The Garífuna are the smallest ethnic minority group in Guatemala, living primarily in the city of Livingston (known as Labuga, Wadimalu in Garífuna) located along the Caribbean coastline. Their unique history, ethnicity and culture has allowed them to preserve their way of life for centuries on the one hand but has also separated them from mainstream Guatemalan society on the other hand. The afro-descendent Garífuna community forms a small part of the overall indigenous group in Guatemala alongside the Maya and the Xinca groups; however unlike the larger indigenous groups and the remaining non-indigenous population, the Garífuna are ignored and are not included in the groups in need of development assistance for education, health, employment and security. The exclusion is even more pronounced for Garífuna women. This study was conducted to understand the reasons for the discrimination, socio-economic exclusion and vulnerability of Garífuna women within the Guatemalan society, what is currently being done to address the challenges and barriers Garífuna women are facing, and what further changes need to take place to bring about a transformation in their situation.

This thesis combines ethnographic methods with feminist political analysis to examine Congolese young people’s decision-making roles in families, households, communities and policy spaces in Kampala and Kyaka II refugee settlement, Uganda. As refugees and young people, research subjects face many structural constraints. However, their diverse experiences defy homogenising discourses of marginality as an inherent, fixed characteristic. Instead, this thesis develops and applies a conceptual framework of political marginalisation as a dynamic process in multiple spaces. Research findings show that young people’s decision-making roles vis-à-vis resource distribution and division of labour are relational and contextual. Their multiple subject positions and relationships in overlapping networks affect differential decision-making roles. In particular, social age and gender are major axes of decision-making processes. Analyses of inter-linkages across patterns of relationships reveal that research subjects in peer networks and intergenerational household networks with independent resources have more decision-making opportunities at household, community and policy levels than their counterparts in intergenerational family networks. This contradicts assumptions that young people without their biological parents are inherently ‘marginalised’, and highlights the political importance of decision-making processes in perceived ‘private’ spaces, such as families and households. Structure and power relationships thus situate decision-making processes and affect available choices, but they cannot solely explain political roles and behaviour. This thesis also stresses the importance of agentic beliefs, intentions and aspirations. As actors in dynamic marginalisation processes, some young people attempt to access central spaces through education, remunerated formal employment and physical mobility. Others use marginal and transitional spaces to provide alternatives to the status quo. Such creativity and productivity occasion possibilities of political change. However, UNHCR’s protection and assistance responses do not facilitate these transformative processes because of their focus on perceived essentialist characteristics of monolithic ‘marginals’. This thesis offers an alternative approach that recognises refugee young people’s political agency, as well as the structural and power dynamics that constrain their decision-making opportunities.

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em criar uma matriz metodológica para a avaliação de intervenções sociais com base na ideia de justiça de Amartya Sen. Para isto, primeiramente discute-se as relações entre o desenvolvimento, a justiça e a avaliação. Desta forma, ao colocar a justiça como princípio ético norteador do desenvolvimento da metodologia proposta, a segunda parte do trabalho foca na discussão das distintas noções de justiça de onde derivam-se os critérios normativos da justiça. Na parte seguinte, estes critérios são traduzidos em instrumentos epistemológicos e metológicos necessários à matriz avaliativa. A partir da compreensão dos aspectos substantivos e instrumentais da justiça tem-se a ideia de justiça na qual o foco é a vida e liberdade humana de forma imparcial, racional e objetiva levando em consideração as injustiças presentes com seus respectivos comportamentos humanos reais e instituições existentes, ou seja, realizações efetivas. Tendo em vista esta visão de justiça são analisados os principais tipos de avaliação e construídas as diretrizes para uma avaliação de intervenções sociais baseada em critérios de justiça. / The objective of this study is to provide a methodological framework for the evaluation of social interventions based on the idea of justice of Amartya Sen. For this, we first discuss the relations between development, justice, and evaluation. Thus, placing justice as a guiding ethical principle of the development of the proposed methodology, the second part of the work focuses on the discussion of the different notions of justice from which derive the normative criteria of justice. In the following part, these criteria are translated into epistemological methodological and evaluative tools needed to evaluation matrix. From the understanding of substantive and instrumental aspects of justice we have a notion of justice which the focus is on human life and freedom in an impartial, rational and objective way, considering the injustices present with their respective real human behaviors and existing institutions, ie actual social realizations. Given this view of justice it is analysed the main types of evaluation methods and it is constructed guidelines for the evaluation of social interventions based on criteria of justice.

