Submitted by Cristina Tessari (tinatessari@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T13:51:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertationEPGE_CristinaTessari2016.pdf: 1264081 bytes, checksum: 14e65157457bfe8deea5353bb192a0af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-06-29T14:03:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertationEPGE_CristinaTessari2016.pdf: 1264081 bytes, checksum: 14e65157457bfe8deea5353bb192a0af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-06-29T14:06:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertationEPGE_CristinaTessari2016.pdf: 1264081 bytes, checksum: 14e65157457bfe8deea5353bb192a0af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T14:07:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertationEPGE_CristinaTessari2016.pdf: 1264081 bytes, checksum: 14e65157457bfe8deea5353bb192a0af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / We use Brazilian data to compute monthly idiosyncratic moments (expected skewness, realized skewness, and realized volatility) for equity returns and assess whether they are informative for the cross-section of future stock returns. Since there is evidence that lagged skewness alone does not adequately forecast skewness, we estimate a cross-sectional model of expected skewness that uses additional predictive variables. Then, we sort stocks each month according to their idiosyncratic moments, forming quintile portfolios. We find a negative relationship between higher idiosyncratic moments and next-month stock returns. The trading strategy that sells stocks in the top quintile of expected skewness and buys stocks in the bottom quintile generates a significant monthly return of about 120 basis points. Our results are robust across sample periods, portfolio weightings, and to Fama and French (1993)’s risk adjustment factors. Finally, we identify a return reversal of stocks with high idiosyncratic skewness. Specifically, stocks with high idiosyncratic skewness have high contemporaneous returns. That tends to reverse, resulting in negative abnormal returns in the following month. / In the first chapter, we test some stochastic volatility models using options on the S&P 500 index. First, we demonstrate the presence of a short time-scale, on the order of days, and a long time-scale, on the order of months, in the S&P 500 volatility process using the empirical structure function, or variogram. This result is consistent with findings of previous studies. The main contribution of our paper is to estimate the two time-scales in the volatility process simultaneously by using nonlinear weighted least-squares technique. To test the statistical significance of the rates of mean-reversion, we bootstrap pairs of residuals using the circular block bootstrap of Politis and Romano (1992). We choose the block-length according to the automatic procedure of Politis and White (2004). After that, we calculate a first-order correction to the Black-Scholes prices using three different first-order corrections: (i) a fast time scale correction; (ii) a slow time scale correction; and (iii) a multiscale (fast and slow) correction. To test the ability of our model to price options, we simulate options prices using five different specifications for the rates or mean-reversion. We did not find any evidence that these asymptotic models perform better, in terms of RMSE, than the Black-Scholes model. In the second chapter, we use Brazilian data to compute monthly idiosyncratic moments (expected skewness, realized skewness, and realized volatility) for equity returns and assess whether they are informative for the cross-section of future stock returns. Since there is evidence that lagged skewness alone does not adequately forecast skewness, we estimate a cross-sectional model of expected skewness that uses additional predictive variables. Then, we sort stocks each month according to their idiosyncratic moments, forming quintile portfolios. We find a negative relationship between higher idiosyncratic moments and next-month stock returns. The trading strategy that sells stocks in the top quintile of expected skewness and buys stocks in the bottom quintile generates a significant monthly return of about 120 basis points. Our results are robust across sample periods, portfolio weightings, and to Fama and French (1993)’s risk adjustment factors. Finally, we identify a return reversal of stocks with high idiosyncratic skewness. Specifically, stocks with high idiosyncratic skewness have high contemporaneous returns. That tends to reverse, resulting in negative abnormal returns in the following month.

