allow more accurate analysis of the allocation of nutrients between the parts of cane sugar, contributed to the understanding of the productive capacity of the new cultivars released in different environments from sugarcane plants. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and accumulation of nutrients in seven cultivars of sugarcane, SP79-1011, RB72454, RB855113, RB867515, RB92579, RB93509 and Co997 in ratoon cane. Determining tillering, stem diameter, plant height, growth rate, leaf area index, mass accumulation green, agricultural productivity, efficiency and accumulation of nutrients. The experiment was conducted at the Farm Progress, owned by Coruripe Plant in the city of Coruripe-AL, from December 2006 to December 2007. The used experimental delineamento was it of blocks casualizados, in outline of subdivided portions, involving cultivate, that they constituted the portions, and evaluation times, as subparcelas. Four repetitions were used with portions presenting 10 m of length for 6,0 m of width, with spacing among arrays of 1,0 m. The collected data were submitted to the variance analysis and the test F, and the averages were compared by the test Scott - Knott to 5% of probability. There was no statistical difference in tillering to the end of the cycle, as evidenced by increased tillering 60 DAC. For height, the cultivars RB92579, RB867515, RB72454 RB93509, and had higher average. The highest growth rates were observed between 90 and 120 DAC, IAF was increased to 180 DAC, no significant difference between the cultivars until the end of the cycle. The cultivar RB867515 highest average green mass in the stem green mass total, and production of sugar. The cultivars showed different behavior with respect to accumulation and nutrient efficiency, in general the highest concentrations were detected at 240 DAC. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / As medidas de taxa de crescimento e alocação dos nutrientes no decorrer do desenvolvimento fenológico da cultura da cana-de-açúcar permitem análise mais exata da alocação dos nutrientes entre suas partes, contribuíndo para o entendimento da capacidade produtiva dos novos cultivares liberados nos diferentes ambientes das unidades sucroalcooleiras. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar o crescimento e acúmulo de nutrientes em sete cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, SP79-1011, RB72454, RB855113, RB867515, RB92579, RB93509 e Co997, em cana-soca. Determinando perfilhamento, diâmetro do colmo, altura de plantas, taxa de crescimento, índice de área foliar, acúmulo de massa verde, produção de açúcar e acúmulo e eficiência de nutrientes. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Progresso, Bloco 72 pertencente à Usina Coruripe, no município de Coruripe-AL, no período de dezembro de 2006 a dezembro de 2007. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, envolvendo cultivares, que constituíram as parcelas, e épocas de avaliação, como subparcelas. Foram utilizadas quatro repetições com parcelas apresentando 10 m de comprimento por 6,0 m de largura, com espaçamento entre fileiras de 1,0 m. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste F, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Scott- Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Não ocorreu diferença estatística para perfilhamento ao final do ciclo, sendo evidenciado maior perfilhamento até 60 dias após o corte (DAC). Os cultivares RB92579, RB867515, RB72454 e RB93509 apresentaram maiores médias de altura aos 360 DAC. As maiores taxas de crescimento foram evidenciadas entre 90 e 120 DAC, o índice de área foliar foi crescente até 180 DAC, não apresentando diferença estatística entre os cultivares até o fim do ciclo. O cultivar RB867515 apresentou maiores médias de massa verde no colmo, massa verde total e produção de açúcar. Os cultivares apresentaram comportamento distinto no tocante ao acúmulo e eficiência nutricional, no geral os maiores acúmulos foram evidenciados aos 240 DAC.

