Thermoplastic injection technology is widely used in all sectors of consumer electronics and automotive industry. The biggest advantage of this manufacturing technology is a high degree of automatization and good reproducibility of the manufacturing process. Another advantage is the possibility of recycling of the gating scrap and defective products. The main task of this work is to calculate the necessary parameters for the injection process, which takes place at the designed injection form. Next part is technical design which includes choice of standard parts of injection mold and idividual semi-finished parts for mold. Thesis continues with selecting the type of injection press based on calculated parameters of the injection process. Thesis is finished by technical-economic evaluation.

The thesis is engaged in complete reconstruction of a heat system of a family house with higher heat loss, i.e. heat source, piping and radiators. As a heat source is chosen air-water heat pump. Heat system is designed with panel radiators with regard to minimum building interventions. A required power for hot water heating is calculated and selected a heat pump from suitable power range in combination with storage tank with hot water tank. The bivalent point is determined, as backup source are heating elements installed in storage tank. Drawings and circuit diagrams with safety elements are attached. In the end is calculation of estimated return.

The diploma thesis focuses on assesment of water quality in heating systems. The experiment includes description of used methods and meters as well as analysis of collected samples. The theoretical part describes selected water properties, quality meters and sources of heat according to the material of their heat exchanger. This thesis processes design of heating system and hot water preparation for complex of administration buildings. The project includes calculations of heat losses, system proposal and two versions of possible heat source. The first version offers solution with condensing boiler with heat exchanger from stainless steel, while the second version uses condensing boiler with heat exchanger from aluminium and silicon. Both versions have their own solution of safety equipment and water treatment.

Fjärrvärme i dagens Sverige är ett väletablerat sätt att leverera värme för både industriell och privat användning. Med nästa generations fjärrvärmesystem vid horisonten kan förändringar av existerande fjärrvärmenät komma att bli vanligt förekommande. Trots att det inte är fullt aktuellt med den typen av renoveringar ännu så måste fjärrvärmenät ibland byggas ut för att hantera nya situationer som kan uppstå. För att få en god uppskattning om vad de nya situationerna kommer kräva, och potentiellt kosta, så är simuleringsmodeller ett användbart verktyg. Den här studien har granskat en kommande ökning av effektbehovet och en konsekvent ökning av den producerade värmen angående fjärrvärmesystemet lokaliserat i Malå. Granskningen genomfördes via etablering av en simuleringsmodell som baserats på metoder från tillgänglig litteratur. Empiriska värden användes både som indata till modellen och för feluppskattning. Två hypotetiska scenarier undersöktes där effektbehovet hos en industrikund antas dubbleras, ett som systemet ser ut idag och det andra med ett termiskt energilager i form av en ackumulatortank inkluderat. Simuleringssvaren gav en uppskattning av hur mycket effekt en ny produktionsenhet behöver kunna producera för att nå ett eftersökt mål. Dessa visade på att en ny produktionsenhet med en effekt av minst 10.50 MW är nödvändigt. Vidare så indikerade resultaten att installation av ett sådant energilager med den valda styrningen inte reducerar effektmagnituden hos en ny produktionsenhet. De visade dock på att införande av energilagret kan medföra en reduktion i antalet effektsvängningar som förekommer i systemet. Beroende på övrig konfiguration så minskades förekomsten av antalet effektsvängningar mellan 0.2 till 25.5 procent med ett energilager av den minsta undersökta volymen infört. / District heating in Sweden is a well established way of delivering heat for both industrial and private applications. With the next generation of district heating on the doorstep, changes of existing district heating networks may become a regular occurrence. Despite the fact that these kinds of reconstructions are not quite applicable yet, refurbishments of existing district heating networks are still sometimes necessary in order to deal with new prerequisites that may appear. In order to achieve a good estimation of what these new prerequisites will require and possibly cost, the usage of tools such as models for simulation are valuable. This study has evaluated a future increase of power demand and the subsequent expansion of the produced heat concerning the district heating network located in the city of Malå. The evaluation was carried forth by establishment of a simulation model which was based on present literature. Empirical data was used both as input and for error estimation. Two hypothetical scenarios were examined in which the power demand of an industrial customer is assumed to be doubled. The first represented the system as it is defined presently, while the other introduced a tank thermal energy storage to the system. The results of the simulation yielded an estimate of how much heat a new plant needs to produce in order to attain a set goal. These suggested that the necessary heat production in the new plant needs to be at least 10.50 MW. Furthermore, the results indicated that the inclusion of a thermal energy storage of this kind and with the defined priorities will not reduce the required size of a new production plant. However, they did indicate that the defined thermal energy storage may contribute to a reduction in the number of power fluctuations occurring in the system. Depending on other configurations, the frequency of the power fluctuations were reduced between 0.2 to 25.5 percent with the inlcusion of the smallest examined thermal energy storage.

