Submitted by Fernando Souza (fernandoafsou@gmail.com) on 2017-08-16T11:08:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 14592184 bytes, checksum: e1af48f8997b6af87f0fc91dd6d4a697 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-16T11:08:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 14592184 bytes, checksum: e1af48f8997b6af87f0fc91dd6d4a697 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / One of the most important aspects concerning the implementation of a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is that in an area covered by several Access Points (APs), there must exist mechanisms to keep the user connected at any time, regardless of his/her physical location in the network and, primarily, ensure that the applications do not suffer from loss of connectivity. In this context, handoff performance, which consists of changing the AP as the station moves within the same area, is a preponderant factor when it comes to applications that are delay-sensitive. The process is usually started by the stations that once disconnected from an AP, start scanning the existing channels searching for other available APs in a smooth fashion, but in the order of seconds, which makes it difficult to use real-time applications. The challenge is to create a more efficient mechanism to manage this process, providing the required Quality of Service (QoS) for the applications. This work presents the use of mechanisms to improve the performance of the handoff process by employing an approach based on the a Software DefinedWireless Network (SDWN), which was implemented to validate the proposal. The tests performed showed a decrease in the time spent in the handoff, contributing to guarantee the QoS of the applications. / Um dos aspectos mais importantes na implantação de uma rede local sem fio Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) é que em uma área coberta por vários Access Points (APs), devem existir mecanismos que sejam suficientes para que o usuário possa se manter conectado a qualquer hora independentemente de sua localização física dentro da rede e, principalmente, garantir que as aplicações não sofram com falhas ou perdas de conexão. Neste contexto, o desempenho do handoff, que consiste na troca de AP à medida que uma estação se move dentro de uma mesma área, é fator determinante para o uso de aplicações sensíveis ao atraso. Normalmente o processo é iniciado pelas estações, que ao se desconectarem de um AP iniciam uma varredura nos canais existentes buscando outros APs disponíveis de forma suave, porém na ordem de segundos, o que dificulta o uso de aplicações em tempo real. O desafio é criar um mecanismo mais eficiente para gerenciar este processo provendo a Qualidade de Serviço (QoS) necessária para as aplicações. Este trabalho apresenta uma solução denominada Detection and dIScovery Control in Handoff (DISpatCH) que utiliza mecanismos para melhorar o desempenho do processo de handoff utilizando uma abordagem baseada na arquitetura Software Defined Wireless Network (SDWN) os quais foram implementados para validar a proposta. Testes realizados demonstraram uma diminuição no tempo gasto no handoff contribuindo para garantir o QoS das aplicações.

Bakgrund: Bedside-överrapportering är avsedd för att möjliggöra patienternas delaktighet och vara ett personcentrerat tillvägagångssätt där patienternas expertinformation tillvaratas. I tidigare forskning beskriver sjuksköterskorna patienterna som en oanvänd resurs i överrapporteringar (icke bedside). Dessutom erfar sjuksköterskorna tidsbrist och att rapporter var ofullständiga. Patienterna uppskattade i sin tur bedside-överrapportering eftersom de upplever en större kontroll och delaktighet. Dock erfars en utmaning kring känslig information och konfidentialitetsfrågor. Problem: Sjuksköterskorna har en central roll i att möjliggöra patienternas delaktighet och deras erfarenheter anses kunna bidra till en bättre förståelse för utmaningar och möjligheter i bedside-överrapportering. Syfte: Att skapa en kartläggning av sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av bedside-överrapportering. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt för att skapa en översiktlig bild grundad i en analys av 10 artiklar. Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna erfor att patienterna blev mer delaktiga vid bedside-överrapportering och att personcentrerad vård främjades eftersom patienterna hamnade i fokus. Sjuksköterskorna beskrev även utmaningar i bedside-överrapporteringar i huruvida konfidentilitet och integritet röjdes samt avbrott och tidsbrist. Trots detta sågs även förbättringar som att överrapporteringarna erfors bli mer korrekt och komplett och kommunikationen ansågs förbättrad. Utöver detta upplevde sjuksköterskorna sig mer nöjda. