L’objectif général de ce travail est d’expliquer la nature des relations particulières entre une région française d’Amérique du Sud, la Guyane, et le Brésil, que l’histoire coloniale a rendus frontaliers, au moment où dans un contexte général d’intégrations continentales s’amorce entre eux un rapprochement institutionnel mettant un terme à quatre siècles de rivalités et d’ignorance réciproque. Mais la Guyane subit une forte pression migratoire et environnementale de la part d’un Brésil particulièrement dynamique, ainsi que les contraintes d’une appartenance française et européenne perçue comme étouffante en dépit des avantages qu’elle procure. En pleine quête identitaire, elle aimerait s’intégrer à un environnement géopolitique que le Brésil cherche de son côté à organiser à son profit dans sa stratégie d’affirmation continentale. Au moment où se construit un pont sur l’Oyapock entre les deux voisins, les récents accords de coopération régionale visent à une "continentalisation" de la Guyane, dans une Amérique du Sud dans laquelle elle était jusque là peu intégrée, mais elle doit se débattre entre de multiples enjeux régionaux, nationaux voire supranationaux qui la dépassent. / The overall objective of this paper is to explain the nature of the special relationship between a French region of South America, French Guiana, and Brazil that colonial history made neighbors, at the time when in a general context of continental integration these two countries are starting to knit closer institutional links putting an end to four centuries of rivalry and mutual ignorance. But French Guiana is undergoing high migration and environmental pressure on the part of a particularly dynamic Brazil, as well as the constraints of a french and european membership felt as choking in spite of the benefits it provides. In the midst of its search for its own identity quest, French Guiana would like to integrate into a geopolitical environment than Brazil on its side seeks to organize to its benefit, as part of its strategy for continental assertion. At the time when a bridge over the Oyapock river between the two neighboring is being built, recent regional cooperation agreements are aimed at "continentalization" French Guiana, in South America which it has so far been little integrated, but it must struggle between of multiple regional, national or supranational issues, which it is far too small.

La migration des bancs de vase observée le long des côtes Guyanaises génère des problématiques de navigation, particulièrement pour l'unique port de commerce de Guyane localisé dans l'estuaire du Mahury. La dynamique hydrosédimentaire de cet estuaire mésotidal et l'influence des bancs sur cette dernière sont très peu renseignées. Les principaux résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence l'importance relative du débit et des courants de marée sur la dynamique des sédiments fins. Bien que l'asymétrie de la marée soit dominée par le flot, les courants de jusant sont prédominants en saison humide et équivalents aux courants de flot en saison sèche. La dynamique des sédiments fins est gouvernée par la remise en suspension, bien que des épisodes de stratification puissent fortement atténuer la turbulence durant les premières heures du jusant. Les flux résiduels de sédiments sont généralement orientés vers l'amont durant la saison sèche et vers l'aval en saison humide, excepté lorsque les débits sont inférieurs aux moyennes saisonnières. L'évolution des fonds de l'estuaire sur 20 ans indique néanmoins une stabilité des dépôts et souligne la capacité de l'estuaire à évacuer les sédiments apportés durant la phase d'envasement. L'interdépendance entre l'estuaire du Mahury et le banc de Kaw sera ainsi soumise à discussion. Elle permettra d'évaluer la capacité du banc de Kaw à influencer la sédimentologie de l'estuaire et inversement d'évaluer la capacité de l'estuaire à perturber la migration du banc. / The mud banks migration observed along the Guyanese coastline generates navigating issues, especially for the unique harbor of French Guiana located in the Mahury Estuary. The hydro-sedimentary dynamic of this mesotidal estuary and the influence of the mud banks migration is poorly documented. The main results have brought to light the relative importance of the river discharge and tidal currents on the fine sediment dynamics. Even though the tidal asymmetry is dominated by the flood, the ebb currents are predominant during the wet season and are equivalent to the flood currents during the dry season. The fine sediment dynamics are mainly governed by the resuspension even though some stratification events can highly damp turbulence during the first hours of the ebb. The residual fluxes of sediment are generally landward during the dry season and in the wet season when river discharges are lower than the seasonnal averages. However, the bathymetric evolution over 20 years indicates the stability of the deposits and underlines the estuary's capacity of flushing sediments brought from the mud bank. The interdependence between the Mahury Estuary and the Kaw mudbank will therefore be subject to discussion. It will allow us to evaluate the mud bank influence on the estuarine sedimentology or, inversely, evaluate the capacity of the estuary to interfere with the mud bank migration and slowing down its progression with the currents.

