This dissertation consists of two essays: one looks at the time-varying relationship between earnings and price momentum, and the other looks at how liquidity and transparency affect the pricing differential between Chinese A-and Hong Kong H-share. The first essay presented in Chapter I investigates the time varying relationship between earnings momentum and price momentum. Using a Markov-switching framework, allowing for variation between high volatility and low volatility states, I find that price momentum is significantly more influenced by earnings momentum in the high volatility state. Further for price momentum I find that loser firms display a higher degree of differential response to earnings momentum across the low and high volatility states than winner firms. Limited financing and investor’s sensitivity to future investment opportunities might explain these two results. A further analysis indeed indicates that loser firms tend to be more financially constrained. Additionally, I investigate the relationship between investor sentiment and the two momentums and find that sentiment only has predictive power for price momentum profits in the low volatility state. Finally, the results are robust regardless of instrument variables. The second essay presented in Chapter 2 examines the impact of liquidity and transparency on the discount attached to H-shares from 2003 to 2011. The higher the relative illiquidity of an H-share, the more the H-share is discounted relative to the underlying A-share price. In addition, more actively traded A-shares and infrequently traded H-shares are associated with a higher H-share discount. Further, increases in the number of analysts following a firm, both in the A-and H- market, are accompanied by a lower H-share discount. Also, a firm with a higher percentage of A-share holdings by mutual funds is associated with a smaller H-share discount. Overall, the results provide support for the notion that liquidity and transparency affect the relative pricing of A- and H-shares.

Recent nancial crises have highlighted the sensitivity and vulnerability of nancial markets to in ation, which reduces the value of money and a ects the net returns of nancial instruments. In response to this, investors who are concerned with maintaining their investment's purchasing power rather than its market value are resorting to in ation linked (IL) products to hedge their in ation risk. Consequently, the in ation market has been rapidly growing for the last decade and has further great potential growth worldwide. It is highly probable that in ation linked derivatives will eventually be as common as conventional products. Another cause of the in ation market boost is the growing extension of the time frame of nancial transactions, which has generated an increase in in ation expectation; since 1980 the average time to maturity of long-dated transactions went from one decade to three decades. This is, in part, due to the ageing population in the developed world. This research investigates some alternative models in order to improve the match between model prices and observed prices in the American and South African in ation markets. It takes into account the relative illiquidity of IL products. The main tools used are L evy distributions, macroeconomic factors, no-arbitrage and pricing kernel models. L evy processes can replicate the behaviour of the return innovations of a wide range of nancial securities. Adding a stochastic time change to the L evy process randomises the market clock, thus generating stochastic volatilities, higher stochastic return moments and eventually stochastic skewness. These are observed stylised facts most conventional models do not achieve. Moreover, in contrast to the hidden factor approach, each L evy process component and its stochastic time change can readily be assigned an economic meaning. This explicit economic mapping facilitates the interpretation of current models and provides a more intuitive approach to building new models that capture other observed behaviours. Finally, L evy processes also provide tractable formulas for derivative pricing and market estimations. In general, in ation is a consequence of macroeconomic factors. Exogenous dynamics of the most signi cant of these factors are used to deduce the endogenous in ation dynamics in some of the considered models. In these cases, the calibration of the pricing kernel models requires little historical data on IL derivatives. In fact, the required macroeconomic historical data is easily available because of the current national and international legislation.

