Le secteur humanitaire a fortement évolué ces dernières années. Il est poussé à plus de transparence et doit rendre des comptes aux donateurs. Dans ce contexte, notre étude vise à expliciter, mesurer et améliorer l'une des principales caractéristiques des chaines logistiques humanitaires : leur capacité à répondre rapidement et adéquatement aux changements à court terme. Cette capacité, l'agilité, est fortement influencée par la manière dont le réseau logistique est conçu et dimensionné. Notre seconde problématique consiste donc à assurer un niveau déterminé d'agilité aux chaînes logistiques humanitaires en les aidant à mieux positionner leurs ressources. L'objectif est de montrer que l'on peut obtenir ce niveau de service enmaximisant l'efficience du réseau. Nous avons donc quantifié, en terme de coûts, l'impact de plusieurs décisions stratégiques comme le niveau de service, la proximité des fournisseurs et le degré de centralisation du réseau. / A push for increased professionalism during disaster relief operations has been reinforced over the last decade. The uncertainties humanitarian organisations have to cope with and the vital importance of their success has incited them to develop their ability to respond quickly and adequately to short-term changes. This agility capability is becoming highly prized by the private sector. Starting from a framework of supply chain agility, this thesis analyses humanitarian methods and defines an agility maturity model aiming to measure and improve the agility capability of a supply chain. As agility often depends on the adequate balance between delivery capacity and needs, our second problemstatement aims to design a logistics network that can operate under high levels of uncertainty so that for a given level of service in terms of agility, efficiency is maximized. Our study quantifies the impact on costs of various decisions, such as network design, supply strategy or level of service.

Desde o começo dos anos 1990 é possível observar uma expansão contundente da estrutura internacional de ajuda humanitária. Por um lado, esta expansão resultou no crescimento histórico dos recursos financeiros, tecnológicos e humanos voltados para o provimento da ajuda, levando também ao aumento do tamanho e do número de organizações dedicadas a esta causa e do escopo de ação destas agências, principalmente em situações de pós-conflito. Por outro, este contexto também trouxe preocupações quanto a uma politização da ajuda, principalmente no cenário das \"novas guerras\" e das \"emergências complexas\" do pós-Guerra Fria, o que teria comprometido a independência e a neutralidade da prática humanitária nestas crises. A primeira década do século XXI acentuou estas percepções, com os Estados Unidos instrumentalizando tanto as agências quanto a prática humanitária em favor de seus interesses estratégicos na \"Guerra contra o Terror\". Esta dissertação procura analisar a politização da prática humanitária no pós-Guerra Fria, recuperando o desenvolvimento histórico do humanitarismo moderno e retomando alguns conceitos e discussões desenvolvidos durante a Guerra Fria, em especial o \"sem fronteirismo\" e o \"direito de ingerência humanitária\". Nossa proposta é observar como a politização foi percebida no nível das organizações humanitárias não-governamentais, como elas se alinharam ou se opuseram a uma leitura política de uma prática tradicionalmente vista como neutra, independente e imparcial. A hipótese deste trabalho é que houve uma convergência conceitual e prática entre boa parte destas agências e seus principais doadores, os governos, que resultou numa maior interação entre estes atores em situações de crise. No entanto, esta interação tem sido bastante problemática para as agências humanitárias: em cenários mais \"quentes\", como Afeganistão e Iraque, ela resultou numa associação entre interventores e humanitários, o que comprometeu a posição dos agentes humanitários nestas crises. Além disso, esta aproximação entre humanitarismo e política tem levantado uma discussão profunda sobre a natureza, os instrumentos e os objetivos da prática humanitária - que se desenvolve junto a outras crises, forçando os agentes a confrontar dilemas e desafios cada vez mais complexos, e com resultados humanitários cada vez mais imprevisíveis. / Since the early 1990s we can observe a striking expansion of the structure of international humanitarian aid. On the one hand, this expansion resulted in a historical growth of financial, technological and human resources toward the provision of aid, increasing the size and the number of organizations dedicated to this cause and the scope of action of these agencies, especially in post-conflict situations. On the other, this situation also brought concerns about the politicization of aid, especially in the scenario of \"new wars\" and \"complex emergencies\" in the post-Cold War, which would have compromised the independence and neutrality of humanitarian practice in these crises. The first decade of this century intensified these perceptions, with the United States using the practice and the agencies in favor of its strategic interests in the \"War on Terror.\" This dissertation analyzes the politicization of humanitarian practice in post-Cold War, recovering the historical development of modern humanitarianism and resuming some concepts and arguments developed during the Cold War, especially \"the without borderism\" and \"the right of humanitarian intervention.\" Our proposal is to observe how the politicization was perceived at the level of non-governmental humanitarian organizations, as they lined up or opposed to a political reading of a practice traditionally seen as neutral, independent and impartial. Our working hypothesis is that there was a conceptual and practical convergence between most of these agencies and their major donors, the governments, resulting in a greater interaction between these actors in crisis situations. However, this interaction has been very problematic for humanitarian agencies: in \"hot\" scenarios as Afghanistan and Iraq, it resulted in an association between humanitarians and interventionists, which undermined the position of aid workers in these crises. Moreover, this approach between humanitarianism and politics has raised a deep discussion about the nature, the objectives and the instruments of humanitarian practice - that develops along with other crises, forcing players to confront dilemmas and challenges increasingly complex, and results relief more unpredictable.