O presente trabalho busca compreender a importância que o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) ganha a partir de 2003 com as ampliações dos financiamentos voltados para a construção de sistemas de engenharia, não somente dentro do território nacional, mas também no exterior (sobretudo na América do Sul). Partindo do processo de integração física das nações sulamericanas e da instalação de solidariedades geográficas (Santos, 1996) entre as regiões do continente, procuramos analisar as complementaridades nos territórios envolvidos em financiamentos dos bancos de desenvolvimento, em especial o BNDES, no qual se articulam Estados e empresas privadas na produção de novos sistemas de engenharia no continente. Nesse sentindo, buscamos compreender as verticalidades e horizontalidades geradas no espaço continental, dando ênfase no caso da fronteira do Brasil com a Guiana Francesa, onde foram instalados nos fixos geográficos que afetam diretamente a integração destes dois países (principalmente a Ponte Binacional Brasil-Guiana e a BR-156). / This paper seeks to understand the importance that the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) wins from 2003 with the expansion of financing aimed at the construction of engineering systems, not only within the country but also abroad (especially in South America). Starting from the physical integration of South American nations and the installation of geographical solidarities (Santos, 1996) between the regions of the continent process, we analyzed the complementarities in the territories involved in financing from development banks, especially BNDES, which are articulated States and private companies in the production of new engineering systems on the continent. In that sense, we seek to understand the uprights and horizontalities generated in continental space, emphasizing the case of Brazil\'s border with French Guiana, where they were installed in the geographic fixed that directly affect the integration of these two countries (mainly Brazil-Guyana Binational Bridge and BR-156).

Le massif forestier guyanais présente à la fois une grande originalité en termes de biodiversité, un bon état de conservation, une forte contribution au stock de carbone amazonien et une dynamique socio-économique très rapide. Les connaissances sur la diversité des écosystèmes forestiers de Guyane française restent cependant insuffisantes pour asseoir une gestion optimale des différents services écosystémiques à l’échelle du territoire. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse, visent prioritairement à étudier la diversité des écosystèmes forestiers de Guyane, les facteurs déterminant leur variabilité et les conséquences de cette variabilité en termes de services écosystémiques et de gestion.La première partie de la thèse met en évidence les différentes échelles de structuration spatiale de la diversité forestière et les patrons de composition qui en résultent à l’échelle régionale. Elle s’appuie sur une récente campagne d’inventaires forestiers (2006-2013) couvrant l’ensemble du département et rassemblant 3 132 placettes de 0.2ha implantées selon un plan d’échantillonnage emboîté et pluristratifié. Les résultats obtenus vérifient l’hypothèse d’une forte influence de la géomorphologie, à l’échelle des paysages, sur la bêta et l’alpha-diversité des forêts guyanaises en termes d’espèces dominantes (métrique de Simpson). Cette première étape a nécessité plusieurs développements méthodologiques préalables notamment l’évaluation de l’incertitude taxonomique des inventaires forestiers et sa propagation dans les analyses de diversité, ainsi que l’élaboration de modèles cartographiques permettant de caractériser précisément l’environnement géomorphologique à diverses échelles d’études.La deuxième partie de la thèse vise à expliquer l’influence exercée par les paysages géomorphologiques sur la végétation forestière à travers l’étude des relations entre géomorphologie et sols. Elle s’appuie sur l’analyse de près de 450 sondages pédologiques couplés à la campagne d’inventaire forestier. Les résultats obtenus démontrent une forte dépendance de la nature et des propriétés des sols vis-à-vis des paysages géomorphologiques et du dénivelé régional. Ils suggèrent l’existence d’un effet de filtre édaphique sous-jacent au déterminisme géomorphologique sur la diversité forestière. Une part importante de l’influence géomorphologique reste cependant indépendante du filtre édaphique et est interprétée comme un effet conjugué de deux autres mécanismes sur deux échelles de temps distinctes : le contrôle du turn-over forestier par la dynamique géomorphologique au cours du quaternaire récent et l’intégration des effets biogéographiques sous l’influence des changements globaux plus anciens.La troisième partie de la thèse s’intéresse aux conséquences de la diversité biotique et abiotique décrite sur la