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna uttryckte en förbättring i patientdelaktighet, personcentrering, kommunikation och rapportering. Dock fanns hinder i patientdelaktighet och problem gällande tidsaspekten och konfidentialitetsfrågor. / Background: Bedside handoff is a person-centred approach that aims to enable patient-participation and ensure the patients’ expert information is utilised. In earlier research nurses describe patients to be an unused resource. Furthermore, nurses find that lack of time and incomplete reports are problems in patient handoffs. Patients appreciate bedside handoffs because they feel more involved and in control. However, there is a perceived challenge concerning sensitive information and confidentiality issues. Problem: Nurses have a crucial role in enabling patient participation and their experiences are considered to help form a greater understanding of the challenges and possibilities relating to bedside handoffs. Purpose: To create an overview of nurses’ experiences of bedside handoff. Method: General literature review to create an overview founded in the analysis of 10 articles. Results: Nurses experienced that patients became more involved with bedside handoffs and that person-centred care was promoted because patients became the focus. Nurses also described challenges with bedside handoff in whether confidentiality and integrity were jeopardised. Moreover, challenges such as interruptions and lack of time were found. Despite this, improvements were also seen such as a more accurate and complete report, and improvements in communication. In addition, nurses felt more satisfied using bedside handoff. Conclusion: Nurses experienced an improvement in patient-participation, person-centred care, communication and in the report itself. However, there were barriers to patient-participation, time limits and confidentiality issues.

Inom utveckling av mjukvaruprodukter kan samarbete ofta ske mellan designers och andra tekniska intressenter, såsom utvecklare. En förekommande process under samarbetet är en s.k. handoff, där design överlämnas från designers till utvecklade för att implementera denna i kod. Samarbetet mellan designers och utvecklare kan nuförtiden ske mer tillsammans och vara iterativt. Trots detta kan det finnas flera utmaningar inom samarbetet, såsom att försöka genomföra en exakt omvandling från design till kod. Andra sammanbrott (breakdowns) kan riskera att ske i samarbetet. Ett verktyg som kan användas inom design men som även erbjuder exportering av element och omvandling till kod är Figma. Verktyget beskrivs vara lämpligt för kollaboration, bland annat för designers och utvecklare. Figma menar att designer-utvecklare handoffs kan bli så lätt som en “handskakning”. I det här examensarbetet undersöks vilket roll Figma kan spela i samarbetet mellan just dessa två grupper, och huruvida Figmas verkliga användning skiljer sig från den som beskrivits. Studien försöker besvara hur Figma används i designer-utvecklare samarbetet i slutet av designprocessen och under konstruktionsprocessen, där konstruktionsprocess innebär där implementationen sker, detta enligt egen uppfattning. Semistrukturerade, digitala intervjuer genomfördes med tre designers och fyra utvecklare från företag i Sverige. De flesta deltagarna arbetade på olika företag. Affinitetsdiagram användes för analys. Resultatet visade att designers och utvecklare brukar använda Figma genom designprocessen, men även i skärningspunkten mellan design- och konstruktionsprocessen; designers skapar guidelines i designsystemet och kommentarer för att dela information med utvecklarna. Utvecklarna granskar och godkänner designers skapelser innan de läggs in i designsystemet, eller skapar komponenter själva. Designsystemet kan i sin tur fungera som en mall för utvecklarna när de ska börja koda. Det framgick även att andra faktorer kan spela roll i samarbetet, såsom mänskliga faktorer. Båda parterna använder Figma för att kommunicera med varandra skriftligt och visuellt, bland annat genom kommentarsfunktionen, prototyper och designsystem. Efter diskussion om resultaten visar det sig att Figma används under handoffs, men inte exklusivt. Verktyget kan dessutom användas för mer än att skapa gränssnitt. Det visar sig även att Figma på olika sätt kan främja designers och utvecklare i att tala samma språk; till exempel finns en del namn