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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-09-24T17:57:56Z (GMT) / Submitted by JHONES LUIZ DE OLIVEIRA (jholuisoliveira@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-25T16:11:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Versão_Final.pdf: 10082969 bytes, checksum: 10f670d91ae97794a59de73275ce0f1d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucimara Kurokawa Shinoda null (lucimaraks@sorocaba.unesp.br) on 2018-09-25T18:12:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_jl_dr_soro.pdf: 10082969 bytes, checksum: 10f670d91ae97794a59de73275ce0f1d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T18:12:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_jl_dr_soro.pdf: 10082969 bytes, checksum: 10f670d91ae97794a59de73275ce0f1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os artrópodes tem sido uma das principais causas de perdas agrícolas em todo o mundo. Só no Brasil essas perdas podem chegar a 7,7 % ao ano. A utilização extensiva de pesticidas sintéticos tem sido a principal forma de controle deste tipo de praga, no entanto, os efeitos adversos destes compostos tanto para o meio ambiente quanto para a saúde humana tem motivado a busca por alternativas menos impactantes. Neste contexto, diversos mecanismos estão sendo estudados a fim de minimizar estes danos, como por exemplo, o desenvolvimento de sistemas de liberação modificada, utilizando polímeros biodegradáveis e proteínas. Aliado a isto, a utilização de pesticidas botânicos também tem demostrado potencialidade para o combate a essas pragas, devido aos menores impactos causados por esses produtos de origem natural. Portanto, o presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento (preparo e caracterização) de sistemas nanocarreadores produzidos a partir dos polímeros quitosana e goma arábica e da proteína zeína para os compostos botânicos (geraniol, citronelal, eugenol e cinamaldeído), bem como, os potenciais efeitos cito e fitotóxicos destes sistemas. Ademais foram também realizados ensaios de atividade biológica destes sistemas em pragas agrícolas (mosca-branca, ácaro-rajado e lagarta falsamedideira). Os compostos botânicos apresentaram elevada eficiência de encapsulação em ambos os sistemas carreadores, sendo que os sistemas foram capazes de proteger os compostos contra uma degradação prematura e também contra a radiação ultravioleta. Os resultados de fito e citotoxicidade mostraram que a encapsulação diminuiu o efeito tóxico dos ativos. Os sistemas também apresentaram atividade biológica contra as pragas agrícolas testadas. As nanopartículas de zeína contendo os compostos botânicos mostraram efeito repelente contra o ácaro-rajado (Tetranychus urticae) em condições laboratoriais e de semi-campo, além de efeito subletal em largarta falsa-medideira (Chrysodeixis includes). Já as nanopartículas de quitosana/goma arábica contendo geraniol mostraram efeito atrativo para mosca-branca, sendo promissora para aplicações em sistemas de armadilha. A importância desta tese reside na dimensão que o setor agrícola representa para a economia brasileira e mundial, aliado a isto o mercado de defensivos agrícolas cresce anualmente, sendo o Brasil um dos líderes no consumo destes produtos. Desta forma, o desenvolvimento de tecnologia com elevado valor agregado à área de controle de pragas em agricultura é promissora uma vez que podem ser produzidos sistemas mais eficientes no controle de pragas, menos impactantes ao ambiente e consequentemente à saúde humana. / Arthropods have been a major cause of agricultural losses worldwide. Only in Brazil can these losses reach 7.7% per year. The extensive use of synthetic pesticides has been the main form of control of this type of pest, however, the adverse effects of these compounds for both the environment and human health have motivated the search for less impactful alternatives. In this context, several mechanisms are being studied in order to minimize these damages, such as the development of modified release systems using biodegradable polymers and proteins. In addition to this, the use of botanical pesticides has also shown potential for combating these pests, due to the lower impacts caused by these products of natural origin. Therefore, the present work showed the development (preparation and characterization) of nanocarrier systems produced from chitosan and gum arabic polymers and zein protein for the botanical compounds (geraniol, citronellal, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde), as well as the potential effects and phytotoxic systems. In addition, tests of the biological activity of these systems on agricultural pests (whitefly, two-spotted spider mite and soybean looper) were also carried out. The botanical compounds showed high encapsulation efficiency in both carrier systems, and the systems were able to protect the compounds against premature degradation