This dissertation explored the academic growth in mathematics of a longitudinal cohort of 21,567 Oregon students during middle school on a state accountability test. The student test scores were used to calculate estimates of school performance based on four different accountability models (percent proficient [PP], change in PP, multilevel growth, and growth mixture). On average, 72% of Oregon eighth graders were proficient in mathematics in 2012, 71% in the average school, and 6% more students in this cohort demonstrated mathematics proficiency compared to 2011. The two-level unconditional multilevel growth model estimated the average intercept (Grade 6) to be 228.4 (SE = 0.07) scale score points with an average middle school growth rate of 5.40 scale points per year (SE = 0.02) on the state mathematics test. Student demographic characteristics were a statistically significant improvement on the unconditional model. A major shortcoming of this research, however, was the inability to find successful model convergence for any three-level growth model or any growth mixture model. A latent class growth analysis was used to uncover groups of students who shared common growth trajectories. A five-latent class solution best represented the data with the lowest BIC and a significant LMR p. Two of the latent classes were students who had high achievement in Grade 6 and demonstrated high growth across middle school and a second group with low sixth grade achievement that had below average growth in middle school. Student-level demographic predictors had statistically significant relations with growth characteristics and latent class membership. In comparing school performance based on the four different models, it was found that, although statistically correlated, the models of school performance ranked schools differently. A school’s percentage of proficient students in Grade 8 correlated moderately (r = [.60, .70]) with growth over the middle school years as estimated by the growth and LCGA models. About 70% to 80% of schools ranked more than 10 percentiles differently for every pairwise comparison of models. These results, like previous research call into question whether currently used models of school performance produce consistent and valid descriptions of school performance using state test scores.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:02:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_lam_dr_botfca.pdf: 1505203 bytes, checksum: 735eea24a581bed1978a4b63256487c9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental da Fazenda Lageado pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, município de Botucatu -SP, cujas coordenadas geográficas médias são: 22º 40' 31S, 48º25' 37 W, a 770 metros de altitude, em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO, textura média, relevo suave ondulado. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de adubos orgânicos provenientes de quatro processos de reciclagem de nutrientes contidos nos dejetos produzidos por novilhos superprecoces, na cultura do milho. Os tratamentos foram: V (vermicomposto); B (biofertilizante); C (composto); E (esterco fermentado em esterqueira); M (adubação mineral) e T (testemunha). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: índices biométricos e fisiológicos; índices fitométricos e químicos nas três fases da cultura: silagem de planta inteira, silagem de grão úmido e colheita de grãos; produtividade; composição química e bromatológica da biomassa das plantas de milho nas épocas de silagem de planta inteira, silagem de grão úmido e da palhada restante; análise de macro e micronutrientes do solo nas profundidades 0-10; 10-20 e 20-30 cm e teor de amônia e nitrato no solo nas profundidades de 0-10; 10-20; 20-30; 30-50 e 50-100 cm, em três safras nos anos de 2002-2003, 2003-2004 e 2004-2005. Considerando os parâmetros biométricos, fisiológicos, fitométricos, químicos e a produtividade da cultura do milho, concluiu-se que a adubação com composto orgânico ou vermicomposto permite obter resultados semelhantes à adubação mineral; pela análise da composição bromatológica, concluiu-se que a adubação mineral proporcionou melhor qualidade nutricional da silagem de planta inteira, enquanto para a silagem de grão úmido não houve diferença entre as adubações; quanto à fertilidade nas camadas de 0-10; 10-20 e 20-30 cm, a adubação orgânica... / The present study was carried out in the experimental station of the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Botucatu-SP/Brasil wich average geographic coordinates are: 22º 40' 31S, 48º25 ' 37 W, at 770 meters of altitude. It was