This study focuses on medical prognostication in the earliest Indian medical treatise known, the Caraka Saṃhitā. The first chapter gives an overview of the Caraka Saṃhitā, including its main doctrines and philosophy. The second chapter introduces the Indriyasthāna, the section in the Caraka Saṃhitā in which most of the omen literature is collected. The third chapter gives a survey and preliminary analysis of all twelve chapters in the Indriyasthāna. In the final chapter and conclusion, the topic of omen literature in the ancient world in general will be discussed, with a focus on the issue that invariably presents itself in omen literature, “rationality.” / text

En droit, l’abandon de l’immeuble présente deux facettes toutes les deux attachées à l’exercice de la propriété. Un premier niveau consiste, pour le propriétaire d’un bien, à pouvoir en disposer et, dans ce cadre, décider valablement de renoncer unilatéralement à sa propriété. Le sort du bien abandonné est alors fixé par le législateur qui prévoit, à défaut de dispositions spéciales, leur attribution à la Commune sur le fondement de l’article 713 du Code civil. L’exercice du droit de propriété peut aussi consister pour son titulaire, libre d’user ou non de son bien, à s’en désintéresser, à ne pas l’entretenir et le réparer. Ce deuxième aspect de l’abandon de l’immeuble est alors entendu dans le sens usuel du terme.Comme la renonciation au droit de propriété, la renonciation à son usage n’a de bornes que le respect des droits d’autrui et de la collectivité. Le maintien de l’ordre public constitue une limite traditionnelle à l’exercice des attributs du droit de propriété immobilière. Or, un immeuble qui n’est pas entretenu finit, au fil du temps, par se délabrer, tomber en décrépitude et menacer de s’effondrer, risquant alors de porter atteinte à la sécurité des passants et de ses occupants. Ce constat fait et en érigeant la notion d’ordre public comme axiome de la recherche, il est alors possible de définir l’immeuble privé abandonné en droit administratif.Cet essai de définition entraîne inévitablement une deuxième question : celle du rapport existant entre l’immeuble délaissé et le maire, autorité de police municipale obligée d’intervenir en cas de trouble public suffisamment grave dans sa commune. C’est le manque de temps, l’imminence du péril, alliée à la proximité du maire avec le désordre, qui fonde un rapport naturel d’autorité entre eux ainsi que le caractère irréductible de la compétence du maire face à l’immeuble privé abandonné. / In law, the abandonment of the building has two facets both attached to the exercise of the property. A first level is for the owner of a good to be able to dispose of it and, in this context, decides validly to renounce unilaterally his property. The fate of the abandoned property is then fixed by the legislator, which, in the absence of special provisions, provides for their allocation to the Commune on the basis of Article 713 of the Civil Code. The exercise of the right of ownership may also consist of the owner, free to use or not to his property, to lose interest, not to maintain and repair it. This second aspect of the abandonment of the building is then understood in the usual sense of the term.Like the renunciation of the right of property, the renunciation of its use is limited only by the respect of the rights of others and of the community. The maintenance of public order constitutes a traditional limit to the exercise of the attributes of the right to real property. In the course of time, a building that is not being maintained eventually decays, falls into disrepair and threatens to collapse, threatening to undermine the safety of passers-by and its occupants. This finding, and by establishing the notion of public order as an axiom of research, makes it possible to define the abandoned private building in administrative law.This definitional test inevitably involves a second question: the relationship between the abandoned building and the mayor, a municipal police authority obliged to intervene in the event of a sufficiently serious public disturbance in its commune. It is the lack of time, the imminence of the danger, combined with the mayor's proximity to the disorder, which establishes a natural relationship of authority between them and the irreducible character of the mayor's competence in front of the private building abandoned.