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-28T13:32:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FAMÍLIA MATRIFOCAL - A EXPERIÊNCIA DAS CRIANÇAS - ARTIGO DISSERTAÇÃO JACIRA BARBOSA 2012.pdf: 271213 bytes, checksum: f02dfdacd880dea54334b32eedc06fbf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-06T12:58:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FAMÍLIA MATRIFOCAL - A EXPERIÊNCIA DAS CRIANÇAS - ARTIGO DISSERTAÇÃO JACIRA BARBOSA 2012.pdf: 271213 bytes, checksum: f02dfdacd880dea54334b32eedc06fbf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-06T12:58:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FAMÍLIA MATRIFOCAL - A EXPERIÊNCIA DAS CRIANÇAS - ARTIGO DISSERTAÇÃO JACIRA BARBOSA 2012.pdf: 271213 bytes, checksum: f02dfdacd880dea54334b32eedc06fbf (MD5) / As crianças, como sujeitos e membros que compõem a família, sofrem conseqüências provenientes das mudanças que afetam a estrutura e a dinâmica das relações familiares. Interessado nessas mudanças, o presente estudo objetivou investigar a forma como as crianças de famílias matrifocais pobres vivenciam esta realidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, ancorada na Teoria Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano e que considerou as crianças como atores sociais plenos e ativos. Foram realizadas entrevistas e aplicado, entre crianças atendidas numa instituição de serviços psicoterapêuticos, o instrumento Desenho de Família com Estórias (DF-E). Os resultados indicam uma distância entre a representação simbólica da família e a situação vivida pelas crianças e expõe as diversas dificuldades vivenciadas por esta forma singular de configuração familiar. Children, as subjects who constitute the family unit, are subject to the consequences of the changes that have been taking place in structure and dynamics of kinship relations. Focusing on those changes, the present study aimed at investigating the way that children from matrifocal poor families have been dealing with this scenario. The study constitutes a qualitative research, based upon Bioecological Theory of Human Development, and took children as fully-fledged and active social actors. Interviews were conducted, as well as, among children taken into care by an institution for psychotherapeutic services, Walter Trinca’s Drawing-Story technique was applied. Results suggest some distance between the symbolic representation of the family and the actual situation faced by the children. They also reveal several difficulties which this singular form of family configuration has to cope with in the daily life.

The overall objective of this study is to promote the human rights to health of Nigerian women to have access essential medicines, to enhance their human capabilities for human development. This thesis argues for an improvement of women’s access to medicines within the context of patent law and rights in the international IP regime of the Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Agreement and Nigeria’s national patent system. Towards this goal, the thesis makes the point that patent law and its exclusive rights, both the TRIPS Agreement and national law of Nigeria, do not exist in a social welfare vacuum. The legal text of patent law, which confers rights on inventors when enforced, translates to many other things outside the sphere of property rights; indeed, it can be a matter of life and death. It is argued in this regard that patent right could, in effect, interfere with access to medicines and therefore, the right to health and prospects for human development. The thesis therefore argues that, in the construction, interpretation and enforcement of patent law in Nigeria, there is a need to take into consideration its impact on public health. It is against this backdrop that the research assesses the legal framework of pharmaceutical patents and the implications for women’s access to medicines, from a right to health and human development perspective. This interdisciplinary study is with a view to suggesting ways in which Nigeria’s patent system can be more human development and human rights friendly in the interest of public health, particularly, the use of the TRIPS flexibilities to enhance access to life-saving medicines in Nigeria. Since Nigeria as a member of the World Trade Organisation, is bound by its treaty obligation to adopt the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement, the thesis makes proposals for ways in which the Nigerian government and law-makers, can adapt the patent rules and the flexibilities to suit development objectives and promote public health within the benchmark allowed in TRIPS. In this respect, this thesis critically investigates the practical implications of the available flexibilities and options in the TRIPS Agreement that can be used to address the effects of patents on access to medicines. While this thesis concedes the view that the hindrances to accessibility of essential drugs in Nigeria are multi-faceted and demand a multi-dimensional approach for a lasting solution, it is specifically argued that the TRIPS flexibilities are significant means for addressing the challenges of affordable access to important health treatments within the context of patent law. However, it is emphasised that utilising the flexibilities will require that Nigeria’s patent system is strategically designed to take full advantage of the available safeguards and options. To this end, this study recommends ways to incorporate the flexibilities to enhance access to medicines in Nigeria while avoiding the technical and regulatory pitfalls that have trailed the enforcement of the flexibilities by other developing countries.

No description available.