Submitted by Fernando Luiz da Silva Filho (fernandoluiz.filho@gmail.com) on 2018-02-26T19:40:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fernando Luiz da Silva Filho.pdf: 804671 bytes, checksum: 6c8b8f37f253d1fac5bb5b910bc53abc (MD5) / Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Fernando, boa tarde. Para que possamos aprovar seu trabalho, será necessário que faça somente uma alteração, que seria retirar o acento do nome "Getulio". Por gentileza, altere e submeta novamente. Obrigada. Qualquer dúvida, entre em contato. on 2018-02-27T19:13:33Z (GMT) / Submitted by Fernando Luiz da Silva Filho (fernandoluiz.filho@gmail.com) on 2018-02-27T19:29:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fernando Luiz da Silva Filho.pdf: 803387 bytes, checksum: 25e96115bcb32a527894d4c10f7b5913 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-02-27T19:50:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fernando Luiz da Silva Filho.pdf: 803387 bytes, checksum: 25e96115bcb32a527894d4c10f7b5913 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-27T21:07:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fernando Luiz da Silva Filho.pdf: 803387 bytes, checksum: 25e96115bcb32a527894d4c10f7b5913 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-06 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a existência de retornos anormais acumulados (ou CARs) em momentos de anúncio de dividendos e relaciona-los com a volatilidade idiossincrática das empresas. Foram utilizados anúncios de 40 ações ordinárias de empresas não financeiras entre fevereiro de 1998 e junho de 2017, agrupadas entre variações positivas e negativas dos dividendos, excluindo pagamentos iniciais e omissões. Percebeu-se significância estatística nas médias dos retornos anormais calculados tanto para variações positivas quanto negativas de dividendos, indicando que o mercado recebe a informação de distribuição conforme a teoria da sinalização de dividendos. A volatilidade idiossincrática, utilizada como proxy de assimetria de informação, indicou que altas volatilidades remetem a retornos anormais maiores. O valor de mercado das empresas, também relacionado à assimetria informacional, é negativamente relacionado aos CARs, como indicado pela teoria econômica. Variáveis de controle adicionadas ao modelo referentes ao desempenho operacional das empresas não trouxeram, no geral, significância estatística. Foi notado ainda o indicio de diminuição da volatilidade idiossincrática um ano após os anúncios, suportando a ideia da sinalização como fonte de diminuição da assimetria de informação. / This research aims to verify the occurrence of cumulative abnormal returns (or CARs) at periods of dividend announcement and relates it to the idiosyncratic volatility of companies. Announcements for 40 common stocks of non-financial corporations between February 1998 and June 2017 were considered, excluding initial announcements and omissions. Then, the announcements were gathered by positive or negative dividend variations. The results show that the means of the abnormal returns calculated for both positive and negative dividend changes are statistically significant, indicating that the market receives the distribution information according to the theory of dividend signaling. The idiosyncratic volatility, used as a proxy for information asymmetry, indicated that high volatilities are associated with larger abnormal returns. The market value of companies, also related to informational asymmetry, is negatively related to the CARs, which is in accord with economic theorys. Overall, control variables related to company’s operational performance that were added in the model were not statistically significant. There was also evidence of decrease in idiosyncratic volatility one year after announcements, supporting the idea of signaling as a source of diminished information asymmetry.

This dissertation consists of three essays. The first essay focuses on idiosyncratic volatility as a primary arbitrage cost for short sellers. Previous studies document (i) negative abnormal returns for high relative short interest (RSI) stocks, and (ii) positive abnormal returns for low RSI stocks. We examine whether these market inefficiencies can be explained by arbitrage limitations, especially firms' idiosyncratic risk. Consistent with limits to arbitrage hypothesis, we document an abnormal return of -1.74% per month for high RSI stocks (>=95th percentile) with high idiosyncratic volatility. However, for similar level of high RSI, abnormal returns are economically and statistically insignificant for stocks with low idiosyncratic volatility. For stocks with low RSI, the returns are positively related to idiosyncratic volatility. These results imply that idiosyncratic risk is a potential reason for the inability of arbitrageurs to extract returns from high and low RSI portfolios. The second essay investigates market efficiency in the absence of limits to arbitrage on short selling. Theoretical predictions and empirical results are ambiguous about the effect of short sale constraints on security prices. Since these constraints cannot be eliminated in equity markets, we use trades from futures markets where there is no distinction between short and long positions. With no external constraints on short positions, we document a weekend effect in futures markets which is a result of asymmetric risk between long and short positions around weekends. The premium is higher in periods of high volatility when short sellers are unwilling to accept higher levels of risk. On the other hand, riskiness of long positions does not seem to have a similar impact on prices. The third essay studies investor behaviors that generate mispricing by examining relationship between stock price and future returns. Based on traditional finance theory, valuation should not depend on nominal stock prices. However, recent literature documents that preference of retail investors for low price stocks results in their overvaluation. Motivated by this preference, we re-examine the relationship between stock price and expected return for the entire U.S. stock market. We find that stock price and expected returns are positively related if price is not confounded with size. Results in this paper show that, controlled for size, high price stocks significantly outperform low price stocks by an abnormal 0.40% per month. This return premium is attributed to individual investors' preference for low price stocks. Consistent with costly arbitrage, the return differential between high and low price stocks is highest for the stocks which are difficulty to arbitrage. The results are robust to price cut-off of $5, and in different sub-periods. / Ph. D.