För småhusägare finns ekonomiska incitament till att sänka det årliga energibehovet för värme och tappvarmvattenberedning, då det utgör huvudparten av det totala årliga energibehovet för bostäder i Sverige. Valet av värmesystem är därför ett viktigt då det kan medföra mer eller mindre gynnsamma ekonomiska konsekvenser sett över längre tidsperioder,då den mängd köpt energi som systemet kräver kan medföra besparingar som viktas mot den ekonomiska investeringen av systemet.Syftet med denna studie har därför varit att skapa ett referensunderlag över fyra olika värmesystem med jämförelser mot småhus av olika storlek, geografisk placering samt olikaisoleringsstandard, där det eller de mest ekonomiskt gynnsamma värmesystemen, sett över en 50-årsperiod, kan utläsas utifrån dessa parametrar.De småhus som studien har jämfört har bestått av enplanshus med tre antagna areor, 89,7/120/150,3 m2. Dessa har jämförts för Malmö, Stockholm, Sundsvall samt Luleå, varpå varje area har innefattat tre olika antagna genomsnittliga värmegenomgångskoefficienter, Umedelvärden. Studien har genomförts med energiberäkningar enligt gradtimmemetoden, och den ekonomiska analysen genom beräknade livscykelkostnader, LCC, för de olika systemkonstellationerna. Fyra värmesystem har undersökts: Fjärrvärme, bergvärmepump, luft-vattenvärmepump samt frånluftsvärmepump. Frånluftsvärmepumpen har inkorporerats som ett FX-ventilationssystem, frånluftsventilation med värmeåtervinning. De övriga tre systemen har för studien kombinerats med ett FTX-ventilationssystem, från- och tilluftsventilation med värmeåtervinning.Resultaten har påvisat att FTX-system, i jämförelse med FX-system, sänker för samtliga studerade byggnader i Malmö det årliga värmeenergibehovet, den energi som måste tillsättas byggnaden, med 36–71%, medan det i Luleå sänks med 32–61%. Den årliga energianskaffningen, den energi som måste köpas för att värmesystemen skall generera erfordrad värmeenergi och tappvarmvattenberedning, är genomgående lägst för systemkonstellationen bergvärmepump i kombination med FTX. Den systemkonstellationenmed studiens genomgående högsta andel köpt energi, är fjärrvärme i kombination med FTX.Vid jämförelse av livscykelkostnader, LCC, har påvisats att fjärrvärme i kombination med FTX är mest ekonomiskt gynnsam endast då det årliga behovet av köpt energi är mycket litet, och att det vid högre behov istället blir det dyraste alternativet. Frånluftsvärmepump utgör ett ekonomiskt gynnsamt alternativ vid majoriteten av analyserade fall, tack vare lägre investeringskostnader som väger upp de högre värmeenergibehov som ventilationstypen medför. Bergvärme i kombination med FTX, utgör det dyraste alternativet i de flesta fall därdet årliga behovet av köpt energi är lågt, men påvisar ekonomisk gynnsamhet vid höga energibehov. Luft-vattenvärmepump i kombination med FTX, är relativt likvärdig bergvärmepump men har ej påvisats vara det billigaste alternativet i något studerat fall. Vid jämförelse mellan frånluftsvärmepump och bergvärmepump i kombination med FTX, har påvisats att för studiens samtliga analyserade objekt är den största prisskillnaden, utslaget på 50 år, mindre än 1.800 kr/år.Utifrån de parametrar som presenterats, har påvisats genomförbarhet i att skapa ett referensunderlag över optimal gynnsamhet för värme- och ventilationssystem hos småhus, vilket avläses utifrån husets storlek, U-medelvärde samt geografiska placering. / For homeowners, there are economic incentives to reduce the annual energy demand for heating and domestic hot water preparation, as these constitute the main part of the total annual energy demand for houses in Sweden. The choice of heating system is therefore important as it can have more or less favorable economic consequences over longer periods of time, as the amount of purchased energy required by the system can lead to savings that weigh against the economic investment in the system. The purpose of this study has therefore been to create a reference framework for four different heating systems, comparing them across houses of different sizes, geographical locations, and insulation standards, to identify the most economically beneficial heating systems over a 50-year period, that can be interpreted based on these parameters. The houses compared in the study were single-story houses with three assumed sizes: 