Submitted by Lucas Bubman Dyskant (lucasbubman@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T15:33:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 EPGE - Final.pdf: 765762 bytes, checksum: 516f76f53430680a81d511305bdde1be (MD5) EPGE - Final.pdf: 765762 bytes, checksum: 516f76f53430680a81d511305bdde1be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2017-12-07T19:31:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 EPGE - Final.pdf: 765762 bytes, checksum: 516f76f53430680a81d511305bdde1be (MD5) EPGE - Final.pdf: 765762 bytes, checksum: 516f76f53430680a81d511305bdde1be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-08T17:08:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 EPGE - Final.pdf: 765762 bytes, checksum: 516f76f53430680a81d511305bdde1be (MD5) EPGE - Final.pdf: 765762 bytes, checksum: 516f76f53430680a81d511305bdde1be (MD5) / We find that illiquidity remains a major factor in explaining corporate spreads. Illiquidity is second only to the credit risk itself. This effect is surprising given that the corporate debt trading activity has more than doubled in the US since the financial crisis of 2008. Longer bonds are substantially more illiquid than shorter bonds as one additional year in time to mature dries liquidity by 16%. We regress monthly cross-sectional corporate yield spreads on our return-based illiquidity measure, controlling for other variables such as the CDS spread and volatility. We find that a one standard deviation increase in illiquidity widens spreads by 26 basis points. / Nós encontramos que a iliquidez remanesce um importante fator explicativo em spreads de títulos corporativos. A iliquidez é menos importante somente do que o próprio risco de crédito. Este efeito é surpreendente dado que o volume de negociação de dívida privada mais do que dobrou nos EUA desde a crise financeira de 2008. Títulos longos são substancialmente mais ilíquidos do que títulos mais curtos, uma vez que um ano adicional na maturidade seca a liquidez em 16%. Nós regredimos cross-sections mensais de spreads de taxas privadas em nossa medida de iliquidez baseada em retornos, controlando por outro fatores como o CDS e a volatilidade. Nós encontramos que um aumento de um desvio padrão na iliquidez aumenta os spreads em 26 pontos-base.

No description available.

As previous researchers have discussed the paradigm of risk and return, this study also suggests illiquidity as a good proxy for risk. An illiquid asset, thus higher risk, should generate high return. As Amihud (2002) originally applies an illiquidity measure from daily return and turnover, this thesis elaborates on his average market illiquidity measure AILLIQ on assets of Nasdaq First North Growth Market. Over a five-year period returns are estimated using the CAPM together with the illiquidity proxy on Swedish growth assets. Results are in line with intuitive thoughts of a positive relationship between risk and return. The hypothesis of zero impact is rejected and concludes that illiquidity can have an impact on expected return.

L’extrême complexité de notre droit contemporain conduit de plus en plus de juristes à rechercher la spécialisation, synonyme d’approfondissement et donc de compétence. Mais si une telle démarche a d’évidents aspects positifs, elle recèle parfois l’inconvénient de laisser dans l’ombre les questions qui se trouvent à l’intersection de plusieurs disciplines. Or là, dans ces conflits ou coordinations de droits spéciaux, gisent souvent de nos jours de beaux sujets de thèse. Dans la législation de l'insolvabilité, les pays doivent trancher un certain nombre de questions du fond et de la forme. Nonobstant la diversité des questions du fond à résoudre, la législation de l'insolvabilité est d'une nature procédurale. Les règles de la procédure collective sont conçues pour jouer un rôle crucial dans la répartition des risques entre les divers acteurs de la procédure judiciaire. La question de procédure est de savoir quels sont les facteurs déclenchant pour l’introduction d’une procédure collective. La première partie de l’étude montre que les critères d’insolvabilité existaient toujours mais leur sens a changé à travers le temps et dépendaient du système juridique du pays en question. La seconde partie de cette recherche est consacrée au contenu des critères d’insolvabilité en France, en Ukraine et dans l’UE. Un second enjeu de la recherche est de voir comment le troisième critère (l'insolvabilité imminente) est apparu dans le droit commun français et à quel moment la réforme de la législation de l’insolvabilité en Ukraine s’arrêtait. L’internationalisation de l’économie engendre nécessairement des situations de défaillance d’entreprises multinationales ou/et possédantes d'actifs à travers toute la planète. Nous allons donc essayer d'élaborer une approche commune dans un droit européen qui s’inscrirait dans la suite logique des législations nationales. / The extreme complexity of the modern law leads that more and more lawyers are looking for a specialization, in-depth knowledge and therefore synonym to skill. But if this approach has an obvious positive aspect, it sometimes receives a disadvantage to leave in a shadow the issues that are in the intersection of several disciplines. In the conflicts and subordination of special legal rights, nowadays the interesting thesis topics can be