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of implementing the static and dynamic volatility interruption rule on idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns in Nasdaq Stockholm. Using EGARCH and GARCH models to estimate the conditional idiosyncratic volatility, we find that the conditional idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns increase as stock prices hit the upper static or dynamic volatility interruption limits. Conversely, we find that the conditional idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns decrease as stock prices hit the lower static or dynamic volatility interruption limit. We also find that the conditional idiosyncratic volatility is higher when stock prices reach the upper dynamic limit than when they reach the upper static limit. Furthermore, we compare the conditional idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns on the limit hit days to the day before and after the limit hit events and find that the conditional idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns are more volatile on the limits hit days. To test the volatility spill-over hypothesis, we set a range of a two-day window after limit hit events and find no evidence for volatility spill-over one or two days after the limit hit event, indicating that the static and dynamic volatility interruption rule is effective in curbing the volatility. Finally, we sort stocks by their size and find that small market cap stocks gain higher returns than larger market cap stocks upon reaching the upper limits, both static and dynamic.

Submitted by Renato Taira (renato.taira@gmail.com) on 2012-09-14T17:21:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Renato Taira 20120822_formato dissert__1_pt.pdf: 910476 bytes, checksum: efa4fd191f34098b0ed5e0433b997c71 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-09-14T17:28:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Renato Taira 20120822_formato dissert__1_pt.pdf: 910476 bytes, checksum: efa4fd191f34098b0ed5e0433b997c71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-14T17:41:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Renato Taira 20120822_formato dissert__1_pt.pdf: 910476 bytes, checksum: efa4fd191f34098b0ed5e0433b997c71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-15 / É notável o crescente volume de investimento estrangeiro em ações da América Latina. Nos últimos 10 anos, esta quantidade cresceu em mais de 16 vezes . O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o impacto do investimento estrangeiro no ambiente de informação nesta região. Utilizando regressão em painel, mostra-se que o investimento estrangeiro tem um impacto positivo no ambiente informacional, isto é, o investidor estrangeiro está melhor provido de informação que o investidor local. Esse efeito é ainda mais acentuado quando a análise é feita apenas para emissões no Brasil. A amostra contém 1365 ações de 2000 a 2011. Froot e Ramodarai (2008) chegam à mesma conclusão utilizando uma metodologia com vetores auto-regressivos. / The increasing foreign investment in equities is quite notable in Latin American. Over the last 10 years, this number has increased by over 16 times (source: Worldbank). This article describes the impact of foreign investment on the information environment. Using panel regression, it is shown that foreign investment has a positive impact on the information environment. The interpretation for this fact is that the foreign investor is better informed than the local investor. This effect is even more noticeable when the analysis is made separately for the Brazil. The sample contains 1365 equities and ADRs between 2000 and 2011. Foot and Ramodarai (2008) came to the same conclusion using a technique of vector auto regressive.

[pt] Desde sua proposição, na decada de 60, o modelo de apreçamento de ativos de capital e suas expansões, em particular a modelagem proposta por Fama e French entre os anos de 1992 e 2015, causou um entusiasmado debate sobre a interpretação econômica de seus fatores. Foi demonstrado na literatura acadêmica que variaveis que descrevem o conjunto das futuras oportunidades de investimento devem comandar um prêmio de risco e deveriam ser correlacionadas com os fatores de Fama e French. Uma outra questão sempre discutida é a aplicação desse tipo de modelagem à mercados emergentes. Economias mais fracas e menos estruturadas seguiriam a mesma racionalidade de mercados desenvolvidos? As expansões de Fama-French acrescentam ao modelo do CAPM fatores que representam o tamanho, o valor, a lucratividade operacional e a politica de investimento das empresas, em duas versões básicas de modelo. A primeira, proposta em 1993, acrescenta ao excesso de retorno de mercado um fator de tamanho e um fator de valor. É normalmente chamada de modelo de três fatores. A segunda, proposta em 2015, acrescenta a versão de três fatores um fator de lucratividade operacional e um fator de politica de investimentos das empresas. É normalmente chamada de modelo de cinco fatores. Com o uso desses modelos e dos conceitos financeiros envolvidos, esta tese estuda a possibilidade de que as inovações na variância média do mercado, decomposta em dois fatores, um representando a variação média do mercado e outro representando a correlação média do mercado, pudesse aumentar a capacidade explicativa do modelo de três fatores no que se refere aos excessos de retornos de portfólios de ações. Ela também estuda a capacidade do modelo de cinco fatores de melhor explicar o retornos dos portfolios de ações, em blocos econômicos de mercados emergentes, em relação ao CAPM original e ao modelo de três fatores. Finalmente, o estudo mostra que as inovações no indice de inflação e as inovações da inclinação da curva de juros são proxies para os fatores de tamanho, valor, lucratividade e investimento, e, em conjunto com o excesso de retorno do mercado, conseguem explicar o cross-section dos excessos de retornos dos portfólios de ações melhor do que o modelo de cinco fatores. / [en] Since its proposition in the 1960s, the capital asset pricing model and its expansions, in particular the modeling proposed by Fama and French between the years 1992 and 2015, caused an enthusiastic debate about the economic interpretation of its factors. It has been demonstrated in the academic literature that variables describing the set of future investment opportunities should command a risk premium and should be correlated with the Fama and French factors. Another issue that has always been discussed is the application of this type of modeling to emerging markets. Weaker and less structured economies would follow the same rationality of developed markets? Fama-French s expansions add to the CAPM model factors that represent size, value, operating profitability, and corporate investment policy in two basic model versions. The first, proposed in 1993, adds to the excess market return a factor of size and a factor of value. It is usually called the three-factor model. The second, proposed in 2015, adds to the three-factor version a factor of operational profitability and a factor of companies investment policy. It is usually called the five-factor model. With the use of these models and the financial concepts involved, this thesis studies the possibility that the innovations in the average market variance, decomposed into two factors, one representing the average market variation and another representing the average market correlation, could increase the explanatory capacity of the three-factor model with respect to the excess returns of stock portfolios. It also studies the ability of the five-factor model to best explain stock portfolio returns in emerging market economic blocks relative to the original CAPM and the three-factor model. Finally, the study shows that innovations in the inflation index and innovations in the slope of the interest curve are proxies for size, value, profitability, and investment factors, and, together with excess market returns, explains cross-section of excess returns on stock portfolios better than the five-factor model.