aimed to evaluate the effect of four manures from superprecocious steers residue, when compared with the mineral fertilization recommended and a control, in the maize culture. The treatments had been defined as: V (vermicompost); B (biofertilizer); C (compost); E (waste leavend in esterqueira); M (mineral fertilization) and T (control). The evaluated parameters were: biometrics and physiological indices (growth analysis); phytometrics and chemical indices on three phases of the culture: ensilage of entire plant, ensilage of humid grain and harvest of grains; productivity; chemical and bromatological composition of the maize culture at the time of ensilage of entire plant, ensilage of humid grain and the remaining straw one; nutrient contents (macro and micronutrients) of the ground in the layers of 0-10; 10-20 and 20-30 cm of depth and content of ammonia and nitrate in the ground in the layers of 0-10; 10-20; 20-30; 30-50 and 50-100 cm, in three. Considering the biometric, phisiological, phytometric, chemical and corn yield it is possible to conclude that organic compost or vermicompost allow to obtais similar results to mineral fertilizer; by bromatological composition analyse it is possible to conclude that mineral fertilizer provide better nutritional quality of entire plant ensilage while for humid grain ensilage there was no difference among fertilizers; about fertility at 0-10; 10-20 and 20-30 cm layers, the organic fertilizer distinguished in P and Zn increment; it was observed a decrease in the majority nutrients along the experiment indicating that another conservacionists praticles must be implemented to maintain soil fertility.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1757046 bytes, checksum: 86e8611f7f0f4e5c22e6b32f760f11b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study was to monitor the physical, chemical and physiological changes occurring during lulu fruit development, from anthesis to the full plant maturation. The fruits were harvested in the orchard of the Federal University of Viçosa and the analysis performed in the Laboratory of Fruits Analysis, from the Department of Fitotecny. Eight fruits were collected per week, divided into four replicates of two fruits. The development was evaluated by means of volume, length and diameter of the fruit, fresh and dried mass of the fruit, fruit pulp and pericarp, pericarp thickness, soluble solids, acidity, vitamin C, pulp carotenoids and production of CO2. The development curves for each trait were adjusted by regression analysis. The fruits had a simple sigmoidal growth pattern in response to weather variations. The reproductive cycle of lulu lasted 95 days. Fruits development was divided into three phases. The first phase was up to 7,39 days after anthesis (DAA), being characterized by high respiratory rates, probably due to the intense cell multiplication and the pericarp showed light green color. The second phase occurred from 7,39 DAA to 57,63 DAA, being characterized by maximum rates of increase in dimensions of the fresh and dry fruit, the pericarp developed an intense green color and respiratory rates increased until 45 DAA and remained stable until 52 DAA. The third and final development phase occurred from 57,63 DAA to 95,00 DAA, the last day of evaluations. This phase was characterized by dimensions stabilization and accumulation of fresh mass. In this period, the climacteric rise (from 52 to 59 DAA) occurred. The respiratory climactery occurred at 66 DAA, with peak production of CO2 of 110,99 mg CO2 kg-1 h-1. The postviii climactery was between 73 and 95 DAA, when soluble solids increased and acidity and vitamin C from the pulp decreased. At this stage, the pericarp of the fruitsshowed orange coloration. The physical and chemical characteristics of 35 fully ripe fruits were also studied, and the data were analyzed by Pearson correlation. Great variation among the values.obtained for each trait could be seen. There were significant correlations between most of the physical characteristics evaluated. The equatorial diameter and length of the fruit showed high positive correlation with fresh fruit mass, 0,9687 ** and 0,9647 **, respectively. The equatorial diameter and length were not correlated significantly with the pulp percentage, indicating that bigger fruits, with greater fresh mass do not necessarily have a higher pulp yield. The hue angle was negatively correlated with fresh mass (-0.2958 *), indicating that the peel of fruits with higher fresh mass show less orange coloration. Regarding chemical characteristics, most correlations were not significant. With this study, no