89.7/120/150.3 m². They have been compared in Malmö, Stockholm, Sundsvall and Luleå, with each size having three different assumed average thermal transmittance values, average U-values. The study was conducted using energy calculations based on the degree-hour method, and the economic analysis was performed using calculated life cycle costs, LCC, for the different system configurations. Four heating systems were investigated: district heating, geothermal heat pump, air-to-water heat pump, and exhaust air heat pump. The exhaust air heat pump was incorporated as an MEVHR ventilation system, mechanical exhaust air ventilation with heat recovery, while the other three systems were combined with an HRVventilation system, mechanical exhaust and supply air ventilation with heat recovery. The results have shown that HRV systems, compared to MEVHR systems, reduce the annual heating energy demand, the amount of energy that must be supplied to the building, for all studied buildings in Malmö by 36-71%, while in Luleå it is reduced by 32-61%. The annual energy procurement, the amount of energy that must be purchased for the heating systems to generate the required heating energy and domestic hot water preparation, is consistently lowest for the geothermal heat pump system combined with the HRV. The system configuration with the highest proportion of purchased energy throughout the study is district heating combined with HRV. When comparing life cycle costs, LCC, it was found that district heating combined with HRVis the most economically beneficial system only when the annual demand for purchased energy is very low, and becomes the most expensive option at higher demands. The exhaust air heat pump is a cost-effective option in the majority of analyzed cases, thanks to lower investment costs that offset the higher heating energy demand induced by this type of ventilation. Geothermal heat pump combined with the HRV is the most expensive option in most cases when the annual demand for purchased energy is low but shows economic advantages at high energy demands. The air-to-water heat pump combined with the HRV is relatively similar to the geothermal heat pump but has not been shown to be the cheapest option in any of the studied cases. When comparing the exhaust air heat pump with the geothermal heat pump combined with the HRV, it is found that for all objects analyzed in the study, the largest price difference is, averaged over 50 years, less than 1,800 SEK/year. Based on the presented parameters, the feasibility of creating a reference framework for the cost-effectiveness of heating and ventilation systems in houses has been demonstrated, which can be assessed based on the house size, U-value, and geographical location.

This diploma thesis deals with pressure losses in heating systems. The diploma thesis is divided into three sections. The first part is theoretical and deals with the occurrence of pressure losses. It discusses the properties of the fluid that affect pressure losses. It also deals with hydrodynamic phenomena, flow distribution, pressure loss distribution and its calculations. The aim of the second part, which is practical, was to create a heating project for a selected object. The object is a two-floor kindergarten building located in Velké Němčice. For this project, two heating variants were created. For the first variant, radiators and heating benches were designed and for the second variant, underfloor heating was installed in the building. The goal was to use a source which will gain heat mainly from renewable sources, so the air / water heat pump was chosen as the source of heat production. The project ends with a technical report. The third part of the thesis is dedicated to an experiment which purpose was to find out how the pressure losses of the connecting pieces are reacting to the change with the change of the heating water conditions (flow, temperature). Alongside, two pipes were created which differed in the type of connecting pieces so it allowed to compare how their pressure losses differ. Both pipes were connected by radial pressing, but the fittings differed in the quality of the brass, and therefore in the construction. Also, part of the experimental section of the diploma thesis is a description of the course of radial pressing of fittings from the Herz company.