Denna studie behandlar den offentliga debatt som uppstått i kölvattnet av januaripartiernas förslag om språktest för medborgarskap som presenterades i januari 2019. Genom ett diskursanalytiskt tillvägagångssätt undersöks de språkideologier och de synsätt på medborgarskap som kommer till uttryck i debattinläggen. Utifrån ambitionen att placera in diskursproducenternas positioner har studien tillämpat Bourdieus fältteori och med denna riktat fokus mot två specifika fält: det politiska och det vetenskapliga fältet. Vidare har studien fokuserat på de motsättningar som föreligger i debatten, inom såväl som mellan fälten.      Resultaten redovisar att det framkommer olika ståndpunkter som kan förklaras utifrån vilken position aktörerna talar och vilket fältkapital de besitter. Studien visar också att de språkideologiska villkoren förändrats under det senaste decenniet i synen på svenska språkkunskapers roll i naturalisationsprocessen. Detta har lett till att den språkvetenskapliga forskningen gett sig in i debatten och argumenterat mot språkkrav för medborgarskap. Resultaten indikerar att de två fälten bryter mot det kunskapsutbyte som karaktäriserat svenskt språkpolitiskt beslutsfattande där vetenskaplig forskning legat till grund för diskursiva slutsatser.

In line with the global trend of increased language requirements for naturalization, the Swedish government decided in 2019 to introduce a language test for citizenship. Drawing on Norton Peirce’s (1995) notion of investment and Fraser’s (2000) definition of participatory parity, this study investigates adult second language learners’ attitudes towards the test and analyzes how investment in language learning and perception of possibilities for participatory parity influence their views. Furthermore, the study considers some of the potential consequences of the new policy, for example, for acts of linguistic citizenship (Stroud, 2018). Eighteen SFI-students at level 3C, one of the highest levels at the language course, responded to a questionnaire. Nine respondents favored the test, four opposed it, four were neutral, and one was unsure. Interviews were conducted with six volunteers out of these participants, five out of six were supporters of the language test. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically. While all participants were motivated to learn Swedish, the findings indicate how diverse forms of capital, ideologies, and desired or actual identities in Swedish, that is, the nature of their investment and perceived possibilities for economic and social participation, influenced their attitudes towards the language test. Furthermore, supporters of the test considered that the language requirement would improve possibilities for participatory parity, whereas the opponents emphasized the risk of misrecognition and misrepresentation. The policy redefines Swedish citizenship: by making a test of Swedish language mandatory for prospective citizens, it formally demands that immigrants learn Swedish provided they want to integrate. As the results suggest, however, the participants in this study were engaged in a wide range of acts of linguistic citizenship in Swedish and had similar reported proficiency levels, regardless of their opinions of the Swedish test. The study calls for more research on the effects of language requirements for naturalization to examine to what extent and in what ways a language test for citizenship affects already motivated language learners.

In line with the global trend of increased language requirements for naturalization, the Swedish government decided in 2019 to introduce a language test for citizenship. Drawing on Norton Peirce’s (1995) notion of investment and Fraser’s (2000) definition of participatory parity, this study investigates adult second language learners’ attitudes towards the test and analyzes how investment in language learning and perception of possibilities for participatory parity influence their views. Furthermore, the study considers some of the potential consequences of the new policy, for example, for acts of linguistic citizenship (Stroud, 2018). Eighteen SFI-students at level 3C, one of the highest levels at the language course, responded to a questionnaire. Nine respondents favored the test, four opposed it, four were neutral, and one was unsure. Interviews were conducted with six volunteers out of these participants, five out of six were supporters of the language test. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically. While all participants were motivated to learn Swedish, the findings indicate how diverse forms of capital, ideologies, and desired or actual identities in Swedish, that is, the nature of their investment and perceived possibilities for economic and social participation, influenced their attitudes towards the language test. Furthermore, supporters of the test considered that the language requirement would improve possibilities for participatory parity, whereas the opponents emphasized the risk of misrecognition and misrepresentation. The policy redefines Swedish citizenship: by making a test of Swedish language mandatory for prospective citizens, it formally demands that immigrants learn Swedish provided they want to integrate. As the results suggest, however, the participants in this study were engaged in a wide range of acts of linguistic citizenship in Swedish and had similar reported proficiency levels, regardless of their opinions of the Swedish test. The study calls for more research on the effects of language requirements for naturalization to examine to what extent and in what ways a language test for citizenship affects already motivated language learners.

Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra konstitutionen av barnet som subjekt i förskollärares beskrivningar av barns filmspråk. Teorin är tvärdisciplinär med kulturella, socialsemiotiska och filmteoretiska utgångspunkter. De respondenter som ingår i urvalsgruppen är åtta förskollärare. Resultaten har framkommit genom en semiotisk analysmodell baserad på Roland Barthes teori om denotation, konnotation och ènonciation. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av förskollärares beskrivningar av filmer skapade av barn i tre års ålder i arbetsprocessen pedagogisk dokumentation i förskolan. Tecken i förskollärarnas beskrivningar visar att barnen konstitueras som medvetna subjekt genom hur de kan erbjudas möjlighet att se och höra sig själva i sitt filmspråk. Barnens subjektivitet synliggörs på detta sätt i förskollärarnas beskrivningar genom att de har en förståelse för förbindelser mellan tid och erfarna händelser. Förskollärares beskrivningar visar även att barnens samarbete i mindre grupper kan erbjuda dem möjlighet att fatta gemensamma beslut om vilka sekvenser som ska representeras i deras filmer. Det finns inga tecken i förskollärarnas beskrivningar som visar att barnen kan erbjudas utrymme att visa sin förståelse för hur bilder av världen kan omskapas i arbetet med filmredigering. Pedagogiska implikationer kan således utgöra begränsning i barnens möjlighet att påverka och omskapa den kultur de är en del av. För att barn ska få möjlighet att synas, höras och påverka den kultur de är en del av i arbetet med pedagogisk dokumentation kan det förväntas att barnen själva har tillgång till kulturella verktyg, som i detta fall är filmspråk. En annan pedagogisk implikation framkommer i tecken på att förskollärarna omedvetet reflekteras av en imaginär självuppfattning i barnens filmer, vilket betyder att förskollärarna omedvetet speglar sig själv i barnens filmer. Effekten kan bli att förskollärarnas subjektivitet omedvetet konstitueras och förväxlas med barnens subjektivitet i uppföljning, utvärdering och utveckling av förskolans verksamhet. Förskollärarnas didaktiska kunskaper om hur film kan tolkas som ett språk kan således ha en betydelse för deras medvetna reflektioner över hur de påverkas av barnens filmer. På dessa grunder kan ett medvetet utrymme skapas för barnens förutsättningar att synas, höras och utveckla sitt lärande i arbetet med pedagogisk dokumentation. / The aim of this study is to make the constitution of the child as subject visible, through pre-school teachers’ perceptions of children’s film language. The theory represents a cross-scientific context that implies a cultural, social semiotic and film theoretical starting point. The respondents included in the sample group are eight pre-school teachers. Analysis of the results is performed through a semiotic analysis model based on Barthes theory of denotation, connotation and ènonciation. The result reveals the constitution of the subject on two parallel levels in the pre-school teachers’ descriptions of films, made by children in the age of three, in the process of documentation in pre-school. The preschool teachers descriptions shows an opportunity for the children to see and hear themselves in their films, which creates an understanding of the relationships between time and experienced events. Children’s subjectivity can be made visible by how they use the camera and what they choose to capture. Through collaboration in small groups kids are offered the opportunity to take joint decisions on how they, in editing of the films, want to represent the sequences in their films. According to the preschoolteachers descriptions they don´t reflect on the opportunity for the children to demonstrate their understanding of how they can re-design new images of the world in the editing of their films. This confines the children’s ability to influence and re-create the culture they are a part of. The preschool teachers unconsciously become interpellated, feeling personal attention, and being reflected by an imaginary self-perception in the children’s film language. The consequences could mean that the development of the childrens learning process is based on the unconscious subjectivity of the pre-school teachers, and not on the subjectivity of the children. In order for children to have the opportunity to be seen, heard and to influence the educational culture they are a part of, it requires that children themselves have access to cultural and symbolic tools, in this case the filmlanguage. It is also necessary for the pre-school teachers to have a didactic training in how film can be used and interpreted as a language. The central aspect lies in how filmlanguage affects the seeing and reflecting viewer and make the children’s subjectivity visible in order to influence the development of the children’s learning processes.

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