non- destructivecriteria could be found to define the fruits harvesting point. / Objetivou-se acompanhar as mudanças físicas, químicas e fisiológicas ocorridas durante o desenvolvimento do fruto de lulo, da antese até o amadurecimento completo na planta. Os frutos foram colhidos no pomar da Universidade Federal de Viçosa e as análises realizadas no Laboratório de Análise de Frutas do Departamento de Fitotecnia. Foram coletados oito frutos por semana, separados em quatro repetições de dois frutos. O desenvolvimento foi avaliado quanto ao volume, comprimento e diâmetro equatorial do fruto, massas frescas e secas do fruto, polpa e pericarpo, espessura do pericarpo, teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, vitamina C, carotenóides da polpa e produção de CO2. As curvas de desenvolvimento para cada característica foram ajustadas por análise de regressão. Os frutos apresentaram um padrão de crescimento sigmoidal simples em resposta à variação do tempo. O ciclo reprodutivo do lulo teve duração de 95 dias. O desenvolvimento do fruto foi dividido em três fases. A primeira fase foi até os 7,39 dias após a antese (DAA), sendo caracterizada pela alta taxa respiratória, provavelmente devido à intensa multiplicação celular, e o pericarpo apresentava coloração verde-claro. A segunda fase estendeu-se a partir dos 7,39 DAA até 57,63 DAA, sendo caracterizada pelas taxas máximas de incremento das dimensões e das massas fresca e seca do fruto, e o pericarpo desenvolveu uma cor verde intensa e a taxa respiratória cresceu até 45 DAA, mantendo-se estável até os 52 DAA. A terceira e última fase do desenvolvimento, estendeu-se a partir dos 57,63 DAA até 95,00 DAA, último dia de avaliação. Essa fase foi caracterizada pela estabilização nas dimensões e no acúmulo de massa fresca. Nesse período ocorreu a ascensão climatérica (dos 52 aos 59 DAA). O climatério respiratório ocorreu aos 66 DAA, com pico de produção de CO2 vi de 110,99 mg de CO2 kg-1 h-1. O pós-climatério ocorreu dos 73 aos 95 DAA, quando houve aumento no teor de sólidos solúveis e queda da acidez titulável e vitamina C da polpa. Nessa fase, o pericarpo dos frutos apresentava-se com coloração alaranjada. Também foram estudados as características físicas e químicas de 35 frutos totalmente maduros, e os dados foram submetidos à análise de correlação de Pearson. Observou-se grande variação entre os valores obtidos para cada característica. Verificaram-se correlações significativas entre a maioria das características físicas avaliadas. O diâmetro equatorial e o comprimento do fruto apresentaram alta correlação positiva com a massa fresca do fruto, 0,9687** e 0,9647**, respectivamente. O diâmetro equatorial e o comprimento não se correlacionaram significativamente com a percentagem de polpa, indicando que frutos maiores e com maior massa fresca não necessariamente têm maior rendimento de polpa. O ângulo hue apresentou correlação negativa com a massa fresca (-0,2958*), indicando que frutos com maior massa fresca apresentam coloração da casca menos alaranjada. Em relação às características químicas, a maioria das correlações não foi significativa. Com o trabalho não foi possível encontrar nenhum critério não destrutivo para definir ponto de colheita dos frutos.

Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) à uma famÃlia botÃnica que abriga vÃrios representantes com propriedades medicinais, entre eles o gÃnero Ocimum que consiste de 50 a 150 espÃcies de ervas e subarbustos amplamente distribuÃdas nas regiÃes tropical e subtropical da Ãsia, Ãfrica, AmÃrica Central e do Sul. Alfavaca-cravo (O. gratissimum L) à utilizada na medicina popular como febrÃfugo, diurÃtico e sÃo vÃrios os trabalhos na literatura que comprovam a bioatividade do Ãleo essencial da espÃcie como antibacteriano, antifÃngico e antiparasitÃrio. A alfavaca-roxa (Ocimum sp), assemelha-se à alfavaca-cravo, porÃm, à capaz de reverter sua coloraÃÃo arroxeada para verde, dependendo da condiÃÃo de sombreamento. O objetivo geral desse trabalho consiste em determinar as caracterÃsticas morfolÃgicas, agronÃmicas, quÃmicas e citogenÃticas de exemplares de alfavaca. Foi realizado um estudo para avaliar os efeitos da temperatura, luz e KNO3 em sementes das espÃcies, seguindo delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) dispostos em um arranjo fatorial 2x2x5, sendo duas condiÃÃes de luminosidade (luz; escuro constante); dois nÃveis de KNO3 (0%; 0,2%); e cinco temperaturas (20ÂC; 25ÂC; 30ÂC; 35ÂC; 20-35ÂC). Objetivando analisar o crescimento das plantas cultivadas em dois ambientes (pleno sol; casa de vegetaÃÃo), foi realizado um experimento com duraÃÃo de 90 dias, DIC, com