The aim of this study was to assess and explore the household environmental health factors associated with the occurrence of diarrhoea in under five children in Sebeta town of Ethiopia, in order to develop environmental health strategies for prevention of childhood diarrhoea. A descriptive, quantitative, contextual and cross-sectional study, using stratified random sampling method, was used to conduct the research. The data collection was carried out from November 6 to 28, 2013 using structured interview schedules and a total of 477 households’ mothers/caregivers with under five children had participated in the study. In analyzing data, both bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed using SPSS software. The finding of the study shows that the prevalence of childhood diarrhoea was 9.9%. A number of risk factors including socio-demographic variables, water and hygienic practices, and knowledge risk factors showed significant association with childhood diarrhoea on bivariate analysis using chi-squared and Fischer's exact tests. Multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression was conducted to examine the significance of identified risk factors in bivariate analysis. The results of multivariate regression analysis shows that four variables were associated with risk of childhood diarrhoea; including type of toilet facility (AOR: 0.37; 95% CI 0.16 – 0.87; p=0.023), availability of specific place for handwashing (AOR: 0.40; 95% CI 0.18 – 0.90; p=0.026), availability of handwashing facility (AOR: 0.20; 95% CI 0.06 – 0.70; p=0.012) and mothers’ knowledge on diarrhoea causation (AOR: 3.09; 95% CI 1.24 – 7.68; p=0.015). Although childhood diarrhoea was found to be less prevalent as compared to national and regional prevalence rates, diarrhoea remains one of the causes of morbidity in children of the studied households. The findings of the study concludes that childhood diarrhoea has a number of environmental determinants, notably due to environmental health risk factors associated with lack of improved sanitation and hand-washing facilities and poor knowledge on diarrhoea causation. The study thus recommends that effective measures to curtail prevalence of diarrhoea in urban contexts should be substantially increased by enhancing urban sanitation promotion programmes with emphasis on accelerating universal access to improved sanitation and handwashing facilities, together with efforts in promoting proper hygiene behaviours. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The aim of this study was to assess and explore the household environmental health factors associated with the occurrence of diarrhoea in under five children in Sebeta town of Ethiopia, in order to develop environmental health strategies for prevention of childhood diarrhoea. A descriptive, quantitative, contextual and cross-sectional study, using stratified random sampling method, was used to conduct the research. The data collection was carried out from November 6 to 28, 2013 using structured interview schedules and a total of 477 households’ mothers/caregivers with under five children had participated in the study. In analyzing data, both bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed using SPSS software. The finding of the study shows that the prevalence of childhood diarrhoea was 9.9%. A number of risk factors including socio-demographic variables, water and hygienic practices, and knowledge risk factors showed significant association with childhood diarrhoea on bivariate analysis using chi-squared and Fischer's exact tests. Multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression was conducted to examine the significance of identified risk factors in bivariate analysis. The results of multivariate regression analysis shows that four variables were associated with risk of childhood diarrhoea; including type of toilet facility (AOR: 0.37; 95% CI 0.16 – 0.87; p=0.023), availability of specific place for handwashing (AOR: 0.40; 95% CI 0.18 – 0.90; p=0.026), availability of handwashing facility (AOR: 0.20; 95% CI 0.06 – 0.70; p=0.012) and mothers’ knowledge on diarrhoea causation (AOR: 3.09; 95% CI 1.24 – 7.68; p=0.015). Although childhood diarrhoea was found to be less prevalent as compared to national and regional prevalence rates, diarrhoea remains one of the causes of morbidity in children of the studied households. The findings of the study concludes that childhood diarrhoea has a number of environmental determinants, notably due to environmental health risk factors associated with lack of improved sanitation and hand-washing facilities and poor knowledge on diarrhoea causation. The study thus recommends that effective measures to curtail prevalence of diarrhoea in urban contexts should be substantially increased by enhancing urban sanitation promotion programmes with emphasis on accelerating universal access to improved sanitation and handwashing facilities, together with efforts in promoting proper hygiene behaviours. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Attutforska och definiera vilka faktorer som bygger upp en långsiktigt hållbarverksamhet med välmående och flexibla medarbetare är viktigt i ett samhälle medkrav på snabba förändringar. Appreciative leadership är en ledarskapsfilosofivars praktik i teorin kommer ur de fem kärnstrategier (5 I) och vars förväntadeeffekter starkt korrelerar med det som i litteraturen be-skrivs somfriskfaktorer i arbetslivet. Syftet med arbetet är att bidra med kunskap kringhur de fem kärnstrategierna kan omsättas i praktik och utforska om utövandetger effekter på den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. I studien användes mixed methodsoch resultatet har sin grund en kvantitativ enkät som följdes upp medkvalitativa djupintervjuer samt fokusgrupp. Till grund för resultatet låg ocksåövergripande observationer samt dokumentanalys. Resultatet visar att samtligafem kärnstrategier i hög grad finns närvarande i verksamheten och att samtligamed-arbetare skattade och beskrev sin psykosociala arbetsmiljö som utmärkt. Detkunde också konstateras att utövande av de fem kärnstrategierna i verksamhetentill stor del sker genom ett antal väl valda arbetssätt och metoder, blandannat en stark hjälpande kultur, inre ledarskap och klar kommunikation. Iresultatet går även att utläsa att det finns utmaningar med arbets-sättet ochatt det finns några grundläggande förutsättningar som beskrivs viktiga för attarbets-sättet som helhet ska fungera, däribland hög grundbemanning och starkgemensam värde-grund. Utifrån att kärnstrategiernas praktiska utövande isamtliga steg i studien beskrivs bidra till arbetslivets friskfaktorer ärslutsatsen att det är högst troligt att ett medvetet och praktiskt utövande av5 I kan bidra till en hälsosam arbetsplats, öka arbetsglädjen och iförlängningen minska risken för arbetsrelaterad ohälsa. / In a society   which demands rapid change, exploring and defining which factors build up a   long-term sustainable organisation with prosperous and flexible employees is   important. Appreciative leadership is a leadership philosophy which can be   split into five core strategies. (5 I) These strategies strongly correlate   with what is described in the literature as ”health factors” in the work   environment. The purpose of this study was to discover how the five core   strategies can be put in to practice and to explore what effect this has on   the psychosocial work environment. The study used mixed methods and the   result is based on a quantitative questionnaire that was followed up by   qualitative in-depth interviews and focus group. The basis for the result was   also general observation and a brief literature review. The result showed   that all five core strategies were present in the organization and that all   em-ployees described their psychosocial environment as excellent. It was also   noticed that the practice of the five core strategies in the organization   takes place through a number of well-chosen methods, including a strong   supportive culture, internal leadership and clear communi-cation. The result   also revealed that there were challenges with the actual way of working and   that there were some basic conditions that were described as important for   the method as a whole. These included high staffing and strong common values.   The practice of the core stra-tegies were described as contributing to the   health factors of working. It was concluded that it is highly likely that a   conscious practice of 5 I can contribute to a healthy work place, increase   work satisfaction and in the long term decrease the risk for work-related   illness. / <p>2019-06-27</p>

Människan tillbringar ungefär en tredjedel av dygnet på sin arbetsplats, därför är en god arbetsmiljö av stor vikt. Det finns faktorer i arbetsmiljön som påverkar den enskilda individen i olika utsträckning. Friskfaktorer är en sådan faktor som kan beskrivas med orden hälsa och frisk, som tyder på en frånvaro av sjukdomssymptom, medan hälsofaktorer beskriver de delar av arbetsmiljön som är positiva och hälsofrämjande. Den aktuella studien fokuserar på American Family Association insurance´s (AFA-försäkring) friskfaktorer. Arbetsmiljön i bemanningsbranschen kan i sin tur karaktäriseras som ett triangelledarskap, vilket kännetecknar branschen. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ett bemanningsföretag tillämpar AFA-försäkrings friskfaktorer. Metoden utfördes genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie med tolkande utformning. Det intervjuades totalt nio personer i de tre olika yrkeskategorierna, verksamhetschefer, konsultchef och konsulter på fältet. Den insamlade datan analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och med en deduktiv ansats. Resultatet visade på att virtuellt ledarskap, socialt stöd och möjliga utbildningsinvesteringar var tre av sex friskfaktorer som var påverkbara på bemanningsföretaget. Ledarskapet uppehölls i sin tur genom kommunikationsteknik samt en fysisk träff i veckan. Upplevelsen av ledarskapet var bra trots förutsättningarna, men mer fysisk närvaro och kommunikation önskades. En faktor som påverkade det sociala stödet var konstruktiv feedback. Det erbjöds utbildningsmöjligheter, utnyttjandet av erbjudandet var inte så stort då en tidsbrist rådde. Slutsats, resultatet visade på att bibehålla en kontinuerlig kommunikation försvåras vid ett fysiskt frånvarande ledarskap och en god relation kan därmed vara svår att skapa. Det sociala stödet påverkades genom feedback, vid en minskad feedback reducerades känslan av det sociala stödet. Arbetsplatsen ansåg att investeringar i utbildning är väsentligt för kompetensutvecklingen hos personalen. / People spend about one third of the day at their