gestion forestière et sur la variabilité des services écosystémiques rendus par la forêt, notamment en termes de stockage du carbone dans la biomasse et dans les sols. La quantité de carbone stockée, très variable à l’échelle locale, se révèle significativement influencée par la diversité écosystémique à l’échelle régionale. Ce service de régulation est mis en relation avec la richesse spécifique locale (service de support) et la quantité de bois exploitable (service d’approvisionnement). Des relations complexes de corrélation et de compromis sont mises en évidence entre ces différents services. Elles illustrent la variabilité des réponses des services écosystémiques à la diversité des écosystèmes forestières.La mise en perspective de ces différents volets permet de proposer une typologie précise des habitats forestiers de Guyane et de fournir des pistes de prise en compte de cette diversité écosystémique pour l’aménagement du territoire et la gestion forestière. / French Guiana forest presents a high originality in terms of biodiversity, a good state of preservation, a strong contribution to the overall Amazonian carbon stocks and a very fast socio-economic dynamic. However, our knowledge about forest ecosystems diversity remains insufficient to ensure an optimal management of the various ecosystems and of the services they may provide across the territory. This thesis aims to answer this central issue by studying the diversity of forest ecosystems at the scale of the entire forested area of French Guiana. Specifically we targeted highlighting the factors that determine ecosystems variability and evaluating the consequences of this variability in terms of ecosystem services and management.Firstly, we bring out complex patterns of diversity at different scales including strong floristic variation at the regional scale, using a recent forest inventories campaign (2006-2013) that has been conducted according to a stratified sampling design which includes 3,132 0.2ha-plots covering the whole territory. Our results verify the hypothesis of a strong control of forest beta and alpha diversity by geomorphology, especially at the landscape scale and for dominant species (Simpson metric). This first step required several preliminary methodological developments including an assessment of the taxonomic uncertainty in forest inventories, and spatial models to accurately characterize the geomorphological context at various scales.Secondly, we aimed at interpreting the influence of geomorphological landscapes on the composition of forest vegetation by exploring the relationship between geomorphology and soils. Using about 450 soil sampling locations coupled with the forest inventory plots, we demonstrated that nature and properties of soils are dependent on geomorphological landscapes and locally distributed along regional elevation gradients. A significant soil filtering effect was found underlying the geomorphological influence on forest composition and diversity. However, a major part of this influence proved to be independent of soil filtering and is interpreted as a combination of two mechanisms at two different time-scales: (i) the control of forest turn-over by the geomorphological dynamics during the Late Quaternary and (ii) the integration of biogeographic effects under the influence of tectonic evolution and ancient climate changes.Last of all, we addressed the consequences of the analysed biotic and abiotic variations, which combine into habitats diversity on forest management and on the variability of ecosystem services provided by forests, particularly for carbon storage in biomass and soils. The amount of carbon stored is highly variable at local scale but proves to be significantly influenced by habitats diversity at the landscape level. This regulation service is related with the local species richness (pertaining to the category of support services) and the amount of usable wood (pertaining to the category of supply services). Complex relationships, including correlations and compromises, are evidenced between these different services. This illustrates the variability of the responses of ecosystem services to the habitats diversity.Finally our work allowed us to provide a new typology of natural habitats present in French Guiana forest and to propose suggestions in order to improve land uses and multifunctional forest management in French Guiana.