quatro repetiÃÃes, sendo duas plantas por repetiÃÃo. As coletas ocorreram em intervalos de 15 dias e as variÃveis analisadas foram: diÃmetro do caule, altura, n de folhas, Ãrea foliar, comprimento da raiz, peso da matÃria seca e teor de Ãleo. Realizou-se identificaÃÃo preliminar da composiÃÃo quÃmica do Ãleo essencial dos exemplares de alfavaca aos 90 dias apÃs transplantio atravÃs de RessonÃncia MagnÃtica Nuclear (RMN1H). Em uma proposta de protocolo para extraÃÃo de DNA, visando detectar polimorfismos, foram utilizados 19 primers por meio da tÃcnica RAPD com as espÃcies. Na caracterizaÃÃo citogenÃtica foi determinado o nÃmero de cromossomos a partir de raÃzes jovens prÃ-tratadas com 8-hidroxiquinoleÃna 2mM e coradas com Giemsa 2%. A viabilidade dos grÃos de pÃlen e das tÃtrades foi verificada atravÃs do mÃtodo de coloraÃÃo com Carmim acÃtico a 2%. As sementes de alfavaca-cravo sÃo fotoblÃsticas positivas, enquanto alfavaca-roxa à fotoblÃstica positiva preferencial. A germinaÃÃo das espÃcies nÃo excedeu 24%, sendo que a temperatura de 30ÂC na luz favoreceu a germinaÃÃo de alfavaca-cravo, enquanto para alfavaca-roxa, foram favorÃveis as condiÃÃes de temperatura 20-35ÂC, com KNO3 e no escuro. A germinaÃÃo das espÃcies à epÃgea fanerocotiledonar. A maior produÃÃo de matÃria seca e acÃmulo de Ãleo essencial foram observados nas plantas cultivadas em pleno sol. Os espectros de RMN1H mostraram a presenÃa no Ãleo de alfavaca-cravo e alfavaca-roxa, de eugenol, β-cariofileno, 1,8- cineol. O nÃmero de cromossomos mitÃticos encontrado para os exemplares foi 2n = 40, o que està de acordo com o nÃmero registrado previamente na literatura. Foram observadas altas porcentagens de grÃos de pÃlen viÃveis nas espÃcies estudadas. / Lamiaceae (= Labiatae) is a botanical family with several species with medicinal properties, including the genus Ocimum consisting of 50 to 150 species of herbs and subshrubs widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central America and South. O. gratissimum L. (alfavaca-cravo) is used as febrifuge, diuretic, and several studies in the literature show that the bioactivity of the essential oil of the species as antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic. Alfavaca-roxa is able to reverse its color purple to green, depending on the condition of shading. The objective of this work was to evaluate the morphological, agronomic, chemical and cytogenetic characteristics of alfavaca-cravo and alfavaca-roxa. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature, light and KNO3 on seed of species. Experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design in a 2x2x5 factorial arrangement: two different light expositions; KNO3 (0%; 0,2%) and five temperatures (20ÂC; 25ÂC; 30ÂC; 35ÂC; 20-35ÂC). Growing the crop was carried out in two environments: 50% shading in a greenhouse; in the sun with no shade. Aiming to analyze the growth of plants grown at two different environmental conditions, an experiment was conducted with a duration of 90 days, using a completely randomized design with four replications and two plants per replication. The variables analyzed were: stem diameter, height, number of leaves, leaf area, root length, dry weight and oil content. To evaluate the essential oil yield of medicinal plants in different environmental conditions, an experiment was performed with duration of 90 days, using a randomized design with four replications and two plants per replicate. The preliminary chemical composition of the essential oils was determined by Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance 1H analyses. In a proposed protocol for extraction of DNA polymorphisms were used to detect 19 primers by RAPD. In cytogenetics was determined the number of chromosomes of the specimens studied from young roots pretreated with 2 mM 8-hydroxyquinoline, were stained with Giemsa 2%. The viability of pollen grains was checked by the method of staining with acetic carmine. Alfavaca-cravo is positive photoblastic and alfavaca-roxa, photoblastic preferential. Germination did not exceed 24% in all treatments. Temperature of 30ÂC was the best condition for seed germination for alfavaca-cravo and 20-35ÂC for alfavaca-roxa with KNO3, darkness. Germination is epigeous. For both species, higher yields were obtained in samples from the environmental conditions in the sun. The essential oil the species presented β-caryophyllene, 1,8 â cineole, eugenol. The number of mitotic chromosomes found for the samples was 2n = 40, which is in agreement with the number recorded previously in the literature. The species showed a high percentage of pollen viability.