workplace, therefore are a favourable working environment of great importance. There are factors in the working environment that affect the individual in different extents. Health factors are such a factor and can be described by the words, health and well-being, which indicates an absence of disease symptoms. While health promotion factors describe the parts of the working environment that are positive and health promoting. The current study focuses on American Family Association insurance (AFA-insurance) health factors. The work environment in the staffing company can be characterized as a triangular leadership, which characterizes the industry. The aim of the study was to investigate how a staffing company applies AFA insurance's health factors. Method, the study was performed by a qualitative interview study with a interpretive configuration. Nine people were interviewed in the three different job types, businessmanagers, consultant and consultants in the field. The collected data was then analyzed by using a qualitative content analysis and with a deductive approach. The result showed that the virtual leadership, socialsupport and possible educational investment were three of six health factors which were influential at the company. Leadership was held by communication technology as well as a physical session per week. The experience of the leadership works well given the conditions, but more physical presence and communication were desired. One factor that affected social support was constructive feedback. Education opportunities were offered, the utilization of the offer was poorly due to a shortage of time. Conclusion, the result showed that social support was influenced by feedback, reduced feedback decreased the sense of social support. The workplace considered that investment in education was essential and important for the competence development among the employees. Maintaining continuous communication was complicated when the leadership was physically absent.

Introduktion Att arbeta med hälsofrämjande insatser på arbetsplatsen är viktigt för att värna om en välmående folkhälsa (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2019). Då stress används som indikator för att mäta folkhälsan och många i dagens samhälle sjukskrivs på grund av arbetsrelaterad stress så är det av folkhälsovetenskaplig relevans att undersöka hållbara lösningar för en jämlik hälsa (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2020; Försäkringskassan, 2016). Med bakgrund av att arbetsplatsen är en viktig arena för att behålla och främja hälsan hos befolkningen (Naidoo &amp; Wills, 2016) så är det av studiens intresse är att undersöka hälsofrämjande arbetsplatser med hjälp av tidigare vetenskapligt material. Syfte Syftet med examensarbetet är att utifrån en strukturerad litteraturstudie beskriva vilka hälsofrämjande faktorer som kan vara framgångsrika för att ökat välbefinnande på arbetsplatser. Metod Studien har gjorts genom en strukturerad litteraturstudie där tio artiklar hämtats från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Artiklarnas resultat har vidare analyserats med tematisk analys. Resultat Resultatet visar att det finns åtta hälsofrämjande faktorer (Balans, Bekräftelse, Engagemang, Gruppkänsla, Kommunikation, Medvetenhet, Resurser, Samarbete, Socialt klimat och Stöd) som bidrar till en hälsofrämjande arbetsmiljö är och kan delas in i tre dimensioner på individ, grupp samt ledarskaps och organisationsnivå. Slutsats Det finns hälsofrämjande faktorer som kan tillämpas ur ett helhetsperspektiv och således påverka den övergripande arbetskulturen på arbetsplatsen vilket kan ha positiv inverkan på individers välbefinnande. / Introduction Working with health promoting initiatives in the workplace is important for the wellbeing of public health (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2021). As stress is used as an indicator to measure public health and since many people are on sick leave due to work-related stress, it is of public health relevance to investigate sustainable solutions for equal public health (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2020; Försäkringskassan, 2016). Given that the workplace is an important arena for maintaining and promoting the health of the population (Naidoo &amp; Wills, 2016), it is in the interest of the study to investigate health promoting factors using previous empirical material. The Aim The aim of the study is to describe, based on a structured literature study, which health promoting factors that can be successful to increase well-being in the workplace. Method The study was conducted through a structure literature review where ten articles were selected from the databases PubMed and CINAHL. The result from the articles have been further analyzed with thematic analysis. Results The results shows that eight health promotion factors that can contribute to a health-promoting work environment is: Balance, Confirmation, Commitment, Group feeling, Communication, Awareness, Resources, Cooperation, Social climate, and Support which also can be divided into three dimensions on individual, group, and leadership and organizational level. Conclusion There are health promoting factors that can be applied from a holistic perspective and thus affect the overall work culture in the workplace, which can have a positive impact on individuals' well-being.