i Figma som liknar kodspråk. Å andra sidan såg deltagarna rum för förbättring i detta område då det fortfarande finns en del namn och funktioner i Figma som skiljer sig från kodspråk. En annan förekommande utmaning med samarbetet i Figma var synkronisering mellan designers och utvecklares representationer, det vill säga det som designers skapar och det som utvecklare skapar. Med andra ord upplevdes det svårt att fånga upp förändringar som gjorts i Figma eller i kodmiljön, och se till att det finns endast en sanningskälla. Slutsatsen är att Figma används i en kollaborativ designprocess för att kommunicera hur designen bör fungera och se ut visuellt. I konstruktionsprocessen används Figma för att granska olika designartefakter och inspektera designsystemet i Figma, vilka agerar utgångspunkter vid implementation. / In the field of software development, collaboration between designers and other technical stakeholders such as developers is common. During the collaboration, one occurring process is the so-called handoff, in which designers hand over a design to developers in order to implement the design into code. Today, designers and developers can often work together in an iterative fashion. Despite this, challenges may occur during the collaboration, such as when trying to transform design to code. Other breakdowns may also occur during the collaboration. One tool, that is used for design but can also offer exporting of elements and transforming to code, is Figma. The tool is described as being convenient for collaboration, such as designers and developers among other groups. According to Figma, using the tool may transform a designer-developer handoff into a “handshake”. In this thesis, the role of Figma in the designers-developer collaboration and its usage is studied. The goal of the study is to provide an answer to how Figma is used in the collaboration between designers and developers at the end of the design process and during the construction process. The construction process describes the process where the implementation is done, according to the authors' own understanding. Semi-structured digital interviews with three designers and four developers from companies in Sweden were conducted in this study. The majority of the participants worked at different companies. Affinity diagram were used to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that designers and developers usually use Figma throughout the design process, but also in the intersection of the design- and construction process; designers create guidelines in the design system and use comments to share information with developers. The developers review and approve designers’ creations before inserting them into the design system, or they just create the components themselves. Developers can also use the design system as a foundation for coding. Another interesting find was that other aspects outside of Figma, such as human factors, could impact the collaboration as well. Both designers and developers use Figma to communicate by text and through visuals, such as via the comment feature, prototypes and design systems. After discussing the results, it became clear the Figma is used during handoffs but not exclusively so. The tool can also be used for more than just creating interfaces. In many ways Figma can support designers and developers in speaking the same language, such as by having similar names to the ones found in code. On the other hand, the participants saw room for improvement in this area since some features and names in Figma differ from code. Another frequent challenge when collaborating in Figma was the synchronization between designers’ and developers’ representations, where representations are the things that designers and developers create respectively. In other words, designers and developers described challenges in picking up the changes made in Figma or in the development environment, and maintaining a single source of truth. The conclusion is that Figma is used in a collaborative design process to communicate the behaviour and visual aspects of the design. During the construction process, Figma is used to review design artefacts and inspect the design system in Figma, which acts as foundations for implementation.

