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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) wallinson_oliveira_schutte.pdf: 2955879 bytes, checksum: 7d21ec1707fa5cf82b0b96642d27fa03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / O presente estudo prop?e o desenvolvimento de duas ferramentas para se fazer a classifica??o de batimentos card?acos a fim de detectar a Isquemia Card?aca. Uma baseada em propriedades da Distribui??o Normal e Teorema de Bayes e a outra baseada em Redes Neurais Artificiais. Utilizando o banco de dados Long-Term ST Database, foi efetuado um filtro de dados, que foram agrupados pelas seguintes deriva??es: A-S, E-S, A-I, ML2, MV2, ML3, V4 e V5. Por meio dos algoritmos propostos, implementados por interm?dio da Linguagem de Programa??o PHP, p?de-se verificar a deriva??o mais prop?cia a se detectar essa doen?a. Foi poss?vel observar as deriva??es V5 e A-S com melhores resultados utilizando-se o algoritmo h?brido. Na V5, foi obtido Sensibilidade de 100%, Especificidade de 97%, Valor Preditivo Positivo de 95.89% e Valor Preditivo Negativo de 100% e, na A-S, valores de 99.22%, 99.99%, 99.99% e 99.61% para Sensibilidade, Especificidade, Valor Preditivo Positivo e Valor Preditivo Negativo. O algoritmo de Redes Neurais Artificiais apresentou o melhor resultado para deriva??o A-S com 99.98%, 100%, 100% e 99.99% para Sensibilidade, Especificidade, Valor Preditivo Positivo e Valor Preditivo Negativo respectivamente. Tamb?m foi calculado o intervalo de confian?a para propor??es populacionais com 95% de confian?a, a fim de se estabelecer n?veis de precis?o das bases utilizadas. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Tecnologia, Sa?de e Sociedade, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The present study proposes the development of two tools to classify heart beats in order to detect cardiac ischemia. One based on properties of Normal Distribution and Bayes' Theorem and the other based on Artificial Neural Networks. Using the Long-Term ST Database, a data filter was performed, which was grouped by the following derivations: A-S, E-S, A-I, ML2, MV2, ML3 and V4, V5. By means of the algorithms proposed, implemented through the PHP Programming Language, we could verify the most favorable derivation to detect this disease. It was possible to observe the V5 and A-S leads with better results using the hybrid algorithm. In V5, 100% sensitivity, 97% specificity, 95.89% positive predictive value and 100% negative predictive value were obtained, and in A-S, values of 99.22%, 99.99%, 99.99% and 99.61% for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. The algorithm of Artificial Neural Networks presented the best result for A-S derivation with 99.98%, 100%, 100% and 99.99% for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value respectively. We also calculated the confidence interval for population proportions with 95% confidence in order to establish precision levels of the bases used. / El presente estudio propone el desarrollo de dos herramientas para la clasificaci?n de los latidos del coraz?n con el fin de detectar la isquemia card?aca. Uno basado en las propiedades de la Distribuci?n Normal y el Teorema de Bayes y el otro basado en las Redes Neuronales Artificiales. Utilizando la base de datos Long-Term ST Database, se llev? a cabo un filtro de datos, que fueron agrupados seg?n las siguientes derivaciones: a-S, E, S, A-I, ML2, MV2, ML3, V4 y V5. Por medio de los algoritmos propuestos, implementado a trav?s del lenguaje de programaci?n PHP, pudimos comprobar la derivaci?n m?s favorable para detectar esta enfermedad. Fue posible observar las derivaciones V5 y A-S con mejores resultados utilizando el algoritmo h?brido. En V5 se obtuvo una sensibilidad del 100%, uma especificidad del 97%, 95.89% de valor predictivo positivo y 100% de valor predictivo negativo y en A-S, valores de 99.22%, 99.99%, 99.99% y 99.61% para la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, y valor predictivo negativo respectivamente. El algoritmo de Redes Neuronales Artificiales present? el mejor resultado para la derivaci?n A-S con 99.98%, 100%, 100% y 99.99% para la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo, respectivamente. Tambi?n fue calculado el intervalo de confianza para proporciones de las poblaciones con 95% de confianza con el fin de establecer los niveles de confianza precisi?n de las bases utilizadas

Through the fetal heartbeat House-Bill-481, Georgia (U.S) has taken a Pro-life stance on the constitutionally enshrined women's reproductive self-determination rights versus the proposed fetus's right to life by banning abortion after six weeks of gestation. The purpose of this research was to analyze how rights are debated in the media, argued in the bill, and presented in the litigation against the bill using a thematic analysis approach guided by the concept of rights. The findings showed that Pro-choice sees the bill as an infringement of women's rights while Pro-life see it as recognizing the proposed fetus's right to life and personhood.