“Who takes care of the manager?”An exploratory study of manager´s perceived organizational and social work environment.  The study aims to create a deeper understanding of managers' experiences, of their organizational and social work environment. Furthermore, the study aims to examine managers' perceptions of health factors that they perceive as health-promoting. The main question of this study is; “How do managers experience their organizational and social work environment?”. As previous research has often focused on preventive factors, this study focuses on a health-promoting perspective. Which refers to the study's second question; "What health factors do managers perceive as health-promoting?". The study applies a qualitative method through semi-structured interviews for the collection of empirical material. The sample consists of eight first-line and middle managers in various industries. The study has an exploratory focus in order to create a basis for further research.  The results of the study show that recovery, communication, colleagues, social relationships, clear roles, goals and tasks are perceived as important organizational and social aspects in the manager's own work environment. The results also show that perceived health factors are flexibility in working hours, being heard, support from colleagues, functioning social relationships and recovery by adapting their meetings.   Keywords: Organizational and social work environment, management, health factors, health promotion. / Studien syftar till att skapa djupare förståelse för chefers upplevelse, av deras organisatoriskaoch sociala arbetsmiljö. Studien syftar även till att undersöka chefers uppfattning om defriskfaktorer som de upplever som hälsofrämjande. Uppsatsens huvudfrågeställning är; “Hurupplever chefer sin organisatoriska och sociala arbetsmiljö?” Då tidigare forskning oftafokuserat på preventiva faktorer, inriktar sig denna studie på ett hälsofrämjande perspektiv.Vilket syftar till studiens andra frågeställning; “Vilka friskfaktorer upplever chefer somhälsofrämjande?” Studien tillämpar kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer förinsamling av empiriskt material. Urvalet består av åtta första linjens- och mellanchefer inomolika branscher. Studien har ett explorativt fokus i syfte att skapa underlag till vidareforskning.Studiens resultat visar på att återhämtning, kommunikation, kollegor, sociala relationer,tydliga roller, mål och arbetsuppgifter upplevs som viktiga organisatoriska och socialaaspekter i chefens egna arbetsmiljö. Resultatet visar vidare på att upplevda friskfaktorer ärflexibilitet i arbetstid, att bli hörd, kollegors stöd, fungerande sociala relationer ochåterhämtning genom att anpassa sina möten.