Para que o potencial de cultivares comumente usados como o Marandu {Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) RD Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf]; CIAT 6297}, com alta produção como o Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), e recentemente lançados como o Mulato II (Convert HD 364®) (Brachiaria híbrida CIAT 36061) possa ser racionalmente e intensivamente explorado é necessário entender como as frequências de corte afetam as respostas produtivas, por meio de inferências fisiológicas. O objetivo foi avaliar e descrever o efeito de duas frequências (28 e 42 dias) sobre as características de análise de crescimento do Mulato II, Marandu, e Tifton 85, e características morfogênicas do Mulato II e Marandu. O experimento foi conduzido em Piracicaba, SP, o delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As respostas incluiram índice de área foliar (IAF), taxa de crescimento de cultura (TCC), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa de assimilação líquida (TAL), razão de área foliar (RAF) e razão de peso foliar (RPF), filocrono, número de folhas vivas por perfilho (NFV), taxa de alongamento de folhas (TALF) e de colmos (TALC), taxa de aparecimento de folhas (TAPF), densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP) e taxa de senescência de folhas (TSF). A TCC foi igual para o Mulato II e Tifton 85 mas a RPF foi maior para o Mulato II. O Tifton 85 com menor IAF residual apresentou altos valores de TAL e resultados semelhantes ao Mulato II de TCC. A TAPF e TALF foram maiores no Marandu do que no Mulato II. O filocrono foi maior no Mulato II comparado ao Marandu. Houve interação frequênca x ano para o filocrono, e aos 28 dias o menor filocrono foi no primeiro ano, e com 42 dias não houve diferença entre os dois anos. A TALF, TALC e TSF foram maiores com 42 dias. Houve interação frequência x ano e capim x frequência no NFV. Este foi maior no primeiro ano com 28 e 42 dias, e aos 42 dias nos dois anos. O NFV foi igual no Marandu e Mulato II com 28 dias e maior no Marandu com 42 dias. Tanto o Marandu quanto o Mulato II tiveram maior NFV com 42 dias. A TCC é similar no Mulato II e no Tifton 85, mas a RPF é maior no Mulato II. O Tifton 85 teve menor IAF residual, mas alta TAL e TCC similar ao Mulato II. O Mulato II e o Tifton 85 utilizaram mecanismos diferentes para alcançar a mesma TCC. 28 dias é melhor pois prioriza produção de folhas. Nas características morfogênicas, o Marandu é melhor pois apresentou maiores taxas de crescimento (TAPF, TALF ,NFV) e menor filocrono. Apesar do Marandu ser superior ao Mulato II isso não refletiu em maior acúmulo de forragem e valor nutritivo, devido à DPP ter sido maior no Mulato II. Houve maior TALC e TSF com 42 dias, portanto 28 dias é melhor para evitar altas TALC. Quando houver pluviosidade adequada é necessário a utilização de menor frequência (28 dias) para aumentar a eficiência de colheita da forragem. / For the potential of cultivars most commonly used as Marandu palisadegrass {Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) RD Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf]; CIAT 6297}, with high forage production as Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), and grasses recently released as Mulato II (Convert HD 364®) (Brachiaria híbrid CIAT 36061) to be rationally and intensively explored it is necessary to understand how harvest frequency affects productive responses, under a physiological standpoint. The objective was to evaluate and describe the effect of harvest frequency on the growth characteristics of Mulato II, Marandu, and Tifton 85, as well as to study morphogenesis characteristics in Mulato II and Marandu. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The trial was carried out in Piracicaba - SP. Response variables included leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf weight ratio (LWR). In addition phyllocron, number of live leaves per tiller (NLL), stem (SER) and leaf elongation rate (LER), leaf appearance rate (LApR), tiller density population (TDP) and leaf senescence (LSR). Mulato II is a option to intensify and diversify pasture grasses in tropical areas due to its high LAI, CGR, LWR and LAR. CGR was similar between Mulato II and Tifton 85 but LWR was highest to Mulato II. On the other hand, Tifton 85 starts the lowest LAI but has high NAR and reaches the same CGR to Mulato II, showing also as good forage option. The LApR and LER were higher an Marandu than Mulato II. Phyllochron was higher in Mulato II compared to Marandu. There was an interaction harvest frequency x year to phyllochron, and with 28 days the lowest phyllochron was at first year, and with 42 days there was no difference between two years. The LER, SER and LSR were higher with 42 days of harvest frequency. There was interaction harvest frequencies x year and cultivars x harvest frequencies