<p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

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Interoception, the signalling, processing, and perceptual representation of the visceral organs, together with trait impulsivity are in the present study examined using the Novel Controllability task (Mancinelli et al., 2021) as individual factors in coping behavior in response to stress. The coping process is conceptualized using the model of regulatory flexibility developed by Bonanno and Burton (2013). The results based on a sample of 39 healthy adults (M = 23,64 years, 22f/17m) do not support the hypothesis that the combined UPPS-P constructs are significantly related to interoception. For the coping process, the results suggest that: Negative Urgency is related to a negative initial appraisal of the stressor context leading to coping rigidity, by limiting the repertoire of strategies and the dynamic function of feedback; Positive Urgency is related to a larger dependency on emotions to guide decision making, motivating a “trial-and-error” coping approach; Sensation Seeking is related with an opposing style of emotion-focused coping where diminished threat perception and reduced sensitivity towards stimulus valence motivate a risk-taking approach, likely to pursue stimulation; Lack of Premeditation, the only facet of impulsivity convincingly related to interoception, is speculated to be associated with a dysregulation of interoceptive afferents facilitating a “here-and-now” attentional and coping focus. Despite lacking full support, the potential involvement of interoception as an internal stressor is discussed as a mediator in impulsive behavior, alongside general methodological issues with measuring interoception.

Tolkningen av EKG är en viktig metod vid diagnostisering av onormala hjärttillstånd och kan användas i förebyggande syfte att upptäcka tidigare okända hjärtproblem. Att enkelt kunna mäta sitt EKG och få det analyserat och presenterat på ett pedagogiskt sätt utan att behöva rådfråga en läkare är något det finns ett konsumentbehov av. Denna rapport beskriver hur en EKG-signal behandlas med olika algoritmer och metoder i syfte att detektera hjärtslag och dess olika parametrar. Denna information används till att klassificera varje hjärtslag för sig och därmed avgöra om användaren har en normal eller onormal hjärtfunktion. För att nå dit har en mjukvaruprototyp utvecklats där algoritmerna implementerats. En enkätundersökning gjordes i syfte att undersöka hur utdata från mjukvaruprototypen skulle presenteras för en vanlig användare utan medicinsk utbildning. Sju filer med EKG-signaler från MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database användes för testning av mjukvaruprototypen. Resultatet visade att prototypen kunde detektera en rad olika hjärtfel som låg till grund vid fastställning om hjärtat slog normalt eller onormalt. Resultatet presenterades på en mobilapp baserad på enkätundersökningen. / The interpretation of the ECG is an important method in the diagnosis of abnormal heart conditions and can be used proactively to discover previ-ously unknown heart problems. Being able to easily measure the ECG and get it analyzed and presented in a clear manner without having to consult a doctor is improtant to satisfy consumer needs. This report describes how an ECG signal is treated with different algo-rithms and methods to detect the heartbeat and its various parameters. This information is used to classify each heartbeat separately and thus determine whether the user has a normal or abnormal cardiac function. To achieve this a software prototype was developed in which the algorithms were implemented. A questionnaire survey was done in order to examine how the output of the software prototype should be presented for a user with no medical training. Seven ECG files from MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database were used for validation of the algorithms. The developed algorithms could detect of if any abnormality of heart function occurred and informed the users to consult a physician. The presentation of the heart function was based on the result from the questioner.