Thèse en cotutelle avec l'Université de Strasbourg. / Le vieillissement de la population nous amène à imaginer de nouvelles approches pour promouvoir la santé et le bien-être à un âge avancé. Les liens sociaux et la mobilité quotidienne jouent potentiellement un rôle important, mais ces dynamiques sont actuellement mal comprises. Cette thèse vise à explorer comment les réseaux sociaux des aînés s'intègrent dans leurs espaces d'activité, et comment les relations sociales, inscrites dans l'environnement spatial, sont associées au bien-être. La thèse explore les données de l’étude CURHA collectées au Québec au sein de la cohorte NuAge. La population d’étude comprend 183 aînés âgés de 79 ans et plus enquêtés en 2014 et 2015, habitant dans les régions de Montréal et Sherbrooke. Le premier volet de cette thèse est de nature méthodologique, et concerne le développement d’un module de questionnaire cartographique interactif permettant de recueillir à la fois des lieux d’activité réguliers et des relations sociales, ces deux niveaux d'information connectés en fonction des “personnes vues dans les lieux d’activités”. Ces données ont été représentées en réseaux bipartites, ce qui a permis de distinguer des structures en étoile formées d’un nœud central connecté à un ensemble de nœuds périphériques. Ces structures identifient d’une part un lieu où l’aîné voit plusieurs personnes, qui pour la plupart, ne sont rencontrées qu’en ce lieu, et d’autre part une personne centrale avec qui plusieurs activités sont réalisées, de manière relativement exclusive.  Le deuxième volet de la thèse porte sur les liens entre les relations sociales et le bien-être émotionnel. Les relations sociales peuvent être catégorisées en relations proches, personnelles, ou de camaraderie. Le nombre de camarades et la présence d’une relation proche sont positivement associés au niveau de bien-être émotionnel, tandis que le nombre de relations personnelles est associé négativement au bien-être émotionnel.  Le dernier volet décrit de manière plus détaillée la distribution des catégories de relations sociales au sein des structures en étoiles identifiées dans les réseaux bipartites. Les relations proches représentent la majorité des personnes qui sont rencontrées ou qui accompagnent les personnes âgées dans un grand nombre de lieux d’activités. La résidence primaire est un lieu de socialisation importante, tandis que les lieux non résidentiels semblent servir de cadre privilégié aux relations de groupes. Les relations personnelles sont plus fréquentes au domicile des participants que dans les autres lieux d'activités. Cette thèse montre que l'analyse de réseau offre un cadre utile pour étudier les relations sociales en rapport avec l'environnement géospatial. Elle met en lumière la concentration de la vie sociale des aînés dans un nombre restreint de lieux d’activités, ainsi que la distribution spatiale différentielle de catégories de relations sociales spécifiquement associée au bien-être émotionnel. Ces approches peuvent soutenir la compréhension des influences socio-environnementales et favoriser la santé et le bien-être des aînés. / The aging of the population leads us to imagine new approaches to promote health and well-being in old age. Social connections and daily mobility potentially play an important role, but these dynamics are currently poorly understood. This thesis aims to explore how older adults' social networks fit into their activity spaces, and how social relationships, embedded in the spatial environment, are associated with well-being. The thesis explores data from the Contrasted Urban settings for Healthy Aging (CURHA) study collected in Quebec within the NuAge cohort. The study population includes 183 older adults aged 79 years and older surveyed in 2014 and 2015, living in the Montréal and Sherbrooke regions. The first part of this thesis is methodological, and concerns the development of an interactive cartographic questionnaire module allowing to collect both regular activity locations and social relationships, those two layers of information connected by “people seen at activity locations”. These data were represented as bipartite networks, which allowed us to identify star-like structures formed by a central node connected to a set of peripheral nodes. These structures identify, on the one hand, a location where the older adult sees several people, most of whom he or she meets only in that place, and on the other hand, a central person with whom several activities are carried out, while being the only person seen in most of these locations. The second part of the thesis focuses on the links between social relationships and emotional well-being. Social relationships can be categorized into close relationships, personal relationships, or companionship. The number of companions and the presence of a close relationship are positively associated with emotional well-being, while the number of personal relationships is negatively associated with emotional well-being.  The final section describes in more detail the distribution of social relationship categories within the star-like structures identified within the bipartite networks. Close relations represent the majority of people who are met or accompany the elderly in a large number of activity locations. The primary residence is an important place of socialization, while non-residential places seem to serve as a privileged setting for group relations. Personal relationships are most common in participants' homes. This thesis shows that network analysis provides a useful framework for studying social relationships within the geospatial environment. It highlights the concentration of older adults' social lives in a limited number of activity locations, as well as the differential spatial distribution of social relationship categories specifically associated with emotional well-being. These approaches can help to understand the socio-environmental influences on older adults' health and well-being.