found. In the insolvency law, the countries have to solve a number of questions, the formal and the substantial aspects. Notwithstanding the diversity of background issues to be solved, the insolvency legislation is a law of a procedural character. The rules of the collective proceedings are vested to play a crucial role in the allocation of the risks between the various actors during the judicial process. However, the key question of the procedure is to define the trigger criteria for the introduction of collective proceedings. The first part of the study demonstrates that the insolvency criteria exist always but their meaning has been changing over the years and has been depending upon the system of law of the country. The second part of this research is devoted to the content of the insolvency criteria in France, Ukraine and in the EU. A second issue of the research is to see how the third criterion (the imminent illiquidity) has been appeared in the French and Ukrainian law and when the reform of insolvency law in Ukraine has stopped. The internationalization of the economy necessarily leads to the situations of possible dysfunction of the multinational companies (or even their failure) and / or possessing assets across the globe. We will try to develop a common approach in a European commercial law that would fit into the logical continuation of national legislation.

Wir untersuchen eine zeitstetige Variante des zeitlich diskreten Modells von Jarrow für einen illiquiden Finanzmarkt. In dieser kann mit einem Bond und einer Aktie gehandelt werden. Während im Standardmodell eines liquiden Finanzmarktes die stochastische Dynamik des Aktienpreises durch ein festes Semimartingal modelliert wird, hängt der Aktienpreis in unserem Modell einerseits von einem fundamentalen Semimartingal, das sich als kumulative Nachfrage vieler kleiner Investoren interpretieren läßt, andererseits aber auch monoton wachsend vom Aktienbestand der Handelsstrategie eines ökonomischen Agenten ab. Wegen des damit verbundenen Rückkopplungseffekts ist es, im Gegensatz zu liquiden Finanzmärkten, nicht möglich, die bekannten Darstellungssätze der Stochastischen Analysis zu verwenden, um Zufallsvariablen als stochastische Integrale bezüglich des Prozesses der abdiskontierten Aktienpreise darzustellen und auf dieser Basis Absicherungsstrategien für Derivate zu konstruieren. Wir definieren den realisierbaren Portfoliowert als den abdiskontierten Erlös einer idealisierten, in einem gewissen Sinne optimalen, Liquidationsstrategie. Mit Hilfe der Ito-Formel leiten wir eine Zerlegung der Dynamik des realisierbaren Portfoliowertes selbstfinanzierender Strategien in ein stochastisches Integral und einen fallenden Prozeß her. Dabei ist der Integrator des stochastischen Integrals ein von der betrachteten Strategie unabhängiges lokales Martingal unter einem äquivalenten Martingalmaß . Aus dieser Zerlegung ergibt sich ein Beweis für die Arbitragefreiheit des Modells. Der Zerlegungssatz zeigt insbesondere, daß der realisierbare Portfoliowert stetiger Strategien von beschränkter Variation ein lokales Martingal unter einem äquivalenten Martingalmaß ist. Wir beweisen deshalb einen Approximationssatz für stochastische Integrale, der es erlaubt, sich bei der Absicherung von Derivaten auf solche Strategien zu beschränken. Durch Kombination des Approximationssatzes und des Zerlegungssatzes können wir Superreplikationspreise von Derivaten bestimmen und die relevanten Portfoliooptimierungsprobleme lösen. / We study a continuous time version of Jarrows model for an illiquid financial market in discrete time. In this model one can trade with a bond and a stock. In standard models for liquid financial markets, the stochastic dynamic of stock prices is modelled as a given semimartingale. In contrast, stock prices in our model depend on a fundamental semimartingale that can be interpreted as the cumulative demand of small investors and, in a monotone increasing way, on the strategy of an economic agent. Because of the resulting feedback effects, it is no longer possible to use the well known representation theorems of stochastic analysis to write random variables as stochastic integrals with respect to discounted stock prices and to use this to find hedging strategies for derivatives. We define realisable portfolio wealth as the discounted proceeds of an idealised liquidation strategy that is optimal in a certain sense. Using Itos formula, we can write the dynamics of the realisable portfolio wealth of self-financing strategies as the sum of a stochastic integral and a decreasing process. The integrator in the stochastic integral is a local martingale under an equivalent martingale measure that does not depend on the self-financing strategy. This decomposition yields a proof for the fact that our model is arbitrage free. The decomposition theorem shows that the realisable portfolio wealth of continuous strategies of bounded variation is a local martingale under an equivalent martingale measure. Therefore, we proof an approximation result for stochastic integrals that shows that we can restrict the search for hedging strategies to continuous strategies of bounded variation. By combining the approximation result and the decomposition theorem we can calculate superreplication prices for derivatives and solve the relevant portfolio optimisation problems.