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-02-15T20:50:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_MorfologiaTaxonomiaAtractus.pdf: 5634526 bytes, checksum: 6358e290a16df2173fc8f4d35e8a1ce0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-02-18T15:28:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_MorfologiaTaxonomiaAtractus.pdf: 5634526 bytes, checksum: 6358e290a16df2173fc8f4d35e8a1ce0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-18T15:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_MorfologiaTaxonomiaAtractus.pdf: 5634526 bytes, checksum: 6358e290a16df2173fc8f4d35e8a1ce0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / A coloração animal é um importante atributo biológico com diferentes funções relacionadas às estratégias de vida adotadas pelos indivíduos no ambiente, como a termorregulação, a defesa e a comunicação inter e intraespecífica. O mimetismo é talvez, um dos mais importantes mecanismos biológicos de comunicação, frequentemente envolvendo similaridade de cor com conotação defensiva. Os sistemas miméticos refletem um complexo processo de evolução, que acentua semelhanças morfológicas ou comportamentais entre duas ou mais espécies, garantindo vantagens adaptativas em pelo menos uma delas. Apesar de comum entre os invertebrados, o mimetismo também pode ser observado em grupos de vertebrados como lagartos e serpentes, por exemplo. Dentre os exemplos mais comuns de mimetismo em serpentes são descritas as relações entre os corais verdadeiras e falsas. A falsa-coral, Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868) é endêmica da Amazônia e ocorre nos territórios de Brasil, Colômbia, Guiana Francesa, Peru, Suriname e Venezuela. Em função da semelhança cromática de seus diferentes padrões, esta espécie foi relacionada à algumas espécies de corais verdadeiras do gênero Micrurus que também apresentam distribuição amazônica. Embora a variação cromática desta espécie tenha sido relatada por alguns autores, algumas questões sobre o polimorfismo intraespecífico e sua relação com a distribuição geográfica, assim como a relação mimética com as corais verdadeiras de Micrurus ainda não foram estudadas. Com o objetivo de contribuir com a elucidação destas questões, este estudo foi organizado em dois capítulos: no primeiro capítulo, intitulado “Variação morfológica e taxonomia de Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)”, foram apresentadas as variações da morfologia externa e hemipeniana da espécie, incluindo sua redescrição e descrição do holótipo, além das descrições dos padrões cromáticos e análise de dimorfismo sexual; e no segundo capítulo, intitulado “Relações miméticas entre Atractus latifrons e corais verdadeiras na Amazônia”, foram identificados os possíveis modelos miméticos para A. latifrons, inferindo suas relações miméticas através da análise de co-ocorrência e apresentando mapas de distribuição dos padrões miméticos entre as espécies envolvidas. / Animal coloration is an important biological attribute with different functions related to the strategies adopted by individuals in the environment, such as thermoregulation, defense and inter and intraspecific communication. The mimicry is perhaps one of the most important biological communication mechanisms, often involving similarity of color with a defensive connotation. Systems mimetics reflect a complex evolution process that accentuates similarities morphological or behavioral between two or more species guaranteeing adaptive advantages at least one. Though common between invertebrates, mimicry also observed in vertebrate groups as lizards and serpents eg. For examples common mimicry snakes are described relations between corals true and false. The false coral, Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868) is endemic in the Amazon and occurs in the Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. Due to the similarity of their different color patterns, this species was related to some species of the genus Micrurus coral snakes that also have Amazon distribution. Although the chromatic variation of this species has been reported by some authors, some questions about the intraspecific polymorphism and its relation to geographic distribution, as well as the mimetic relationship with the coral snakes Micrurus not yet been studied. With the purpose of contribute to the elucidation of these issues, this study was organized into two chapters: In first entitled "Variation Morphological and Taxonomy Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)" were presented morphological variations species including descriptions their standards chromatic and variations morphological intraspecific A. latifrons and analysis sexual dimorphism group; in second chapter entitled "Relations mimicry between Atractus latifrons and corals true Amazon" were identified for possible models mimetics A. latifrons, inferring their mimetic relationships through the analysis of co-occurrence and distribution maps showing patterns among mimetic species involved.