to NLL. This was higher in the first year with 28 and 42 days, and at 42 days in both years studied. NLL was equal in Marandu and Mulato II with 28 days and higher in Marandu with 42 days. Marandu and Mulato II had higher NLL with 42 days. CGR is similar in Mulato II and Tifton 85, but the LWR is highest in Mulato II. Tifton 85 had lowest residual LAI, but high NAR and CGR similar to Mulato II. Mulato II and Tifton 85 used different mechanisms to achieve the same CGR. 28 days prioritizes leaf production. In morphogenesis, Marandu is the best because it presented the highest growth rates (LApR, LER, NLL) and lowest phyllochron. Despite Marandu was better than Mulato II, it did not reflect in greater herbage accumulation and nutritive value, due greater TDP in Mulato II. There was highest SER and LSR with 42 days, so 28 days is best to avoid high SER. When there is adequate precipitation, lowest frequency (28 days) increase harvest efficiency.

Due to difficulties in elucidating neurobiological aspects of psychological disorders, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) created the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), which encourages novel conceptualizations of the relationship between neurobiological circuitry and clinical difficulties. This approach is markedly different from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) based approach that has dominated clinical research to date. Thus, RDoC necessitates exploration of novel experimental and statistical approaches. Fear learning paradigms represent a promising methodology for elucidating connections between acute threat (“fear”) circuitry and fear-related clinical difficulties. However, traditional analytical approaches rely on central tendency statistics, which are tethered to a priori categories and assume homogeneity within groups. Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) methods such as Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) may be uniquely suited for examining fear learning phenotypes. However, just three extant studies have applied GMM to fear learning and only one did so in a human population. Thus, the degree to which classes identified in known studies represent characteristics of the general population and to which GMM methodology is applicable across populations and paradigms is unclear. This preliminary study applied LCGA to a fear learning lab study in an attempt to identify heterogeneity in fear learning patterns based on a posteriori classification. The findings of this investigation may inform efforts to move toward a trans-diagnostic conceptualization of fear learning. Consistent with the goals laid out in RDoC, explication of fear learning phenotypes may eventually provide critical information needed to spur innovation in psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatment. / Master of Science / To date, most clinical psychology research has been based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which is a catalog of mental health disorders that was originally designed to facilitate communication among clinicians. Many experts contend that this approach has hampered progress in the field of biological clinical psychology research. Thus, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) created a new template for biological clinical psychology research called the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Since RDoC calls for a complete overhaul in the conceptualization of clinical dysfunction, this approach requires statistical and experimental innovation. One traditional experimental approach that may be helpful in understanding the RDoC topic of acute threat (“fear”) is called Pavlovian Fear Learning (PFL). However, traditional PFL studies have utilized statistical methods that are based on comparing group averages and require researchers to determine groups of interest based on theory before the study begins. This is problematic because RDoC calls for research that begins with evidence rather than theory. Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) is a statistical methodology that may allow researchers to analyze fear learning data without having to begin with theoretically determined categories such as DSM disorders. However, little research has tested how well this approach would work. This study is just the second to apply a GMM approach to a human PFL study. The findings from this investigation may inform efforts to develop a statistical technique that is well suited for RDoCian research and may also spur innovation in psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatment.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第20058号 / 人健博第39号 / 新制||人健||3(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 桂 敏樹, 教授 任 和子, 教授 川村 孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

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