本研究之主旨為透過「併購交易比較法」探討日本市場「未公開發行公司」之流動性折價幅度。綜觀現存文獻中，衡量流動性折價的實證研究方法有「首次公開發行比較法」、「限制性股票比較法」與「退場之市場倍數期望值比較法」。由於上述研究方法皆有其缺失之處，因此本研究沿用Koeplin, Sarin, and Shapiro[2000]提出之「併購交易比較法」以併購交易之市場倍數衡量「未公開發行公司」之折價幅度。更進一步藉由建構「參考配對組合」，為併購標的為「未公開發行公司」之交易案尋找一組與其在相同國家、交易年份、產業與類似規模之併購標的為「公開發行公司」交易案，計算各市場倍數之流動性折價幅度。 本研究檢視西元1998年至2007年，共十年間於日本發生之併購交易，並限制為控制性股權交易。最終可得樣本為146個配對組合，平均流動性折價幅度為22%～30%。經由橫斷面迴歸分析發現，所觀察到的流動性價差隨「未公開發行公司」特性與產業不同而有所差異。產業別之研究分析發現，「建築業」為六大產業中各市場倍數所計算的流動性折價幅度最深者；「金融、保險及不動產業」，則為六大產業中各市場倍數所計算的流動性折價幅度最小者。交易年份別之研究發現，各市場倍數計算出的流動性價差所呈現的趨勢與日本市場歷年來併購交易案數量呈現「反向關係」，即當併購交易熱絡期間，「流動性價差」走降；而於併購交易案較為冷卻期間，「流動性價差」則上升。對於若為高成長的大型公司，其流動性折價幅度則將大幅低於其他條件之公司。由本研究之實證結果顯示，投資人爾後於評價「流動性之價差」時，將不宜應用單一折價幅度於所有「未公開發行公司」。 / Little is known about valuation of privately held companies, for which the fact that there is no sufficient information and no ready market. In general, investors will pay less for one there is no ready market compared to one that is readily marketable, ceteris paribus. Then we all accept that a private firm’s value will be reduced for lack of marketability, applying the value of the discount is a difficult matter. To the best of our knowledge, research in the past decades has relied on “IPO Approach”, “Restricted stock approach”, and “Expected exit multiple approach”. Those approaches have inherent drawbacks so this study follows the current approach of Koeplin, Sarin, and Shapiro (2000) to use a matching technique. This study uses “reference portfolio” to construct control portfolios of acquisitions of public companies for each acquisition of private companies. For 146 comparable reference portfolio between 1998 and 2007 in Japan, the average discount is 22%～30%. Our cross-sectional analysis shows, however, that the discount observed varies with the characteristics of the firm and with the industry. This study breaks down the discount by industry, with the highest discount found in construction and the lowest in finance, insurance and real estate. We also found discount decreases during hot M&A years and increases during cold M&A years. For large and growth private firms, the discount tends to be much smaller. Overall, our findings suggest that using constant discount across private firms is wrong.