En Guyane comme dans l'ensemble de la région amazonienne, le risque de maladie de Chagas pour l'homme a longtemps été sous estimé du fait de l'absence de vecteur domestique et de l'existence d'un réservoir animal exclusivement sauvage. Le travail présenté répond aux besoins de compléter et d'actualiser les connaissances épidémiologiques disponibles sur la maladie de Chagas dans ce département , en précisant les modalités de circulation de Trypanosoma cruzi et les facteurs impliqués dans le cycle à l'origine des cas humains. Les données cumilées entre 2001 et 2023 représentent 971 spécimens de triatomes. Nous avons choisi de différencier les triatomes provenant des zones non habitées (forêts primaire ou secondaire) de ceux provenant de zones habitées, collectées dans les maisons à la faveur d'intrusion. Une espère, Panstrongylus geniculatus, s'est distinguée par son abondance (61,1%) et son omniprésence dans les différents types de milieux explorés. Au total, neuf espèces ont été retrouvées. En zone non habitée, avec une prédominance de P. geniculatus, P. lignarius, Rhodnius pictipes et R. robustus. L'infection des triatomes par T. cruzi a été étudiée, avec une mise en évidence d'un taux d'infection plus élevé chez les triatomes collectés à l'intérieur des habitations (53.9%) que chez ceux provenant des zones non habitées (46%). L'étude sur les mammifères sauvages a montré des taux d'infection élevés pour T. cruzi chez deux espèces : didelphis marsupialis (62.5%) et Philander opossum (35%). Cette étude a été complétée par l'analyse de la variabilité génétique de T. cruzi identifié par des techniques de génotypage réalisées sur du matériel obtenu à partir de triatomes, de mammifères sauvages et domestiques et des hommes. En zone non habitée trois groupes, TcI, TcII-TcV-TcVI et TcIII-TcIV, ont été caractérisés, avec une prédominance de TcI. Parmi les acteurs du cycle parasite, les chiens et P. geniculatus hébergent le groupe TcIII-TcIV à la différence du genre Rhodnius et des marsupiaux qui hébergent le groupe TcI. Nos résultats ont permis d'émettre un certain nombre d'hypothèses sur la circulation des génotypes de T. cruzi en Guyane / In French Guiana, as in the whole of Amazon region, the risk of Chagas disease to humans has long been underestimated due to the presence of non-domiciled triatomines and wild animal reservoir. Overall, this thesis aims at reactualizing and improving epidemiological knowledge about Chagas disease in French Guiana, by specific modalities of circulation of Trypanosoma cruzi and the factorsinvolved in the transmission cycle of the origin of human cases. Accumulated data, between 2001 and 2013, represent 971 triatomine specimens collected. We chose to differentiate triatomine collected in uninhabited areas (primary or secondary forests) and those frominhabited areas, collected in homes by intrusion. One species, Panstrongylus geniculatus, was distinguished by its abundance (61.1%) and its presence in different types of habitats investigated. A total of nine species were found in uninhabited area, with the predominance of four species: P. geniculatus, P. lignarius, Rhodnius pictipes and Eratyrus mucronatus. In inhabited area, five species of triatomine were collected, with the predominance of P. geniculatus, R. pictipes and R. robustus. The triatomine infection rate with T. cruzi has been studied, with a highlighting of higher rate of infection in triatomine collected inside houses (53.9%) than those from uninhabited area (46%). The study on wild mammals showed high T. cruzi infection rates for two species: Didelphis marsupialis (62.5%) and Philander opossum (35%).This study was completed by the analysis of the genetic variability of T. cruzi identified by genotyping techniques performed on material obtained from triatomine, wild and domestic mammals and humans. In uninhabited area, three groups$ TcI, TcII-TcV-TcVI and TcIII-TcIV have been characterized, with a predominance of TcIII-TcIV group. In inhabited area, only two groups were characterized (TcI andTcIII-TcIV), with a predominance of TcI. Among the actor’s transmission cycle of parasite, dogs and P. geniculatus were characterized by TcIII-TcIV group. Contrary to Rhodnius genus and marsupials were characterized by the TcI group. Our results have allowed issuing a number of assumptions about the circulation of T. cruzi genotypes in French Guiana

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Concentrações de compostos organoclorados (DDTs, PCBs, HCHs, Mirex e HCB) foram determinadas em camadas externas e internas do tecido adiposo subcutâneo de 17 botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) da região Sudeste do Brasil. Não houve diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os estratos, relativo aos 37 compostos determinados, assim como &#931;DDT, &#931;PCB, &#931;HCH, e as razões p,p-DDE/&#931;DDT e &#931;DDT/&#931;PCB. Entretanto, foram observadas diferenças significativas nas concentrações de alguns compostos organoclorados de animais encalhados ou capturados acidentalmente quando comparados com animais biopsiados remotamente, sendo assim as comparações entre esses dois conjuntos de dados, devem ser vistas com cuidado. No presente estudo, as concentrações