and also against ultraviolet radiation. The phyto and cytotoxicity results showed that encapsulation decreased the toxic effect of the active compounds. The systems also showed biological activity against the agricultural pests tested. The zein nanoparticles containing the botanicals showed a repellent effect against the brindle two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) under laboratory and semi-field conditions, as well as a sublethal effect on soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includes). The chitosan/gum arabic nanoparticles containing geraniol showed attractive effect for whitefly, being promising for applications in trap systems. The importance of this thesis lies in the dimension that the agricultural sector represents for the Brazilian and world economy, in addition to that the market for agricultural pesticides grows annually, in special as Brazil is one of the leaders in the consumption of these products. In this way, the development of new technologies to pest control in agriculture is promising since more efficient pest control systems can be produced, less impacting the environment and consequently to human health. / FAPESP: 2014/20286-9

Fish oil is an excellent source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), which can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in addition to other health benefits. However, the average intake of LC-PUFA in the Western diet is much lower than the recommended levels. Fish oil is prone to oxidative deterioration when exposed to oxygen and thus must be protected in order to be used in food products. Microencapsulation is one possibility that is already applied by the industry to protect fish oil. However, most of the conventional microencapsulation techniques suffer from shortcomings such as harsh processing conditions or the use of numerous chemicals. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a novel spray process to microencapsulate fish oil based on supercritical fluid (SCF) technology using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and CO2-expanded ethanol (CX EtOH). Fundamental physicochemical properties essential for optimal process design were lacking in the literature; therefore, density, interfacial tension (IFT) and viscosity of fish oil in the form of triglycerides and fatty acid ethyl esters were determined at different temperatures and pressures. Fish oil when equilibrated with SC-CO2 at elevated pressure expanded by up to about 40% in volume and increased in density by up to about 5%. Furthermore, IFT of fish oil in contact with SC-CO2 decreased substantially by an order of magnitude with an increase in CO2 pressure. When fish oil was in contact with CX EtOH, IFT decreased to ultra low levels at pressures of less than 10 MPa. Viscosity of fish oil equilibrated with SC-CO2 decreased substantially with pressure but increased with shear rate. Based on the physicochemical properties determined in this research, a novel process to produce micro- and nano-sized particles containing fish oil was developed based on a SCF spray-drying method. Key processing parameters have been evaluated and can be further optimized to improve encapsulation efficiency. Determination of physicochemical properties contributed to the fundamental understanding of the behavior of the fish oil+CO2 system with and without ethanol under high pressure conditions. The new microencapsulation process shows great potential for the delivery of bioactives in various product applications. / Bioresource and Food Engineering

No description available.

Le réchauffement climatique et le coût élevé des matériaux de construction conventionnels (ciment, chaux, acier) nous obligent à recourir aux matériaux locaux, disponibles et sans effet négatif sur l’atmosphère. Il s’agit de blocs de terre comprimée (BTC) stabilisés par de la gomme arabique et renforcés avec de la paille de riz. L’objectif principal de ce travail est la valorisation des matériaux locaux et écologiques pour la construction des habitations durables. L’étude concerne la caractérisation mécanique, thermique et la durabilité des éprouvettes fabriquées avec de l’argile, du sable, de la gomme arabique, de la paille de riz et de l’eau en des différentes proportions. A cet effet, les pourcentages massiques de gomme arabique sont de 5%, 10% et 15%. Ceux de la paille de riz sont de 0,5%, 1%, 1,5% et 30% de sable sont retenus pour ce travail de recherche. Des briques en BTC de 30 x 15 x 8 cm et des éprouvettes de dimension 4 x 4 x 16 cm sont fabriquées pour réaliser les essais mécaniques. Une méthode « fil chaud » adaptée sur les éprouvettes cylindriques de 16 cm de diamètre sur 32 cm de hauteur est utilisée pour la détermination des conductivités thermiques. L’utilisation de la gomme arabique comme liant dans la construction a donné des résultats satisfaisants. A un taux de 15% de gomme arabique associée à une contrainte