No description available.

Cette thèse est organisée en trois chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, qui est co-écrit avec Ilze Kalnina, nous proposons un test statistique pour évaluer l’adéquation de la volatilité idiosyncratique comme mesure du risque idioyncratique. Nous proposons un test statistique qui est basé sur l’idée qu’un bon proxy du risque idiosyncratique devrait être non correélé à travers les actifs financiers. Nous démontrons que l’estimation de la volatililité est sujet à des erreurs qui rendent le test non standard. Nous proposons un modèle à facteurs qui permet de réduire sinon éliminer les corrélations dans la volatilité idiosyncratique, avec comme ultime but d’ aboutir à un facteur qui satisfait mieux aux critères souhaités du risque idiosyncratique. Dans le deuxième chapitre de ma thèse, qui est co-écrit avec Christian Dorion et Pierre Chaigneau, nous proposons une méthodologie pour étudier l’importance des risques d’ordres supérieurs dans la valorisation des actifs financiers. A la suite de Kraus and Litzenberger (1976) et Harvey and Siddique (2000a), beaucoup d’études ont analysé l’aversion aux risques de skewness et kurtosis de façon inconditionnelle. Dans ce chapitre, nous proposons une méthodogie qui permet de faire une analyse conditionnelle assez précise de l’aversion au risques d’ordres superieurs. Notre étude complémente la littérature dans la mesure ou nous étudions aussi la valuation des risques d’ordre plus élevé que la kurtosis à savoir l’hyperskewness et l’hyperkurtosis qui sont théoriquement valorisés dans certaines fonction d’utilité comme le CRRA. Dans le dernier chapitre de ma thése, j’étudie la structure à terme de la prime de risque pour le risque de co-skewness, un risque qui mesure l’asymmétrie systématique dans les actions individuelles. Nous y proposons une méthode assez générale qui permet de faire une analyze mutli-horizon contrairement à la plupart des études existantes. / This thesis is organized in three chapters. In the first chapter (which is co-authored with Ilze Kalnina), we propose a statistical test to assess the adequacy of the most popular measure of idiosyncratic risk, which is the idiosyncratic volatility. Our test statistic exploits the idea that a “good" measure of the idiosyncratic risk should be uncorrelated in the cross-section. Using in-fill asymptotics, we study the theoretical properties of the test and find that it has a non-standard behaviour due to various biases induced by the latency of the idiosyncratic volatility. Moreover, we propose a regression model that can be used to reduce if not eliminate the cross-sectional dependences in assets idiosyncratic volatilities. The second chapter of my thesis is the fruit of a colaboration with Christian Dorion and Pierre Chaigneau. In this chapter, we study the relevance of higher-order risk aversion in asset pricing. The evidence in Kraus and Litzenberger (1976) and Harvey and Siddique (2000a) has spurred the literature on the estimation of the risk premiums attached to skewness and kurtosis risk in addition to the standard variance risk. However, most of these studies focus on the estimation of unconditional premiums or average premiums. In this chapter, we propose a methodology that allows to accurately estimate the time-varying higher-order risk aversions using options prices. Our study complements the literature as we also study the higher-order risks beyond the kurtosis such as hyperskewness and hyperkurtosis risks which are valued by a CRRA investor. . In my third chapter, I study the term-structure of price of co-skewness risk. Co-Skewness risk captures the portion of the stock returns asymmetry that arises as a result of market returns asymmetry. I propose a general methodology that allows to study the multi-horizon pricing of this risk in contrast to many existing studies.