dos compostos organoclorados foram determinadas em biópsias de botos-cinza obtidas de 2007 a 2009, nas baías de Sepetiba (n=13) e Ilha Grande (n=11), Sudeste do Brasil. As concentrações (ng/g de lipídio) variaram de <LD a 26 621 para o &#931;DDT, de 256 a 60 195 para o &#931;PCB; de <LD a 2 296 para &#931;HCH; de 142 a 1 088 para o Mirex, bem como de <LD a 35 para o HCB. Com relação à análise discriminante, os dados dos machos capturados acidentalmente gerados no presente estudo foram analisados juntamente com dados dos machos de um estudo recente que utilizou amostras do tecido adiposo subcutâneo de botos-cinza capturados acidentalmente. Através dessa análise, foi possível verificar que as populações de boto-cinza de 2 baías costeiras vizinhas (Sepetiba e Guanabara), bem como da Baía de Paranaguá, apresentaram padrões distintos de acumulação dos compostos organoclorados. O último achado demonstra a existência de separações ecológicas entre os botoscinza a partir de diferentes áreas, o que constitui informação de grande importância para a conservação e o manejo da espécie / Organochlorine compound (OC) concentrations (DDTs, PCBs, HCHs, Mirex and HCB) were determined in inner and outer strata from blubber of 17 Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) from southeast Brazil. There was no statistically significant difference between the strata concerning the 37 determined compounds, &#931;DDT, &#931;PCB, &#931;HCH as well as regarding the p,p-DDE/&#931;DDT and the &#931;DDT/&#931;PCB ratios. However, significant differences were found in concentrations of some organochlorine compounds in stranded or incidentally captured animals and remotely biopsied , thus comparisons between these two sets of data should be viewed with caution. In the present study, OC concentrations were determined in biopsy samples from Guiana dolphins obtained from 2007 to 2009, in Sepetiba (n=13) and Ilha Grande (n=11) bays, southeast Brazil. Concentrations (ng/g lipids) varied from <LD to 26 621 for &#931;DDT, from 256 to 60 195 for &#931;PCB; from <LD to 2 296 for &#931;HCH; from 142 to 1 088 for Mirex; as well as from <LD to 35 for HCB. Concerning the discriminant analysis, the data from males incidentally captured generated by the present study were analyzed together with data from males to a recent study that dealt with blubber samples from males incidentally captured Guiana dolphins. Through this analysis, it was possible to verify that the Guiana dolphin populations from 2 neighboring coastal bays (Sepetiba and Guanabara), as well as from Paranaguá Bay, present differentiation on the OC accumulation patterns. This latter finding demonstrates the existence of ecological separations among Guiana dolphins from different areas, which constitutes information of importance for conservation and management purposes.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-25T13:39:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Carine Cristina Gon?alves Galv?o.pdf: 2315391 bytes, checksum: 154e1cdd3a9bb2de5fd18d636c4a6543 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T13:39:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Carine Cristina Gon?alves Galv?o.pdf: 2315391 bytes, checksum: 154e1cdd3a9bb2de5fd18d636c4a6543 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do RJ - FAPERJ / Some animals have extremely complex relationships including the formation of matriarchal societies, alliances and communities, specific long-term relationships, and formation of flexible groups, such as dolphins. Ilha Grande Bay, along with Sepetiba Bay, have the largest population of Sotalia guianensis throughout its distribution, with about 1311 individuals in the first one, and 1043 individuals in the second, where it has been registered groups with up to 450 individuals. This study aimed to analyze the social organization of the mothers of S. guianensis from Ilha Grande Bay. The mothers were considered those dolphins observed at least five times in high proximity of a calf; all its associates were also classified as females and included in the analysis. The analysis of these mothers? social structure was carried out in SOCPROG? software (2.5 version) using a Half Weight Index (HWI). It was performed an analysis of the community division by modularity which indicated that individuals do not form independent clusters. A Monte Carlo permutation test was done and showed the presence of preferred associations among some dyads. Finally, a temporal analysis was performed with the use of mathematical models fitted to the Lagged Association Rate to try to explain how associations behave over time. The social structure of the 25 mothers identified in Ilha Grande Bay seems to be poorly differentiated, forming a large social network with weak associations between dyads, and following a fission-fusion dynamics. There was no statistical difference in the associations