de compactage beaucoup plus élevée, nous permettent d’obtenir des BTC ayant une résistance mécanique acceptable ainsi qu'une meilleure résistance à l’eau de pluie. Les résultats mécaniques montrent que la gomme arabique améliore la résistance mécanique de même que la contrainte de compactage. Par contre l’utilisation de paille de riz dans le mélange fait chuter sa résistance mécanique et allège le matériau. Les valeurs de conductivité thermique mesurées, montrent que les différents échantillons ne peuvent pas être considérées comme étant des matériaux isolants. Les éprouvettes exposées aux aléas climatiques (pluie et humidité) pendant un mois montrent que les blocs de terre non stabilisés se sont détériorés sous la pluie. Par contre les éprouvettes stabilisées par la gomme arabique ont conservé leurs bonnes tenues. De même, des éprouvettes stabilisées et non stabilisées sont immergées dans l’eau. A partir de 15 min, toutes les éprouvettes sont détériorées. Les matériaux argileux stabilisés par la gomme arabique ne pourront pas servir en fondation dans la construction. Ce travail de recherche sera complété par des essais de vieillissement du matériau sur des différents échantillons pour sa validation comme nouveau matériau de construction durable / Global warming and the high cost of conventional building materials (cement, lime, steel) force us to use local, available materials with no negative effect on the atmosphere. These are compressed earth blocks (BTC) stabilized with arabic gum and reinforced with rice straw. The main objective of this work is the valorization of local and ecological materials for the construction of sustainable homes. The study concerns the mechanical, thermal and durability characterization of specimens made of clay, sand, arabic gum, rice straw and water in different proportions. For this purpose, the percentages of gum Arabic are 5%, 10% and 15%. Those of rice straw are 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 30% of sand are retained for this research work. BTC bricks measuring 30 x 15 x 8 cm and specimens measuring 4 x 4 x 16 cm are manufactured to perform the mechanical tests. A "hot wire" method adapted to cylindrical specimens 16 cm in diameter and 32 cm in height is used for the determination of thermal conductivities. The use of arabic gum as a binder in the construction has given satisfactory results. At a rate of 15% gum Arabic associated with a much higher compressive stress, allow us to obtain BTCs having an acceptable mechanical strength as well as a better resistance to rainwater. Mechanical results show that gum Arabic improves mechanical strength. As is the compaction constraint. By cons the use of rice straw in the mixture reduces its mechanical strength and lightens the material. The measured thermal conductivity values show that the different formulations cannot be considered as insulating materials. The specimens exposed to the climatic hazards (rain and moisture) for a month show that the unstabilized earth blocks have deteriorated in the rain. On the other hand, samples stabilized by gum Arabic have retained their good habits. Similarly, stabilized and unstabilized specimens are immersed in water. From 15 min, all test pieces are deteriorated. The clay materials stabilized by gum Arabic can not be used as a foundation in construction. This research work will be completed by aging tests on the various formulations for validation as a new sustainable building material

De nos jours, la nécessité d’atteindre la stabilité à long terme et la facilité d'utilisation, en plus d’une plus grande fonctionnalité, implique que de nombreux produits alimentaires et ingrédients liquides ou solides sont déshydratés ou transformés mécaniquement en poudre. Les procédés de fabrication des poudres alimentaires exigent toujours la satisfaction d’une série de critères tels que la performance du procédé et la qualité du produit. La technologie d’atomisation est toujours considérée comme la principale technologie de production des poudres dans plusieurs domaines variés grâce à ses avantages prépondérants. Néanmoins dans quelques cas, l’atomisation se montre moins efficace car les frais d’investissement initiaux et de production sont trop élevés ; le besoin d’aboutir à une grande surface spécifique des poudres entraîne beaucoup de problèmes complexes concernant le transport, le nettoyage, la récupération du produit, les risques d’explosion et la dégradation thermique du produit. Tandis que, de nombreux travaux de recherche sur le phénomène d’autovaporisation par DIC (Détente Instantanée Contrôlée) ont montré que la technologie DIC est capable de résoudre de nombreuses problématiques industrielles, menant par la suite à l’obtention de produits finis de très hautes qualités et à la réduction de la consommation d’énergie. Cependant, les applications de la technologie DIC dans la fabrication des poudres alimentaires restent encore restreintes, et la comparaison des propriétés de la poudre obtenue grâce à la DIC avec les autres méthodes de production n’est pas encore effectuée systématiquement. Dans un tel contexte, ce travail de thèse est réalisé en vue de contribuer à résoudre quelques problèmes concernant le contrôle et l’amélioration de la qualité de poudre alimentaire ainsi que l’efficacité du transfert de chaleur dans les opérations d’atomisation et d’autovaporisation (traitement DIC). Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, deux matières premières principales examinées sont la gomme arabique et le soja. Cinq principales recherches effectuées dans cette thèse consistent en : premièrement, l’étude comparative des procédés de production de la poudre de gomme arabique et les impacts du traitement DIC sur les propriétés du produit fini ; deuxièmement, l’optimisation des conditions opératoires de l’atomiseur dans la fabrication du mélange de poudres de gomme arabique (GA) et maltodextrin (MD) en tant qu’un matériau de parois pour la technologie d’encapsulation ; troisièmement, l’étude comparative des procédés de production de la poudre de soja et les impacts du traitement DIC sur les propriétés du produit fini ; quatrièmement, l’optimisation des conditions opératoires de l’atomiseur dans la fabrication de la poudre de soja ; et finalement, les impacts du taux (GA/MD) dans la fabrication de la poudre de soja par atomisation. Les résultats obtenus ont indiqué que la technologie DIC peut être utilisée à la place de l’atomisation pour fabriquer les poudres de haute qualité de la gomme arabique et du soja. Les propriétés de ces poudres ont été contrôlées et améliorées à travers le réglage des conditions opératoires de l’atomiseur et du traitement DIC. Les paramètres opératoires optimaux dans chaque cas ont été trouvés grâce à l’optimisation de processus en termes de qualité du produit fini et d’efficacité de transfert de chaleur dans la chambre de séchage. / Nowadays, the need to achieve long term stability and usability, in addition to greater functionality, implies that many food products and liquid or solid ingredients are dehydrated or mechanically transformed into powder. The manufacturing processes of food powders always require the satisfaction of a series of criteria, such as process performance and product quality. The spray drying technology is always considered the main method used for producing the powders in many varied fields thanks to its preponderant advantages. However, in some cases, the spray drying shows less effective because the initial investment and production costs are too high ; the need to reach a large specific surface area of the powders causes a lot of complex problems relating to the transportation, cleaning, product recovery, explosion risk and thermal degradation of final product. Whereas, many research work on the autovaporization phenomenon by DIC (Instant controlled pressure drop) showed that the DIC technology is able to solve many industrial problems, eventually leading to obtaining the very high-quality finished products and reducing the energy consumption. However, applications of the DIC technology in the manufacture of food powders are still restricted, and the comparison of the properties of the powder obtained by DIC with other production methods is not yet performed systematically. In such a context, this thesis work is performed in order to contribute to solving some problems concerning the control and improvement of the food powder quality as well as the heat transfer efficiency in the spray drying and autovaporization operations (DIC treatment). In order to attain these objectives, two main raw materials consisting of gum arabic and soybean were examined. Five main researches carried out in this thesis consist of : firstly, comparative study of methods for producing the gum arabic powder and the impacts of DIC treatment on the properties of finished products ; secondly, optimization of the spray drying operating conditions for producing the powder mixture of gum arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) as a wall material for encapsulation technology ; thirdly, comparative study of methods for producing the soybean powder and the impacts of DIC treatment on the properties of finished products ; fourthly, optimization of the spray drying operating conditions for producing the soybean powder ; and finally, impacts of ratio (GA/MD) in the manufacture of soybean powder by spray drying. The obtained results showed that the DIC technology can be used instead of the spray drying to produce the high quality powders of gum Arabic and soybean. The properties of these powders were improved and controlled by adjusting the operating conditions of spray dryer and DIC treatment. The optimal operating parameters for each case were found thanks to the process optimization in terms of product quality and heat transfer efficiency in the drying chamber.