Submitted by Alexandre Kanenobu (alekane@gmail.com) on 2017-03-16T13:36:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MPFE - Alexandre Kanenobu - Mar-17.pdf: 761951 bytes, checksum: 6ad45baf99943e0a03c66f7991453657 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Alexandre, boa tarde Por gentileza, realizar os pequenos ajustes para que estejam de acordo com as normas da ABNT: Seu nome e o título devem estar em letras maiúsculas. Na contracapa, colocar o título um pouco acima da onde está. Na folha de assinaturas, o campo Data de Aprovação deve estar alinhado igual ao restante do texto. Corrigir e incluir o nome completo do prof. Guillermo. O correto é: GUILLERMO ROBERTO TOMAS MALAGA BUTRON Em seguida deverá submeter novamente. Att on 2017-03-16T15:56:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by Alexandre Kanenobu (alekane@gmail.com) on 2017-03-16T17:50:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MPFE - Alexandre Kanenobu - Mar-17.pdf: 762027 bytes, checksum: 4e982a22281062048fdfbadb2bd3036e (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Alexandre, Por favor, corrigir o nome do professor Guillermo (com dois L - sem o H) Grata, on 2017-03-16T17:57:56Z (GMT) / Submitted by Alexandre Kanenobu (alekane@gmail.com) on 2017-03-16T18:09:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MPFE - Alexandre Kanenobu - Mar-17.pdf: 761995 bytes, checksum: 3fda95c31cad4783f4fe19003cc73260 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2017-03-16T18:10:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MPFE - Alexandre Kanenobu - Mar-17.pdf: 761995 bytes, checksum: 3fda95c31cad4783f4fe19003cc73260 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T13:01:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MPFE - Alexandre Kanenobu - Mar-17.pdf: 761995 bytes, checksum: 3fda95c31cad4783f4fe19003cc73260 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / This work aims to study the behavior of stocks liquidity through two different optics. In the first case, we focused on the amplitude of the absolute return related to liquidity/illiquidity measures in the period from 2000 to August 2016, in the second case, we examined the Flight to Quality/Liquidity movement, verifying that it was present in the periods of crisis of 2003 and 2008 and in the most recent recession started in 2014. The IBrX companies, in the configuration of August 31, 2016, were also used as a database in addition to the rating by risk agencies (S&P, Moody's and Fitch), also up to August 31, 2016, were part of the study. For the variables, the liquidity/illiquidity measures proposed by the several authors were used. As an econometric motivation, the first part of the study was based on Amihud's Illiquidity (2002) measure, this was the starting point for the choice dependent variable for the regression; for the independent ones, we use the other measures presented by other authors listed in bibliography. / Esse trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento da liquidez de ativos, no caso ações, sob duas diferentes óticas. No primeiro caso, focamos na amplitude do retorno absoluto relacionando-o com a liquidez/iliquidez no período que compreende 2000 até agosto de 2016, já no segundo caso, examinou-se o movimento de Flight to Quality/Liquidity verificando se o mesmo esteve presente nos períodos de crise nos anos de 2003, 2008 e na mais recente recessão iniciada em 2014. As empresas do IBrX, na configuração até 31 de agosto de 2016, foram utilizadas como base de dados além disso a classificação de rating pelas agências de risco (S&P, Moody’s e Fitch), também até dia 31 de agosto 2016, fizeram parte do estudo. Para as variáveis, foram utilizadas as medidas de liquidez/iliquidez de mercado propostas em trabalhos de alguns autores.