Att upprätthålla patientens integritet är en utmaning för anestesisjuksköterskan i hens dagliga arbete. Orsakerna är den fysiska miljön på den postoperativa enheten, patient- tätheten, den sederade patienten samt vikten av att säkerställa god och säker vård efter överlämnandet. Anestesisjuksköterskan kan aldrig förutse hur och i vilken grad patien- ten uppfattar stimuli strax efter uppvaknandet och därför blir behovet att skydda integri- teten särskilt viktigt. Forskningsläget är oklart då inga artiklar som gäller bevarandet av patientens integritet i samband med överlämning till den postoperativa enheten har kun- nat identifieras. Överlämningen och överrapporteringen sker i ett vårdrum där obehö- riga  och eventuellt deras närstående befinner sig. Anestesisjuksköterskans tystnadsplikt utmanas och patienten som överlämnas är inte helt vaken vilket begränsar patientens möjlighet att värja sig för utlämnande situationer. Studiens syfte var att undersöka vilka tillvägagångssätt som anestesisjuksköterskan använder för att skydda patientens integri- tet i samband med överlämning till den postoperativa enheten. Kvalitativ observations- studie som kombinerades med kortare intervjuer valdes som metod. Studien utfördes på två mindre operationsenheter i västra Sverige. Totalt genomfördes 26 observationer och 12 intervjuer. Dataanalysen utfördes med tematisk analys enligt Braun och  Clarke (2006). Resultatet presenteras i tre huvudteman som utkristalliserades under analysen: Skapa trygghet och tillfredställelse, Skapa skyddande revir och Skapa lämpliga tillvä- gagångssätt.  Det framkom att medvetenheten om komplexiteten i situationen hos anes- tesisjuksköterskan var stor och att hen använde olika strategier för att skydda patientens integritet i samband med överlämningen. Forskning inom andra kontext bekräftar delar av studiens resultat. Den postoperativa miljön med ständiga avbrott,  närvaro av obehö- riga samt patientens halvvakna tillstånd och hens utsatthet försatte anestesisjuksköters- kan och patienten i situationer där integritetsskyddet brast. Anestesisjuksköterskan var till viss del medveten om risker som kunde utgöra en integritetskränkning. Hen använde tillvägagångssätt för att skapa skydd både genom fysiska medel samt genom att avstå eller begränsa verbal kommunikation. En ökad medvetenhet kräver tid för en aktiv dis- kussion om patientens integritet och hur den skyddas. Det bör vara ett gemensamt an- svar för all personal som på något sätt är delaktig i överlämningssituationen eller befin- ner sig på den postoperativa enheten.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor har i sitt dagliga arbete till uppgift att ge och ta emot rapport om patienterna hen vårdar. En god kommunikation krävs för att säkerställa att relevant information förmedlas och inte patientsäkerheten hotas. Syfte: Att beskriva strategier för hur kommunikationen kan förbättras vid överrapportering mellan sjuksköterskor inom den somatiska slutenvården. Metod: Litteraturöversikten är baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ, kvantitativ och mixad ansats. Artiklarna identifierades via sökningar i databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och Web of Science. Resultat: Tre strategier framkom: personlig överrapportering, användandet av standardiserade formulär och överrapportering vid patientens säng. Strategierna gav en effektivare, säkrare och mer tidssparande överrapportering. Slutsats: En god kommunikation mellan sjuksköterskorna är oerhört viktigt för att bibehålla en trygg och säker vård för patienterna. För att få en förbättrad kommunikation mellan sjuksköterskor vid överrapportering kan olika strategier användas. Då sjuksköterskorna ofta har en hög arbetsbelastning så krävs det att överrapporteringarna är strukturerade för att inte tappa bort viktig information. / Background: Information handover about patients is a central task in registered nurses’ daily work. Communication is important to safeguard that relevant information is transferred and that patient safety is not violated. Aim: To describe strategies that can improve communication at handover between registered nurses in somatic hospital wards. Method: The literature review is based on 15 scientific articles including qualitative, quantitative and mixed approach, identified in the databases Cinahl, PubMed and Web of Science. Results: Three strategies were identified: individual handover, the use of standardized forms, and bedside nursing handover. These strategies provided a more efficient, safer and more time-saving handover. Conclusion: Different strategies can be used for enhanced handover communication between registered nurses. Registered nurses often have a heavy workload which requires that the handovers are well structured in order not to lose important information. A good communication between nurses are extremely important to maintain a safe and secure care for patients.