The gum arabic belt in Sudan plays a significant role in environmental, social and economical aspects. The belt has suffered from deforestation and degradation due to natural hazards and human activities. This research was conducted in North Kordofan State, which is affected by modifications in conditions and composition of vegetation cover trends in the gum arabic belt as in the rest of the Sahelian Sudan zone. The application of remote sensing, geographical information system and satellites imageries with multi-temporal and spatial analysis of land use land cover provides the land managers with current and improved data for the purposes of effective management of natural resources in the gum arabic belt. This research investigated the possibility of identification, monitoring and mapping of the land use land cover changes and dynamics in the gum arabic belt during the last 35 years. Also a newly approach of object-based classification was applied for image classification. Additionally, the study elaborated the integration of conventional forest inventory with satellite imagery for Acacia senegal stands. The study used imageries from different satellites (Landsat and ASTER) and multi-temporal dates (MSS 1972, TM 1985, ETM+ 1999 and ASTER 2007) acquired in dry season (November). The imageries were geo-referenced and radiometrically corrected by using ENVI-FLAASH software. Image classification (pixel-based and object-based), post-classification change detection, 2x2 and 3x3 pixel windows and accuracy assessment were applied. A total of 47 field samples were inventoried for Acacia senegal tree’s variables in Elhemmaria forest. Three areas were selected and distributed along the gum arabic belt. Regression method analysis was applied to study the relationship between forest attributes and the ASTER imagery. Application of multi-temporal remote sensing data in gum arabic belt demonstrated successfully the identification and mapping of land use land cover into five main classes. Also NDVI categorisation provided a consistent method for land use land cover stratification and mapping. Forest dominated by Acacia senegal class was separated covering an area of 21% and 24% in the year 2007 for areas A and B, respectively. The land use land cover structure in the gum arabic belt has obvious changes and reciprocal conversions between the classes indicating the trends and conditions caused by the human interventions as well as ecological impacts on Acacia senegal trees. The study revealed a drastic loss of Acacia senegal cover by 25% during the period of 1972 to 2007.The results of the study revealed to a significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05) between the ASTER bands (VNIR) and vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI, RVI) with stand density, volume, crown area and basal area of Acacia senegal trees. The derived 2x2 and 3x3 pixel windows methods successfully extracted the spectral reflectance of Acacia senegal trees from ASTER imagery. Four equations were developed and could be widely used and applied for monitoring the stand density, volume, basal area and crown area of Acacia senegal trees in the gum arabic belt considering the similarity between the selected areas. The pixel-based approach performed slightly better than the object-based approach in land use land cover classification in the gum arabic belt. The study come out with some valuable recommendations and comments which could contribute positively in using remotely sensed imagery and GIS techniques to explore management tools of Acacia senegal stands in order to maintain the tree component in the farming and the land use systems in the gum arabic belt.

This policy brief deals with the research findings of the collaborative research project “CHAnces IN Sustainability – promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa” (CHAINS) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the DLR Project Management Agency. It presents the studies investigating the value chains of highland BAMBOO and NATURAL GUM AND RESIN products in Ethiopia as well as GUM ARABIC value chains in Sudan. These products possess high eco¬nomic, social and environ¬mental benefits and untapped potentials. However, their pro-duction and commercialization are con¬strained seriously by various challenges limiting the realization of their potentials. Identified policy options are: • strengthen institutional capacity; • improve infrastructure and support services; • organize necessary information for sustainable utilization planning; • facilitate actors’ communication, innovation and fair partnership. This calls for forest product value chain development that is supported by policy, training, research, technology development and transfer, market linkage that consider private sectors, state, civic organizations, universities and research institutes.