Everyday we come up with new solutions for our existing problems. But the solutions of today are tomorrow’s problem. The products we create as designers are often bringing more complexity in our society than it is initially intended for. This thesis aims to give a new perspective on the design practice community. Instead of starting with a problem-solving scope, this thesis intent is to find what is truly meaningful for human life, meaning finding, and to propose how we can envision new ways of meaning making within interaction design. The two processes together of meaning finding and meaning making is how we can aim for concrete results that are relevant for our society. To better understand what truly matters for human life, I collected 14 stories through ethnographic research. These ethnographic stories reveal the nature of human characteristics when people face and overcome big challenges in life. Some of these ethnographic stories highlights the life of a WWII survivor, war refugee, leukaemia child-patient and a widow. Parallel, to the ethnographic work, I explored how I can evoke a deeper connection between people, by making them listen to each-other’s heartbeat.  Inevitably, by exploring the fundamental elements of human life and observing the emotions and behaviour of my interviewees and participants, the thesis find itself often on the playground between philosophy and human life. But by taking a strong interaction design perspective, these insights were manifested in the human design manifesto booklet. This booklet proposes six expressions for designers, with the intention to embrace the fundamental elements of human life when we design:  1. Design attitudes, not solutions. 2. Design the medicine of the mind. 3. Design for relationships. 4. Design for our direct senses. 5. Design for the deep human connection. 6. Design the act of kindness  Later on, for the meaning making part: one statement from the Human Design Manifesto was selected to explore in depth: Design the act of kindness. For this expression project Hidden Figures was created. Hidden Figures is a design proposal which demonstrates that a design creation can be driven by the fundamental elements of human life. In this case proposing the act of kindness as a vision on how our society could be.  In overall, this master’s thesis demonstrates how our design proposals can embody and resonate well between the three levels of design philosophy, a designer’s vision and interaction design practice: How we, as designers, can use meaning-making and meaning-finding to create more relevant impact for our society. Last, I hope this work encourages other designers to think deeply about their own creations and its impact. And help designers reflect on why they create and how they could also alternatively practice design.

The ownership and demand for fitness trackers, smartwatches, and wrist-worn deviceshave been increasing globally. These devices offer various features such as measuringphysical activity, sleep monitoring, and health-related measurements like heart rate andheart rate variability using PhotoPlethysmoGraphy (PPG). However, research indicatesthat PPG measurements are less accurate on darker skin compared to lighter skin due to thehigher presence of melanin, a light-absorbing substance in dark skin.This thesis addresses the impact of melanin on the accuracy of heart rate measurements ondifferent skin colors using four commercial smartwatches, Apple Watch Series 5, FitbitCharge 2, Xiaomi Miband 3, and Sony mSafety. The study involves analyzing the accuracyof these smartwatches on individuals with varying skin colors while controlling forexternal factors. The collected data from the smartwatches are compared to a referencesensor that uses electrocardiography (ECG) measurements with electrodes placed aroundthe chest. Three different tests are conducted wearing the devices, with no movement,while walking, and with circular hand motions.The tests were conducted on twelve participants representing the 6 different skin typescategorized using the Fitzpatrick scale. With the presented results in this thesis, it wasconcluded that the 4 smartwatches' measurement accuracy does not seem to be dependenton specific skin types. Ranked in terms of Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the Apple Watchshowed the lowest value, followed by Xiaomi, Fitbit and the mSafety and that the accuracydid not depend on skin color. / Ägandet och efterfrågan av smartklockor har ökat globalt. Dessa enheter erbjuder olikafunktioner som mäter fysisk aktivitet, övervakning av sömn och hälsorelaterade mätningarsom puls och hjärtfrekvensvariabilitet med hjälp av PhotoPlethysmoGraphy (PPG).Forskning har dock visat att PPG-mätningar är mindre noggranna på mörkare hud jämförtmed ljusare hud på grund av den högre närvaron av substansen melanin, ettljusabsorberande ämne.Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka påverkan av melanin på noggrannheten i pulsmätningar på olika hudfärger med hjälp av fyra kommersiella smartklockor: Apple WatchSeries 5, Fitbit Charge 2, Xiaomi Miband 3 och mSafety av Sony. Arbetet inkluderar enanalys av dessa smartklockors noggrannhet på personer med de olika hudfärger samtidigtsom externa faktorer som kan påverka noggrannheten kontrolleras. De insamlade data frånsmartklockorna jämförs med en referenssensor, Polar band, som använderelektrokardiografimätningar (ECG) med elektroder. Tre olika tester utförs med enheterna,utan rörelse, medan man går och med cirkulära handrörelser.Testerna utfördes på tolv deltagare som representerar olika hudtyper kategoriserade enligtFitzpatrick-skalan. Utifrån de presenterade resultaten i denna avhandling drogs slutsatsenatt de fyra smartklockornas mätnoggrannhet inte verkar vara beroende av specifikahudtyper. Rankade i termer av Mean Absolute Error (MAE) visade Apple Watch det lägstavärdet, följt av Xiaomi, Fitbit och mSafety.