This thesis examines how and to what extent humanitarian aid organizations strategically focus on gender roles following disasters, and how they contribute to potential changes in gender roles. The case selected for the study is Nepal after the 2015 earthquakes where the reports of four international humanitarian aid organizations were examined through a qualitative content analysis. The thesis aims to provide a contribution to the disaster risk reduction literature with a special focus on the possibilities to use disasters as catalysts for changes in traditional gender roles. As humanitarian organizations are major actors in the aftermath of disasters, the purpose is to evaluate their efforts and connect that to previous literature in the field. As a theoretical foundation two contrasting theories are incorporated in the study, the first is the idea that a disaster can be a ’window of opportunity’ for changes in gender roles whereas the other one is that vulnerable people is often left more vulnerable after a disaster due to secondary consequences, a so called double disaster.  The main findings of the study demonstrate that none of the four international humanitarian organizations incorporated a gendered perspective in their aid efforts following the earthquakes in Nepal 2015. The organizations seldom separate women from men in their reports, demonstrating an unawareness of the gender power structures at play. Few activities had a potential to empower women and the ones that did lacked a long-term perspective to enhance gender equality and lower vulnerability.

Both practitioners and academics have recently begun referring to humanitarian agencies operating within an active 'aid marketplace' in which limited funding pits actors against each other in pursuance of their own projects and wider aims. This thesis seeks to explore how the pressures of a competitive environment impact on the motivations and actions of aid actors at an individual and organizational level. Based on the common saying that aid workers are 'mercenaries, missionaries and misfits', I construct a typology of pressures (interest-based, altruistic, and bureaucratic), which, it is argued, can be used to explain and understand much of this competitive and collaborative behaviour. A particular focus of the thesis is the impact of these various influences on the process and politics of information transfer and discourse creation regarding the process of needs assessment, monitoring and evaluation. I explore all of these issues through the medium of a case study of UNHCR's interventions in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2015, and seek to provide a detailed history of the agency's activities, politics and challenges during this period. In particular I am interested in the motivations driving the agency's actions; the strategies it has employed to achieve its aims; the calculated narratives that it has crafted to justify its interventions and attract greater support; and the very different ways in which it has approached the needs of different categories of displaced people.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-16T12:14:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Brusa Molino.pdf: 3894402 bytes, checksum: 54544391628680f07e62564e56c1dd72 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T12:14:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Brusa Molino.pdf: 3894402 bytes, checksum: 54544391628680f07e62564e56c1dd72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Faced with the industrial and technological advances of the world evolve and with processes of industrialization and population growth of the needs that the known society. Before this industrial process and in the name of development, we carry out actions with negative repercussions, such as pollution and from the 70s, the world is a need to reconcile social and economic development with a preservation of the environment. However, as past actions, they show their products over time, resulting in the change of climate in the role of the emission of greenhouse gases. These gases immensely affect the world with increasing ambient temperature and with an elevation of the performance level in the melting function of glaciers. Because of this rise and other outstanding problems, human survival is at risk in the face of future shortages of human resources, vegetation change and landslides, generating immigration flows that have affected and already affect the various countries. It is necessary that the international legal community adopt mechanisms to protect these people from the inevitable results of the climate on the environment / Diante dos avanços industriais e tecnológicos o mundo evoluiu e com isso processos de industrialização e crescimento populacional foram algumas das necessidades que a sociedade conheceu. Ante este processo industrial e em nome do desenvolvimento, foram perpetradas ações com repercussões negativas, como a poluição e a partir da década de 70, o mundo viu a necessidade de conciliação entre desenvolvimento social e econômico juntamente com a preservação do meio ambiente. Porém, as ações do passado mostraram seus efeitos com o passar do tempo, resultando na alteração do clima em função do crescente nível de emissão de gases causadores do efeito estufa. Tais gases afetam imensamente o mundo com o aumento da temperatura do ambiente e com a elevação do nível do mar em função do derretimento de geleiras. Em razão desta elevação e outros problemas destacados, a sobrevivência humana está em risco ante a escassez futura de recursos naturais, mudança da vegetação e desaparecimento de terras, gerando fluxos imigratórios que afetarão e já afetam os diversos países. Sendo necessário que a comunidade jurídica internacional adote mecanismos para proteger estas pessoas diante dos resultados inevitáveis do clima sobre o meio ambiente