L’objectif de cette étude a été de formuler et caractériser des émulsions simples huile/eau d’intérêt pharmaceutique stabilisées par de la β-lactoglobuline (β-lg), de la gomme arabique (GA), de la gomme xanthane (GX) et des mélanges β-lg:GA et β-lg:GX. Les concentrations massiques totales des dispersions de biopolymères étaient de 1 % et ont été augmentées à 2,5 % si les émulsions formulées n’étaient pas stables. Le mélange β-lg:GA a été réalisé à pH 4,2 afin de permettre la formation de complexes par interactions électrostatiques attractives entre la β-lg et la GA. Deux ratios β-lg:GA ont été étudiés : 2:1 et 1:2. Enfin, le mélange β-lg:GX a été effectué à pH 7, où les deux biopolymères étant chargés négativement ne se complexent pas et à un ratio de 1:1. Une étude de stabilité des émulsions a été menée sur 6 mois. Les stabilités obtenues ont pu être classées par ordre croissant : GA 2,5 % < β-lg:GA 2,5 % < β-lg 2,5 % < GX 1 % = β-lg:GX 1 %. Plusieurs mécanismes de stabilisation ont été mis en évidence grâce à l’étude des propriétés interfaciales des biopolymères, à l’étude des propriétés rhéologiques des émulsions et à des observations au microscope confocal à balayage laser des émulsions après marquage des biopolymères à la fluorescence. La β-lg et la GA sont toutes deux capables de s’adsorber à l’interface des globules huileux alors que la GX augmente la viscosité de la phase continue. L’association β-lg:GA conduit à la formation d’une double couche interfaciale stabilisante. Enfin, l’association β-lg:GX combine les mécanismes de stabilisation de la protéine, par adsorption interfaciale et de la gomme, par augmentation de la viscosité de la phase continue. / The main objective of this study was to formulate and characterize oil-in-water simple emulsions of pharmaceutical interest stabilized by β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), gum arabic (GA), xanthan gum (XG), and mixtures of β-lg:GA and β-lg:XG. The total biopolymer final concentration in the dispersions was 1 (w/w) % and could be raised to 2.5 (w/w) % if the formulated emulsions were not stable. β-lg:GA mixing was performed at pH 4.2 to allow attractive electrostatic interactions between the two biopolymers and thus the formation of complexes. Two protein:polysaccharide ratios were investigated: 2:1 and 1:2. Conversely, β8lg:XG mixing was performed at pH 7, where both biopolymers are negatively charged, in order to avoid the complex formation, and with a 1:1 ratio. A stability study was conducted for emulsions over a 6-month period. The obtained stabilities could be classified increasingly: GA 2.5 % < β-lg:GA 2.5 % < β-lg 2.5 % < XG 1 % = β-lg:XG 1 %. Several stabilization mechanisms were evidenced by the study of the biopolymer interfacial properties, the study of emulsion rheology and by confocal laser scanning microscopy observations with labeled fluorescent biopolymers. β-lg and GA were both able to adsorb at the interface of oil globule. XG enhanced the continuous phase viscosity. β-lg:GA mixing led to the formation of a stabilizing interfacial double layer. Finally, β-lg:XG association combined the stabilization mechanisms of both biopolymers, respectively: interfacial adsorption and enhancement of the continuous phase viscosity.