between and within classes (mothers X females). This work is a contribution to the understanding of the species? social dynamics, which are still poorly known, and highlights the need for more research in the area. / Alguns animais possuem rela??es extremamente complexas, incluindo forma??o de sociedades matriarcais, alian?as e comunidades, relacionamentos espec?ficos de longa dura??o, e forma??o de grupos flex?veis, como ? o caso dos golfinhos. A Ba?a da Ilha Grande, juntamente com a Ba?a de Sepetiba, possui a maior popula??o de Sotalia guianensis em toda a sua distribui??o, com estimativa de 1311 indiv?duos na primeira, e 1043 indiv?duos na segunda, onde j? foram registrados grupos com at? 450 indiv?duos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a organiza??o social das m?es de S. guianensis da Ba?a da Ilha Grande. Foram consideradas m?es aqueles golfinhos vistos no m?nimo cinco vezes em forte proximidade de um filhote, e todos os seus associados foram classificados como f?meas e inclu?dos nas an?lises. A an?lise da estrutura social destas m?es foi feito no programa SOCPROG? (vers?o 2.5) atrav?s do ?ndice Half Weight (HWI). Foi feita uma an?lise de divis?o de comunidades por modularidade que indicou que os indiv?duos n?o formam agrega??es independentes. Um teste de permuta??o de Monte Carlo foi realizado e mostrou a presen?a de associa??es preferidas entre algumas duplas. Por fim, uma an?lise temporal foi realizada com a utiliza??o de modelos matem?ticos ajustados ? Lagged Association Rate para tentar explicar como as associa??es se comportam no decorrer do tempo. A estrutura social das 25 m?es identificadas de S. guianensis na Ba?a da Ilha Grande se mostrou pouco diferenciada, formando uma grande rede com fracas associa??es entre duplas, seguindo uma din?mica de fiss?o-fus?o. N?o houve diferen?a estat?stica nas associa??es entre e dentro das classes (m?es X f?meas). Este trabalho ? uma contribui??o para o entendimento das din?micas sociais da esp?cie, que ainda s?o pouco conhecidas, e ressalta a necessidade de mais pesquisas na ?rea.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-03-17T13:17:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DinamicaTerritorialFronteira.pdf: 1173487 bytes, checksum: f7871bd3d863dd67ab2ca3eef72683e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-06-02T16:27:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DinamicaTerritorialFronteira.pdf: 1173487 bytes, checksum: f7871bd3d863dd67ab2ca3eef72683e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-02T16:27:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DinamicaTerritorialFronteira.pdf: 1173487 bytes, checksum: f7871bd3d863dd67ab2ca3eef72683e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O interesse em estudar a fronteira internacional entre Brasil e Guiana Francesa deriva das implicações do processo de transformações sócio espaciais decorrentes da dinâmica fronteiriça na região. O interesse do Governo Federal e Estado do Amapá, tanto os anteriores como os atuais, em estimular maior articulação com os vizinhos guianenses torna estratégico o estudo dos elementos que compõem a dinâmica territorial transfronteiriça, particularmente no município de Oiapoque, onde tensões fronteiriças com a Guiana Francesa, o asfaltamento da BR 156 que liga Macapá à Oiapoque e o projeto de construção da ponte sobre o Rio Oiapoque, exigem um conhecimento mais detalhado que possa subsidiar políticas públicas específicas, bem como uma leitura crítica acerca da realidade geográfica daquele município. Nessa perspectiva é realizada uma abordagem dos principais atos políticos, sócio-econômicos e ambientais desenvolvidos no âmbito da cooperação transfronteiriça entre Brasil/Amapá e França/Guiana Francesa, no período de 1995 a 2007. / The interest in studying the international border between Brazil and French Guiana flows of the implications of the process of transformations partner space current of the frontier dynamics in the area. The Federal Government's interest and State of Amapá, as much the previous ones as the current ones, in stimulating larger articulation with the neighbors guianenses it turns strategic the study of the elements that you/they compose the dynamics territorial transfronteiriça, particularly in the municipal district of Oiapoque, where frontier tensions with French Guiana, the asfaltamento of BR-156 that ties Macapá to Oiapoque and the project of construction of the bridge on Rio Oiapoque, they demand a more detailed knowledge than it can subsidize specific public politics, as well as a critical reading concerning the geographical reality of that municipal district. In that perspective an approach of the principal acts political, socioeconomic is accomplished and you adapt developed in the ambit of the cooperation transfronteiriça between Brasil/Amapá and França/Guiana Francesa, in the period from 1995 to 2007.