On parle souvent de population en détresse, mais rarement d’humanitaires en détresse. Et pourtant ils sont sur le terrain et subissent les mêmes événements et « malheurs » que la population elle-même et il n'y a plus de mois maintenant sans qu'une organisation ne déplore de situations graves pour son personnel. Mission après mission, les humanitaires s’exposent de façon répétée à des situations hautement stressantes, voire traumatiques. Et garder son équilibre et un niveau de stress correctement géré concerne soi-même et le reste du groupe, et au final la réussite de la mission. Connaître ses propres limites et ses modes de réaction à des situations par définition stressantes font partie de l’hygiène de base de chacun, tant pour sa propre survie, que celle des équipes.Le problème étant connu et inévitable, il est éventuellement possible d’y remédier par ce qu’on ap-pelle les stratégies d’ajustement au stress, connues sous le nom de COPING. Cette thèse a pour but d’expliciter des différentes formes et facteurs de stress dont les humani-taires peuvent souffrir ainsi que de leurs conséquences au niveau professionnel, relationnel, compor-temental, somatique et émotionnel à court et à long terme. Elle se propose de cibler le thème d’ajustement du coping, ou les stratégies pour faire face au stress par rapport à chaque type de per-sonnalité. On doit bien préciser ici que le but de cette recherche n’est pas de prédire la réaction de chaque personnalité face au stress, mais de mieux comprendre et par la suite adapter les stratégies de coping à chaque type de personnalité du travailleur humanitaire, décrit selon le modèle de personna-lité en cinq facteurs. Nous explorons par la suite le lien entre ces domaines de personnalité et le ni-veau de pratique dans le domaine de l’aide humanitaire, assimilable à un niveau d’expertise. / We often talk about people in distress, but rarely about humanitarian distress. And yet they are on the ground and suffer the same events and "misfortune" that the population itself and there's no more months now without that an organization regrets the serious conditions for its staff.Mission after mission, humanitarians are repeatedly exposed to highly stressful situations and even traumatic. The humanitarian has to keep his balance and stress levels run properly for himself and the rest of the group, and ultimately for the success of the mission. Know our own limits and our ways of reaction to stressful situations by definition are part of the basic hygiene of each, and are important for our own survival.The problem is known and inevitable; it may be possible to remedy it by coping strategies to stress.This thesis aims to explain the different forms and stressors that humanitarians can suffer and their consequences at the professional level, relational, behavioral, somatic and emotional short and long term. It intends to focus the theme of coping adjustment, or strategies of coping with stress in relation to each personality type. We must make it clear here that the purpose of this research is not to predict the reaction of each person deal with stress, but to better understand and subsequently adapt coping strategies to each personality type of aid worker, described by the Five Factors personality model. We explore also the relationship between these domains of personality and level of practice in the field of humanitarian aid, similar to a level of expertise.