A Doença de Chagas atualmente atinge a vida de aproximadamente 18 milhões de portadores do parasita. Assim, este trabalho, parte de um estudo mais amplo, teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade biológica de compostos nitro-heterocíclicos com estrutura análoga à nifuroxazida, 5-nitro-2-furfurilideno 4-hidroxibenzidrazida, frente à cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi antes e após a sua microencapsulação por coacervação complexa de gelatina e goma-arábica, que, em geral, se mostram pouco solúveis nos meios e concentração empregados em testes farmacológicos, indicando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de um sistema vetorial que poderá melhorar o perfil farmacológico destes compostos. Assim, padronizou-se técnica de microencapsulação, a partir de resultados de ensaios preliminares e dados da literatura, e empregou-se dois métodos de secagem das microcápsulas, a saber: álcoois e atomização. Exame microscópico dos produtos secos confirmou a formação das microcápsulas possibilitando visualizar a diferença entre os produtos obtidos pelos dois métodos de secagem, para os quais, obteve-se rendimento de microcápsulas de 76±3,6 % e 61±5, 1 % e porcentagem de microencapsulação de 66±12,0 e 24,5±5,3 respectivamente. Obteve-se curva de absorção e de calibração dos compostos analisados, em DMSO, observando-se que não há interferência do complexo gelatina-goma arábica sobre a absorção UV dos compostos possibilitando determinação confiável da concentração destes nas microcápsulas. Ensaios in vitro demonstraram a não interferência do material de encapsulação e do solvente utilizado (DMSO 5%) sobre o desenvolvimento parasitário. Os compostos puros (50 &#181;g/mL) se mostraram bastante ativos eliminando 100% das formas parasitárias em 48 horas, enquanto que, com benznidazol (100 &#181;g/ml) no 12º dia de experimento ainda haviam formas evolutivas viáveis. Os produtos secos por atomização tiveram um comportamento antichagásico semelhante aos compostos puros reduzindo a população parasitária em 63±10% em 24 horas (64±13% compostos puros) não sendo um método adequado para liberação prolongada. Os produtos secos por álcoois permitiram este tipo de liberação devido à integridade das microcápsulas, observada ao microscópio, e em 24 horas houve redução de apenas 20±9% da população, necessitando de 96 horas para eliminação total dos parasitas. Assim, a microencapsulação e a secagem por álcoois utilizados resultaram em liberação lenta dos nitro compostos indicando a possibilidade de utilização deste sistema vetor em estudos mais aprofundados com vistas a melhorar a eficácia antichagásica desses compostos. / Chagas\' Disease reaches whole Latin America exposing 100 million people to infection risk, harming seriously 18 million patients\' life. Thus, the aim of this work was evaluate biological activity of nitro-heterocyclics compounds with similar structure of nifuroxazide, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde p-hydroxy-benzoylhydrazone, against Trypanosoma cruzi, strain Y, before and after microencapsulation by complex coacervation of gelatin and gum arabic. These compounds, in general, are poorly soluble in concentration used in pharmacological tests, thus the development of a vectorial system will improve pharmacological profile of them. Microencapsulation method was defined based on literature data and preliminary assays and it was used two drying methods: isopropanol-ethanol addition, or spray-drying. Microscopic examination of dried products shown morphological difference between alcohols and spray-dried microcapsules. Microencapsulation percentage average yields were 66.0±12.0% and 24.5±5.3% and coacervate yields were 76.0±3.6% and 61.0±5.1% respectively. After determination of &#955;MAX and standard curves, with DMSO, it was observed no interference of gelatin-acacia complex in UV absorption, making possible reliable dosage of nitro-compounds in microcapsules. ln vitro studies have not shown interference of unloaded microcapsules or DMSO 5% on parasites growth. Solutions used of free nitro-heterocyclics (50 &#181;g/mL) were plenty active against T. cruzi, have shown population reduction of 100% in 48 hours, however, benznidazol (100 &#181g/mL) in 12th day experiment there were still viable parasitic forms. Dried products by spray-drying had antichagasic behavior similar to pure compounds, with parasitic population reduction of 63±10% in 24 hours (64±13% pure compounds) not being appropriate method for extended release. Dried products by alcohols allowed this liberation type due to integrity of microcapsules, observed by microscope, and in 24 hours there was reduction of only 20±9% of the population, needing 96 hours for total parasites\' elimination. Thus, microencapsulation and drying method useing alcohols resulted in slow liberation rates of nitro compounds indicating the possibility of use this vectorial system in studies with views to improve the antichagasic effect of those compounds.