Orientador: Washington Luiz Pacheco de Carvalho / Banca: Carmem Roselaine de Oliveira Farias / Banca: Roberto Nardi / Resumo: Qual o potencial formativo dos debates sobre questões sociocientíficas no ensino de ciências segundo uma perspectiva crítica da sociedade? Como podemos discutir a formação dos sujeitos envolvidos em discussões nas quais interagem ciência, tecnologia, sociedade e ambiente? Para lançar luz a estas perguntas e a outras que surgiram no decorrer deste trabalho, acompanhamos uma turma de alunos do segundo ano do ensino médio, junto à professora de física desta turma, com a finalidade de mapear e analisar os aspectos da formação científica destes sujeitos a qual, a partir das teorias de Theodor Adorno, pudemos interpretar e discutir segundo ponto de vista da semiformação. Com este objetivo, instauramos na sala de aula um ambiente de discussões sobre a produção e a distribuição de energia elétrica e suas relações com o desenvolvimento humano, em uma perspectiva que articulou ciência, tecnologia, sociedade e ambiente (CTSA). Assim, foi possível elaborar e concretizar na escola um minicurso sob o título "Energia e Desenvolvimento Humano", a partir do qual, pudemos preparar uma situação formativa no ensino de ciências, que objetivou a discursividade, a leitura crítica e os debates na sala de aula. Procedemos esta investigação com entrevistas semiestruturadas com os alunos e a professora, a fim de interpretar seus discursos sobre o assunto abordado. Estas entrevistas foram analisadas de acordo com análise de discurso segundo os pressupostos de Pêcheux e que são difundidos no Brasil por Eni P. Orlandi. A escolha deste aporte teórico para as discussões e anállises nos possibilitou compreender e discutir os elementos destes discursos que nos levam a repensar os processos formativos no ensino de ciências. Por fim, apontamos tanto as limitações deste tipo de abordagem, bem como o potencial formativo a ser... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: What is the formative potential of discussions on socioscientific issues in science education according to a critical perspective of society? How can we discuss the person's formation involved in discussions which interact with science, technology, society and environment? To launch light on these questions and others that arose in the course of this work, we have accompanied a group of students the second year of high school, next to physics teacher of this class, with the aim of mappingand analyzing aspects of scientific education of these subjects which, from Theodor Adorno's theories, we could interpret and discuss second view point of semi-formation. With this aim, we introduced in the classroom and environment for discussions about the production and distribution of electric energy and its relationship to human development in perspective which articulated science, technology, society and environment (STSE). Thus, was possible to develop and to concretize a short course in school under the title "Energy and Human Development", from which we could prepare a formative situation in science education, which aimed to discourse, critical reading and discussions in the classroom. We proceed this research with semi-structured interviews with students and the teacher in order to interpret their discourse on the theme. These interviews were analyzed through to theory of discourse analysis according to the assumptions and are Pêcheux distributed in Brazil by Eni P. Orlandi. The choice of this theoretical reference for discussions and analysis enabled us to understand and discuss the elements of these discourses that led us to rethink the formative processes in science teaching. Finally, we point out the limitations this approach and the formative potential to be glimpsed from the discussions initiated in class and to discuss the involvement and the possible influences of students in decisions controversies involving science, technology and society / Mestre

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a compreensão de crianças e adolescentes sobre alimentação saudável. Utilizou-se como base metodológica o Método Clínico Piagetiano, que possibilita ao pesquisador acompanhar e compreender o pensamento do sujeito. Foram realizadas 28 entrevistas, individuais, com crianças e adolescentes entre 7 e 19 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante entrevista, composta de um roteiro de perguntas básicas e situações, envolvendo alimentação. As respostas foram organizadas, categorizadas e analisadas, a partir dos objetivos e hipóteses iniciais da pesquisa. Identificou-se a existência de diferentes concepções a respeito da alimentação saudável, que foram classificadas em três níveis. Verificou-se que, em um primeiro momento, o sujeito utiliza em suas explicações apenas uma variável envolvida no conceito de alimentação saudável ou vale-se em um momento de um aspecto e, em nova situação, de outro. Em um segundo nível, passa a trabalhar com variáveis diferentes, referindo aspectos relacionados à alimentação saudável, mas eles encontram-se isolados, não são relacionados pelos sujeitos, parecem ser independentes. O sujeito ainda não consegue visualizá-las com sendo parte de uma totalidade. Observa-se uma evolução gradativa até o nível no qual o sujeito compreende a relação existente entre as variáveis, aplicando em diferentes situações/contextos. Acredita-se que essas concepções apresentam uma hierarquia e a passagem de um nível mais simples para o seguinte é construída, de forma gradual e contínua, estando diretamente relacionada ao processo de equilibração e aos demais fatores do desenvolvimento cognitivo. / This work aimed to investigate the understanding of children and adolescents about healthy eating. The Piaget's Clinical Method was used as methodological basis, which allows the researcher to monitor and understand the thinking of the subject. Twenty eight single interviews were conducted, with children and adolescents between 7 and 19 years. Data collection was conducted through interviews, consisting of a script of basic questions and situations involving food. The answers were categorized and analyzed, from the initial assumptions and objectives of the research. The existence of different conceptions of healthy eating was identified and classified into three levels. It was found that, at first, the subject uses in his explanations only one variable involved in the concept of healthy food or uses one aspect at a time and a new situation from another. On a second level, works with different variables, referring to aspects of healthy eating, but they are isolated, not related by subject, appear to be independent. The subject still cannot view it as being part of a totality. There is a gradual evolution to the level where the subject understands the relationship between the variables, applying in different situations/contexts. It is believed that these concepts have a hierarchy and the passage of a simple level to the next is built in a gradual and continuous, being directly related to the process of balancing and the other factors of cognitive development.