目前全球電信業的發展，將以第三代行動通訊網路（3G）為基礎，有效提供全方位的無線寬頻數據與語音服務。而IP(Internet Protocol)的應用與行動通訊的結合，將會徹底改變大眾未來的生活。在第三代行動通訊網路的發展中，因為基地台的涵蓋範圍愈來愈小（micro/pico cellular），造成使用者在使用行動通訊網路時會產生更頻繁的交遞。如何讓使用者在進行交遞程序時降低交遞失敗率（handoff dropping rate），讓使用者在使用第三代行動網路的服務時，不會因為交遞的發生而造成服務中斷，以達到無接縫的交遞（seamless handoff），並同時降低新呼所堵塞率（new call blocking rate）及滿足各種使用者需求的服務品質，提升資源使用效率。本論文考量以使用者位置（location-base）及基地台特色作為交遞預測的準則。以往，交遞執行與否的決定是以使用者設備接收各基地台訊號強弱、移動速度等資訊作為參考。在此我們利用已發展出之各種定位技術，以使用者位置做為交遞程序準則（location-aware handoff），根據每個基地台在不同地理位置所呈現出的不同訊務特色，提出一個適用於各種環境，在交遞時的資源保留機制。預測使用者的未來走向，以滿足使用者在交遞時QoS的需求，使得在基地台中資源預留達到最小，能有效降低新呼叫堵塞率、交遞失敗率，並提升基地台資源使用率，進而使整個網路效能最佳化，滿足各種服務之QoS需求。為驗證本文所提出的交遞及資源保留演算法對於系統效能的改進，在此設計了一套適用於第三代無線通訊網路的交遞模擬系統。使用者可匯入不同地區的實際電子地圖，系統會依使用者在不同位置所產生之不同的行為模式，如方向、速度等；或因基地台之地理位置及時間的不同，產生不同的使用需求或訊務量等；據此建立各個基地台的使用特性，以符合實際使用狀況，並獲得更精確的模擬結果。末了再套用本文所發展的交遞及資源保留演算法修改模組，以驗證不同交遞演算法及通訊協定的效能。 / The development of mobile communication will base on the 3rd generation communication system (3G), which can provide boardband wireless data communication and voice service. The integration of Internet protocol and mobile communication will totally change our future life. In comparisons with previous mobile communication systems, the coverage of 3G base station is much smaller, which will cause Mobile Host (MH) execute handoff procedure more frequently. Our goal is to reduce handoff dropping rate, new call blocking rate and at the same time satisfy all QoS requests, increase resource utilization supporting seamless handoff. In the past, handoff procedure is executed by assessing signal strength of base stations. Here we consider user location and base station geographical pattern to support a location-aware handoff procedure. We invent a resource reservation scheme according to the traffic characteristics and environment of the base station and predict user location to optimize system performance. To compare the system performance between different schemes, we developed a handoff simulation tool (3GHOSim) suitable for 3G mobile communication system. The system could import electronic map, create different user behavior (direction, speed, etc.), generate different user requirements and traffic loads trying to get more realistic simulation results.

Objective: According to the Joint Commission (2012), about 80% of serious medical errors are related to miscommunication between healthcare providers. The Joint Commission (2012) recommended the utilization of standardized communication tools to reduce the number of medical errors related to the miscommunication. The Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation (SBAR) communication tool is a standardized tool that has been used to improve the effectiveness of communication between healthcare providers. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of using SBAR communication tool for warm handoff between primary care providers and behavioral health providers in order to provide a continuous and complete transition of care for patients with psychiatric disorders or psychosocial issues. Method: A mixed method design was implemented in an integrated primary care clinic at two locations in Phoenix, Arizona. A brief presentation about the SBAR tool and copies of the SBAR tool was provided for the clinic staff. Data were gathered from four participants (two nurse practitioners and two behavioral health workers) using structured observation, pre-and post-test surveys, and structured interviews. Length of study was one month. Results: During the data collection, there were 40 observed warm handoffs, 12 unobserved warm handoffs between primary care nurse practitioners and behavioral health workers. Seventy-five percent of the participants felt that the SBAR helped them in organizing their thoughts and providing/obtaining adequate information during warm handoff. They reported satisfaction when using the SBAR tool. There was no statistically significant difference in the scores of collaboration and satisfaction about care decisions between pre and post-SBAR intervention. Conclusion: The SBAR communication tool has the potential to improve communication between primary care providers and behavioral health workers to improve the quality and safety of care for patients with psychosocial concerns. Utilizing SBAR may increase teamwork and ensures adequate hand-off information on the warm handoff. Multiple PDSA cycles should be conducted to refine the change and make it applicable and sustainable in the integrated care setting.