A Doença de Chagas atualmente atinge a vida de aproximadamente 18 milhões de portadores do parasita. Assim, este trabalho, parte de um estudo mais amplo, teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade biológica de compostos nitro-heterocíclicos com estrutura análoga à nifuroxazida, 5-nitro-2-furfurilideno 4-hidroxibenzidrazida, frente à cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi antes e após a sua microencapsulação por coacervação complexa de gelatina e goma-arábica, que, em geral, se mostram pouco solúveis nos meios e concentração empregados em testes farmacológicos, indicando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de um sistema vetorial que poderá melhorar o perfil farmacológico destes compostos. Assim, padronizou-se técnica de microencapsulação, a partir de resultados de ensaios preliminares e dados da literatura, e empregou-se dois métodos de secagem das microcápsulas, a saber: álcoois e atomização. Exame microscópico dos produtos secos confirmou a formação das microcápsulas possibilitando visualizar a diferença entre os produtos obtidos pelos dois métodos de secagem, para os quais, obteve-se rendimento de microcápsulas de 76±3,6 % e 61±5, 1 % e porcentagem de microencapsulação de 66±12,0 e 24,5±5,3 respectivamente. Obteve-se curva de absorção e de calibração dos compostos analisados, em DMSO, observando-se que não há interferência do complexo gelatina-goma arábica sobre a absorção UV dos compostos possibilitando determinação confiável da concentração destes nas microcápsulas. Ensaios in vitro demonstraram a não interferência do material de encapsulação e do solvente utilizado (DMSO 5%) sobre o desenvolvimento parasitário. Os compostos puros (50 &#181;g/mL) se mostraram bastante ativos eliminando 100% das formas parasitárias em 48 horas, enquanto que, com benznidazol (100 &#181;g/ml) no 12º dia de experimento ainda haviam formas evolutivas viáveis. Os produtos secos por atomização tiveram um comportamento antichagásico semelhante aos compostos puros reduzindo a população parasitária em 63±10% em 24 horas (64±13% compostos puros) não sendo um método adequado para liberação prolongada. Os produtos secos por álcoois permitiram este tipo de liberação devido à integridade das microcápsulas, observada ao microscópio, e em 24 horas houve redução de apenas 20±9% da população, necessitando de 96 horas para eliminação total dos parasitas. Assim, a microencapsulação e a secagem por álcoois utilizados resultaram em liberação lenta dos nitro compostos indicando a possibilidade de utilização deste sistema vetor em estudos mais aprofundados com vistas a melhorar a eficácia antichagásica desses compostos. / Chagas\' Disease reaches whole Latin America exposing 100 million people to infection risk, harming seriously 18 million patients\' life. Thus, the aim of this work was evaluate biological activity of nitro-heterocyclics compounds with similar structure of nifuroxazide, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde p-hydroxy-benzoylhydrazone, against Trypanosoma cruzi, strain Y, before and after microencapsulation by complex coacervation of gelatin and gum arabic. These compounds, in general, are poorly soluble in concentration used in pharmacological tests, thus the development of a vectorial system will improve pharmacological profile of them. Microencapsulation method was defined based on literature data and preliminary assays and it was used two drying methods: isopropanol-ethanol addition, or spray-drying. Microscopic examination of dried products shown morphological difference between alcohols and spray-dried microcapsules. Microencapsulation percentage average yields were 66.0±12.0% and 24.5±5.3% and coacervate yields were 76.0±3.6% and 61.0±5.1% respectively. After determination of &#955;MAX and standard curves, with DMSO, it was observed no interference of gelatin-acacia complex in UV absorption, making possible reliable dosage of nitro-compounds in microcapsules. ln vitro studies have not shown interference of unloaded microcapsules or DMSO 5% on parasites growth. Solutions used of free nitro-heterocyclics (50 &#181;g/mL) were plenty active against T. cruzi, have shown population reduction of 100% in 48 hours, however, benznidazol (100 &#181g/mL) in 12th day experiment there were still viable parasitic forms. Dried products by spray-drying had antichagasic behavior similar to pure compounds, with parasitic population reduction of 63±10% in 24 hours (64±13% pure compounds) not being appropriate method for extended release. Dried products by alcohols allowed this liberation type due to integrity of microcapsules, observed by microscope, and in 24 hours there was reduction of only 20±9% of the population, needing 96 hours for total parasites\' elimination. Thus, microencapsulation and drying method useing alcohols resulted in slow liberation rates of nitro compounds indicating the possibility of use this vectorial system in studies with views to improve the antichagasic effect of those compounds.