Desde o começo dos anos 1990 é possível observar uma expansão contundente da estrutura internacional de ajuda humanitária. Por um lado, esta expansão resultou no crescimento histórico dos recursos financeiros, tecnológicos e humanos voltados para o provimento da ajuda, levando também ao aumento do tamanho e do número de organizações dedicadas a esta causa e do escopo de ação destas agências, principalmente em situações de pós-conflito. Por outro, este contexto também trouxe preocupações quanto a uma politização da ajuda, principalmente no cenário das \"novas guerras\" e das \"emergências complexas\" do pós-Guerra Fria, o que teria comprometido a independência e a neutralidade da prática humanitária nestas crises. A primeira década do século XXI acentuou estas percepções, com os Estados Unidos instrumentalizando tanto as agências quanto a prática humanitária em favor de seus interesses estratégicos na \"Guerra contra o Terror\". Esta dissertação procura analisar a politização da prática humanitária no pós-Guerra Fria, recuperando o desenvolvimento histórico do humanitarismo moderno e retomando alguns conceitos e discussões desenvolvidos durante a Guerra Fria, em especial o \"sem fronteirismo\" e o \"direito de ingerência humanitária\". Nossa proposta é observar como a politização foi percebida no nível das organizações humanitárias não-governamentais, como elas se alinharam ou se opuseram a uma leitura política de uma prática tradicionalmente vista como neutra, independente e imparcial. A hipótese deste trabalho é que houve uma convergência conceitual e prática entre boa parte destas agências e seus principais doadores, os governos, que resultou numa maior interação entre estes atores em situações de crise. No entanto, esta interação tem sido bastante problemática para as agências humanitárias: em cenários mais \"quentes\", como Afeganistão e Iraque, ela resultou numa associação entre interventores e humanitários, o que comprometeu a posição dos agentes humanitários nestas crises. Além disso, esta aproximação entre humanitarismo e política tem levantado uma discussão profunda sobre a natureza, os instrumentos e os objetivos da prática humanitária - que se desenvolve junto a outras crises, forçando os agentes a confrontar dilemas e desafios cada vez mais complexos, e com resultados humanitários cada vez mais imprevisíveis. / Since the early 1990s we can observe a striking expansion of the structure of international humanitarian aid. On the one hand, this expansion resulted in a historical growth of financial, technological and human resources toward the provision of aid, increasing the size and the number of organizations dedicated to this cause and the scope of action of these agencies, especially in post-conflict situations. On the other, this situation also brought concerns about the politicization of aid, especially in the scenario of \"new wars\" and \"complex emergencies\" in the post-Cold War, which would have compromised the independence and neutrality of humanitarian practice in these crises. The first decade of this century intensified these perceptions, with the United States using the practice and the agencies in favor of its strategic interests in the \"War on Terror.\" This dissertation analyzes the politicization of humanitarian practice in post-Cold War, recovering the historical development of modern humanitarianism and resuming some concepts and arguments developed during the Cold War, especially \"the without borderism\" and \"the right of humanitarian intervention.\" Our proposal is to observe how the politicization was perceived at the level of non-governmental humanitarian organizations, as they lined up or opposed to a political reading of a practice traditionally seen as neutral, independent and impartial. Our working hypothesis is that there was a conceptual and practical convergence between most of these agencies and their major donors, the governments, resulting in a greater interaction between these actors in crisis situations. However, this interaction has been very problematic for humanitarian agencies: in \"hot\" scenarios as Afghanistan and Iraq, it resulted in an association between humanitarians and interventionists, which undermined the position of aid workers in these crises. Moreover, this approach between humanitarianism and politics has raised a deep discussion about the nature, the objectives and the instruments of humanitarian practice - that develops along with other crises, forcing players to confront dilemmas and challenges increasingly complex, and results relief more unpredictable.

This study evaluates what would be the consequences of a wide implementation of large-scale cash transfer programming in humanitarian aid. The aspects that will be assessed here is the rationale for as well as criticism against the proposed implementation. The study also analysed what implications such a reform would have to key stakeholders in the humanitarian system. The theoretical framework employed for this study consists of two separate sections. The first section presents the available evidence on large-scale cash transfer programming (LSCTP) in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability to affected populations (AAP). For the second section, a review was conducted on previous studies relating to key stakeholders and how they would be affected by the aforementioned reform. The stakeholders analysed include donors, affected governments, operational humanitarian organisations (NGOs and UN agencies), affected populations, and the private sector. For the study, eight interviews were conducted with key informants, which was complemented by secondary data. The study found that the rationale for donors to implement LSCTP on a wide scale is strong, both from an efficiency, effectiveness, and AAP perspective, although the cost- efficiency aspect does require some attention. With regard to the stakeholders analysed, donors, along with affected populations, affected governments and the private sector, are all expected to benefit from a wide implementation of LSCTP, whereas the reform is expected to be disadvantageous to NGOs and UN agencies.

Humanitarian aid as it is known in present days has its origins in 19th century and since then it has gone through many important changes, developments and streams of thoughts. The aim of this thesis is to describe the changing character of humanitarian aid, its constraints and failures and the means of tackling them with emphasis on evolution during the last twenty years. The thesis deals mainly with failures caused by inaccurate assessment of needs of the victims of humanitarian crisis, constraints complicating complying with the principles of humanitarian action, limitations arising from the respect of state sovereignty and the problem of misappropriation of humanitarian aid and corruption. The shift in solving problems will be presented on the case of Czech non-governmental organization People in Need.

The professionalisation of the humanitarian sector has led to an increasing number of its professional staff worldwide. However, working in humanitarian aid is not a popular career path in mainland China, and some humanitarian organisations have also struggled to recruit Chinese professionals. The thesis explores the challenges that mainland Chinese citizens face when pursuing their careers in the humanitarian sector. It strives to understand what may hinder Chinese from working in international humanitarian aid, dwelling on both the humanitarian recruitment criteria and the expectations of the Chinese society. The thesis is based on the semi-structured qualitative interviews that have been interpreted with the help of thematic analysis under the intersectional and decolonial feminist analytical framework. The study indicates that although there may not be obvious discrimination against people in the humanitarian recruitment process, many affecting factors, such as gender, class, nationality, and culture, create the asymmetrical power dynamics between societal influences in China and the recruitment requirements in the humanitarian sector. I have come to a conclusion that humanitarian organisations have failed to create a diverse and inclusive working environment that would allow people to have equal opportunities and competition. This thesis is meant to help humanitarian organisations adjust their DEI (diversity, equity, and inclusion) strategies by understanding the hidden factors of recruitment inequalities and via decolonising the humanitarian aid.