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-11T19:32:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Alex F D Monteiro.pdf: 2575711 bytes, checksum: b0ebf6137549e07b5c23b0bb5d4a8632 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-15T18:00:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Alex F D Monteiro.pdf: 2575711 bytes, checksum: b0ebf6137549e07b5c23b0bb5d4a8632 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-15T18:04:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Alex F D Monteiro.pdf: 2575711 bytes, checksum: b0ebf6137549e07b5c23b0bb5d4a8632 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-15T18:04:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Alex F D Monteiro.pdf: 2575711 bytes, checksum: b0ebf6137549e07b5c23b0bb5d4a8632 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / Não Informada / The demand for different applications and services on the Internet has grown dramatically in recent years. To meet this demand, various wireless communication technologies with different characteristics have been used to provide access these services. However, not always technology wireless access used is the most appropriate to the requirements of the applications and services or even the user's interest in issues such as access speed, financial cost and power consumption. The main issue is how to identify the best network and access interface that offers the best value for money, meeting user expectations and operating autonomously. In order to propose a solution to address this issue, this paper describes a new interface selection mechanism based on analysis of contextual information obtained from the user and the device. This mechanism, called CANS (Context-Aware Network Selection), is composed of an acquisition module of context information and selection strategies and management interfaces specific to each type of access technology. The CANS is designed to operate on computers that support the Linux operating system. The evaluation of the proposed mechanism is held in the real environment. The results show that the adoption of the proposed selection strategies enables the user to better exploit the advantages of access technologies in an environment, achieving a reduction in device power consumption and financial cost. / A demanda por diferentes aplicações e serviços na Internet tem crescido drasticamente nos últimos anos. Para atender esta demanda, diversas tecnologias de comunicação sem fio com diferentes características têm sido utilizadas para fornecer acesso estes serviços. Contudo, nem sempre a tecnologia de acesso sem fio utilizada é a mais adequada aos requisitos exigidos pelas aplicações e serviços ou mesmo a questões de interesse do usuário como velocidade de acesso, custo financeiro e consumo de energia. A questão principal é como identificar a melhor rede e interface de acesso que ofereça a melhor relação custo benefício, atendendo as expectativas do usuário e que opere de forma autônoma. Com o intuito de propor uma solução para tratar essa questão, este trabalho descreve um novo mecanismo de seleção de interfaces baseado em análise de informações contextuais obtidas a partir do usuário e do dispositivo. Este mecanismo, denominado CANS (Context-Aware Network Selection), é composto por um módulo de aquisição de informações de contexto e por estratégias de seleção e gerenciamento de interfaces específicas a cada tipo de tecnologia de acesso. O CANS é projetado para operar em computadores que suportem o sistema operacional Linux. A avaliação do mecanismo proposto é realizada em ambiente real. Os resultados mostram que a adoção das estratégias de seleção propostas possibilita ao usuário explorar melhor as vantagens das tecnologias de acesso em um ambiente, obtendo uma redução no consumo de energia do dispositivo e do custo financeiro.

Wireless communication systems have evolved substantially over the last two decades. The explosive growth of the wireless communications market is expected to continue in the future, as the demand for all types of wireless services is increasing. Beside providing higher data rates, next generation wireless networks (NGWN) are expected to have advanced capabilities such as interoperability, efficient spectrum utilization along with a wide variety of applications over different domains (e.g., public safety and military, aeronautical networks, femtocells, and so on) to the mobile users while serving as many users as possible. However, these advanced capabilities and services must be achieved under the constraint of limited available resources such as electromagnetic spectrum and power. In addition, NGWNs (and nodes within) need to modify themselves under rapidly changing conditions such as wireless propagation channel characteristics, traffic load, and so on. Moreover, NGWNs are expected to optimize their parameters by evaluating their experiences in the past. All of these characteristics imply that NGWNs should be equipped with cognitive capabilities including sensing, awareness, adaptation and responding to changing conditions along with learning about the past experiences. In this dissertation, environment, channel, and interference awareness are investigated in detail for NGWN. Methods for being aware of environment, channel, and interference are provided along with some possible ways of adapting several design parameters of NGWNs. In addition, cross-layer optimization issues are addressed from the perspective of both recently emerging technology called cognitive radio (CR) and NGWN.