The influence of liquidity / illiquidity on the return on assets has been widely researched in last years, from both individual assets and market perspectives.Given the evidence that the liquidity / illiquidity is a multidimensional measure and that a single proxy is not sufficient to assess it, this study, aiming for greater robustness, seek to evaluate the role of same using different measures, making sure that its use influence the results. This paper analyzes the influence of liquidity / illiquidity in stock returns in the Brazilian market, using the measures proposed by Amihud (2002) and Liu (2006) beyond traditional measures such as trading volume, number of trades, spread and turnover. To that we use data from December, 1994 to April 2010 of the stocks traded on the Bolsa de Valores, Mercadorias e Futuros de São Paulo (BOVESPA). The results obtained through the estimation of the model using the measure of illiquidity for the actions allow to concluding that the expected illiquidity has positive impact on the monthly return, supporting the first hypothesis of the original study by Amihud (2002), which suggests that the expected stock return is an increasing function of expected illiquidity. Regarding the second hypothesis tested, the unexpected illiquidity (residual) showed negative impact on return, confirming the hypothesis that unexpected illiquidity has a negative effect on the stock price, that is, the illiquidity is priced in the Brazilian market. In another way, the estimation results of the model that used the measure of Liu (2006) for the actions, demonstrated that the variables expected liquidity and unexpected liquidity were not significant in explaining returns. As to the model that has used variables of market liquidity the estimation with the measure of Amihud (2002) did not present significance for the variables expected market iliquidity and unexpected market illiquidity. Differently, the model estimated using the variables of market liquidity for the stock returns presented positive impact to the variable expected market liquidity. In turn, the variable unexpected market liquidity showed negative impact on monthly returns. It can be inferred that in Brazil, a country with great heterogeneity in the liquidity, the market liquidity risk of lose space for the individual liquidity risk. / A influência da liquidez/iliquidez sobre o retorno dos ativos vem sendo vastamente pesquisada nos últimos anos, tanto da perspectiva individual quanto do mercado. Tendo em vista as evidências de que a liquidez/iliquidez seja uma medida multidimensional e que uma única proxy não é suficiente para avaliá-la, este estudo, na busca de maior robustez, se propôs a avaliar o papel da mesma a partir de diferentes medidas, verificando se o seu uso influencia os resultados. O presente trabalho analisa a influência da liquidez/iliquidez no retorno das ações no mercado brasileiro, empregando as medidas propostas por Amihud (2002) e Liu (2006), além das medidas tradicionais como o volume financeiro, quantidade de negócios, spread e turnover. Para tanto são utilizados dados de dezembro de 1994 a abril de 2010 de ações negociadas na Bolsa de Valores, Mercadorias e Futuros de São Paulo (BM&FBOVESPA). Os resultados obtidos por meio da estimação do modelo utilizando a medida de iliquidez para as ações permitem concluir que a iliquidez esperada apresentou impacto positivo no retorno mensal, corroborando a primeira hipótese do estudo original de Amihud (2002), a qual sugere que o retorno esperado de ações é uma função crescente da iliquidez esperada. No que diz respeito à segunda hipótese testada, a iliquidez inesperada (residual) mostrou impacto negativo no retorno, confirmando a hipótese de que a iliquidez inesperada tem um efeito negativo sobre o preço das ações, ou seja, que a iliquidez é precificada no mercado brasileiro. De outra forma, os resultados da estimação do modelo que empregou a medida de Liu (2006) para as ações, demonstraram que as variáveis liquidez esperada e liquidez inesperada não foram significativas para a explicação dos retornos. Quanto ao modelo que utilizou as variáveis de liquidez de mercado a estimação com a medida de Amihud (2002) não apresentou significância para as variáveis iliquidez esperada-mercado e iliquidez inesperada-mercado. De modo diferente, o modelo estimado empregando as variáveis de liquidez de mercado para o retorno das ações apresentou impacto positivo para a variável liquidez esperada-mercado. Por sua vez, a variável liquidez inesperada-mercado mostrou impacto negativo nos retornos mensais. Pode-se inferir que no Brasil, um país que apresenta grande heterogeneidade na liquidez, o risco da liquidez de mercado perde espaço para o risco de liquidez individual.