Parmi les nombreuses pathologies infectieuses dignes d’intérêt en Guyane, deux d’entre elles, deux zoonoses, ont connu récemment un regain d’intérêt conduisant en quelques années à améliorer nettement leur connaissance, mais également découvrir des particularités épidémiologiques inattendues qui nous ont amené à nous poser la question de leur caractère émergent ou réémergent. Bien que cosmopolite et à tropisme tropical, la leptospirose n’a que peu été décrite en Guyane et sur le bouclier des Guyanes. La littérature repose sur des cas cliniques ou série de cas anciens, la dernière publication remontant à 1995. Sont présentées ici plusieurs études qui ont permis d’en savoir un peu plus sur cette infection bactérienne : revue exhaustive de la littérature, étude rétrospective des rapports du CNR, étude rétrospective multicentrique sur les leptospiroses prises en charge en Guyane entre 2007 et 2014, avec analyse de ses déterminants, démographiques, écologiques, cliniques, séro-épidémiologique, comparaison de ses formes graves à celles d’Afrique du Nord. Bien que sa présence ait été identifiée dès les années 50 en Guyane, la fièvre Q ou infection à Coxiella burnetii, n’avait suscité localement aucun intérêt jusqu’à la fin des années 1990. Le travail ici présente la progression des connaissances sur cette infection bactérienne, également cosmopolite, mais avec des spécificités locales tout à fait inédites. Au fil des découvertes sur cette bactérie à la sauce guyanaise, nous présenterons la contribution de notre équipe à la progression du savoir sur cette pathologie et l’apport de réponses amenant tout autant de nouvelles. Ainsi les réflexions portent autour de ce génotype si particulier, le MST17, trouvé exclusivement en Guyane, qui entraine l’incidence la plus élevée au monde de la fièvre Q, une prévalence élevée parmi les pneumopathies retrouvée nulle ailleurs. En outre, le cycle épidémiologique de la bactérie, habituellement fondé sur le bétail, semble ici suivre un tout autre chemin et trouver son réservoir dans la faune sauvage. L’on s’interroge également sur le contraste entre le problème de santé publique majeur que cette maladie représente en Guyane et le caractère tout juste anecdotique dans le reste de l’Amérique latine.Finalement, bien que ces deux zoonoses puissent être qualifiées de « maladies nouvelles » en Guyane, il s’agit probablement pour la leptospirose d’une augmentation récente du nombre de cas lié à l’amélioration des techniques diagnostiques et à la sensibilisation des médecins à cette maladie, tandis que la fièvre Q semble présenter un véritable profil émergent, avec augmentation récente de son incidence, et de nombreuses inconnues lié à un génotype très particulier.Plusieurs questions concernant ces deux infections restent encore sans réponse, et le travail est immense pour mieux comprendre les enjeux de ces deux maladies, tant à l’échelle de la Guyane qu’à celle du continent latino-américain. / Among the numerous infectious diseases of interest in French Guiana (FG), two of them, two zoonoses, have recently experienced a revival of interest leading in a few years to a marked improvement in their knowledge. Several studies allowed as well discovering unexpected epidemiological features that have led us to question their emerging or reemerging character.Although cosmopolitan and with tropical a tropism, leptospirosis has been barely described in FG and on the Guiana Shield. The literature is old and reports only clinical cases or series, the most recent publication dating back to 1995. Several studies are presented in this work which have allowed to know a little more about this bacterial infection: exhaustive review of the literature, retrospective study of the reference national center reports, a retrospective multicenter study on leptos-piroses managed in FG between 2007 and 2014, with analysis of its determinants, demographic, ecological, clinical, sero-epidemiological, and a study comparing Guianese severe forms to those of North Africa.Although its presence had been suspected as early as the 1950s in FG, Q fever or Coxiella burnetii infection had not aroused interest locally until the late 1990s. The work here presents the progression of the knowledge of this bacterial infection, also cosmopolitan, but with unusual local specificities. In the course of the discoveries around this Guianese outbreak, we will present the contribution of our team to the progression of knowledge on this pathology and the contribution of answers bringing as much new questions. Thus the discussion will focus on this particular genotype, MST17, found exclusively in FG, which results in the highest incidence of Q fever in the world, a prevalence among pneumonias never found elsewhere. Moreover, the epidemiological cycle of the bacterium, usually based on livestock, seems to follow a completely different path and find its reservoir in wildlife. We also wonder about the contrast between the major public health problems that this disease represents in FG and the anecdotal character in the rest of Latin America.Finally, although these two zoonotic diseases may be described as "new diseases" in FG, it is likely that leptospirosis presents a recent increase in the number of cases related to the improvement of diagnostic techniques and the sensitization of physicians to this disease, but without real emergence, while Q fever seems to present a true emergent profile, with a recent increase in its incidence, and many unknowns linked to a very particular genotype.Many questions concerning these two infections remain unanswered, and the work is immense to better understand the stakes of these two diseases, both on the scale of FG and that of the Amazonian region and the Latin American continent.