A partir do lançamento do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) na década de 1990, as Organizações das Nações Unidas (ONU) sinalizaram aos governantes dos diversos países e regiões a proposição que buscar crescimento não é sinônimo exclusivo de fazer aumentar o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB). Dessa forma, passamos a observar governantes traduzindo suas metas no aumento do IDH do seu país, região ou município. Considerando: a preocupação crescente com os efeitos dos gastos públicos, pois existem limites para a expansão das receitas que financiam o aumento dos gastos; uma expansão dos gastos públicos financiados por impostos distorcidos e a ineficiência na alocação dos recursos podendo superar os efeitos positivos das externalidades dos gastos públicos. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo identificar quais os fatores determinantes, limitantes e as suas especificidades para o valor futuro do IDH-M dos estados brasileiros, com ênfase no Estado de Roraima. O referencial teórico do trabalho contempla além do desenvolvimento, aspectos de externalidades e bens públicos, analisando as razões pelas quais são necessários investimentos públicos e também aspectos sobre o cálculo do IDH-M. O instrumental utilizado foi a análise de regressão. Conclui-se a pesquisa evidenciando que para efeitos de política pública o IDH-M possui relação com os indicadores de direitos de propriedade, infraestrutura básica (água encanada, energia elétrica) e telecomunicações, e que não é limitado por elevado percentual da população indígena em determinada região. / Since the launch of the Human Development Index (HDI) in the 1990s the United Nations Organization (UNO) signaled to the governments of various countries and regions seek the proposition that growth is not synonymous only to increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Thus we see the government translate its goals in increasing the HDI of the country, region or municipality. Considering: the growing concern over the effects of public spending, as there are limits to the expansion of revenue to finance the increased spending; an expansion of public spending financed by taxes distorted and inefficiency in the allocation of resources can overcome the effects of positive externalities public spending. This dissertation aims to identify the determining factors, and limiting their specificities for the future value of the HDI-M of the Brazilian states, with emphasis on the state of Roraima. The theoretical framework of the work also includes the development, issues of externalities and public goods, analyzing the reasons why public investment is necessary and also aspects on the calculation of the HDI-M. The instrument used was the analysis of regression. The conclusion of the research showed that public policy for the HDI-M have regard to the indicators of ownership, basic infrastructure (piped water, electricity) and telecommunications and is not limited by high percentage of indigenous population in a region.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-29T13:29:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jilvania Bazzo.pdf: 710655 bytes, checksum: 2b6076db3e9acd1f8505132e48cbc537 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-06-10T19:02:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jilvania Bazzo.pdf: 710655 bytes, checksum: 2b6076db3e9acd1f8505132e48cbc537 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-10T19:02:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jilvania Bazzo.pdf: 710655 bytes, checksum: 2b6076db3e9acd1f8505132e48cbc537 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Nesta pesquisa, apresenta-se um estudo compreensivo da filosofia educacional de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, discutindo-se alguns aspectos relativos ao processo da formação humana. No bojo das reflexões, embora tomando também como referência outras obras, há uma apropriação do livro Discurso sobre a desigualdade entre os homens, visando pensar a constituição do homem mediante o delineamento das suas características em estado natural, bem como uma sistematização/síntese dos cinco capítulos que compõem o Emílio - ou da educação, concebendo a criança como aquela que concentra em si a potência in natura. Entendendo, portanto, o homem pela natureza e a natureza pelo homem, busca-se tecer um fio condutor capaz de ressaltar a distinção entre dois conceitos fundamentais para a compreensão de uma educação inspirada nos seus princípios pedagógicos: amor-de-si e amor-próprio. Enfatiza-se que, do começo ao fim, o propósito de sua obra evidencia o objetivo da vida humana: encontrar a felicidade; e somente em seu próprio coração pode uma pessoa saber o que necessita para ser feliz. Pretende-se, assim, subsidiada pela cacunda da esperança, adotar uma postura descritivo-propositiva com a força necessária para contribuir com a promoção de uma práxis pedagógica possível, competente na arte, na ciência e na sensibilidade inspiradora de provocar ações humanas com dupla intencionalidade: seres para si próprios e seres para os outros. / Salvador