On January 3, 2020, Iranian major general Qasem Soleimani was killed through a targeted drone strike at the authorisation of the US President Donald Trump. This thesis examines if, and in that case how, the arguments presented by the Trump administration used to justify the killing of general Soleimani are in line with the principles of Just War theory. By conducting a case study, through a qualitative content analysis, analysing four official statements made by the Trump administration during a two months period after the killing, this thesis will examine the moral discourses in the arguments presented. Drawing on insights from studies regarding the justification of War on Terror, preemptive war, and targeted killings according to the Just War theory, lays the foundation for a deeper reasoning of the legality of the argumentation based on the principles of Just War. This thesis will show that in some aspects, the arguments presented by the Trump administration can be interpreted to be in accordance with one of the principles, but none of the statements satisfy the criteria in all of the principles. Therefore, the overall conclusion of this analysis is that the Trump administration has the intention of justifying the attack, but the arguments used are not rooted in Just War theory. Further, this thesis will also show an inconsistency over time in the arguments presented. The contribution from this study lays in the analysis of the arguments on the basis of the principles of Just War theory, not from the perspective of international law. The intention from this thesis is not to analyse if the attack itself can be seen as just according to Just War theory but looking at the argumentation presented by the Trump administration.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:47:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Helena Mussi.pdf: 1010975 bytes, checksum: 546ca334d6a1dc4253e75eadc8b1c49f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper aims to reflect on Ingmar Bergman existential anguish towards aging before the imminent threat of death and the desire to live. The main question was: how to live under such a devastating anguish being, at the same time, aware of our finitude and of our desire to live? To probe these existence questions, The Bergman Island documentary, focusing on the films The Seventh Seal and Wild Strawbwerries, the Greek Goddess Demeter s path and her transformation forms and the philosopher Cicero s reflections on aging were used. Bergman and his films, dealt with in an enigmatic atmosphere, led this research to the existential anguish scenery built, woven and understood by means of feelings resulting from the documentary images, words and dialogs. Crossing the researcher s experience and feelings with the filmmaker s report on the Island of Farö, the composition of such anguish was created: the Imminent Threat of Death and the Desire to Live as events to make us search understanding of the enigma of life and death. However, on the way we came across a God whose word silences, as God s true Silence. The One who repudiates Finitude as Awareness of Death. The Seventh Seal faithfully portraits the silence of such God in the face of the evil as an unquestionable and frightening event. If, at old age, the probability of imminent death is higher and the awareness of finitude is even higher, in Wild Strawberries we come to face the perspective of the end itself. Recollecting the character and Bergman, we come across the Travel into Solitary Old Age, in a time that seems to be over, through the trails of Old Bergman Existential Memories. The Existential Trialogue within the Gap of Time described a fictional meeting among Bergman, the filmmaker, Cicero, the thinker and the researcher. Aiming at getting past time effects, defeating sovereignty of the years that separate the three ones involved through gathering of the arts cinema, philosophy and science considering all as understanding and reflection on what death/life means at aging. Cinema, art that brings closer to one s life, that portraits reality and life movement, referring to our own experiences, life vivid recalls, deep memory excavations, through a permanent trip between youth and old age. Biographies crossing one another in the line of time, oscillating between death pains and life setbacks / Este trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre a angústia existencial do cinema de Ingmar Bergman no envelhecer diante da ameaça iminente da morte e do desejo de vida. A pergunta central foi: como viver com esta arrasadora angústia quando nos sabemos finitos e, ao mesmo tempo, sedentos de vida? Para pensar estas questões da existência, foram utilizados o documentário A Ilha de Bergman, focando os filmes O Sétimo Selo e Morangos Silvestres, a trajetória da Deusa Grega Deméter e seu caminho de transformação e as reflexões do filósofo Cícero sobre o envelhecer. Bergman e seus filmes envoltos numa atmosfera enigmática, conduziram esta pesquisa ao cenário da angústia existencial construída, tecida e entendida por sensações provocadas por imagens, palavras e diálogos do documentário. Cruzando impressões e experiências da pesquisadora com o relato do cineasta na Ilha de Farö, nasceu a composição desta angústia: a Ameaça Imimente de Morte e do Desejo de Vida como acontecimentos que nos levam à busca por conhecimento do enigma de vida e morte. Mas nesta caminhada, encontramos um Deus que se cala, num verdadeiro Silêncio de Deus. Aquele que denuncia a Finitude como Consciência da Morte. O Sétimo Selo retrata fielmente esse Deus que se omite e cede espaço à maldita como fato indiscutível e apavorante. Se na velhice a probabilidade de morte iminente é maior e a consciência de finitude ainda mais, chegamos no enfrentamento da perspectiva do próprio fim em Morangos Silvestres. No rememorar do personagem e de Bergman, nos deparamos com a Viagem pela Velhice Solitária, num tempo que parece se esgotar, na trilha das Lembranças Existencias do Velho Bergman. O Triálogo Existencial na Brecha do Tempo descreveu um encontro ficcional entre Bergman, o cineasta, Cícero, o pensador e a pesquisadora. Teve por propósito driblar o efeito do tempo, anular a soberania dos anos que separam os três envolvidos através do encontro das artes cinema, filosofia e ciência tudo pela compreensão e reflexão do que significam morte/vida no envelhecer. Cinema, arte que aproxima ao viver de cada um, que retrata a realidade e o movimento da vida, nos remetendo às nossas próprias experiências, lembranças das fases vividas, escavações profundas na memória, numa viagem constante entre juventude e velhice. Biografias que se cruzam na linha do tempo oscilando entre as dores da morte e os reveses da vida

Dr. Lenore Walker developed battered woman syndrome to address the issue of domestic violence and to give battered women a defense in situations in which they kill their abusive partners when they are not overtly threatening them. Self-defense law is based on male on male combat. Women are less able to protect themselves in an attack by a man, and so they may preemptively attack their sleeping partners to avoid a situation in which they cannot adequately protect themselves. Battered woman syndrome explains why these battered women act in a way that is irrational to a non-battered person. Walker's theory of learned helplessness explains why the woman does not leave the abusive relationship, and the cycle of violence theory explains why she perceives an imminent threat. Battered woman syndrome is problematic in its legal application because of problems with its scientific validity and reliability. It also furthers gender stereotypes and blurs the line between a justification and an excuse defense. While, Dr. Walker's intentions were good, battered woman syndrome is inadequate. Women's difference from men still have to be acknowledged in cases in which battered women kill their husband's, but social agency framework is a more effective way to acknowledge gender differences. This framework takes into account social circumstances that would explain a woman's actions rather than including pathology. This would explain why the woman did not leave an abusive relationship. To avoid the pathology of BWS while explaining why the woman felt an imminent threat, the defense can turn to a pattern of abuse that helps her reasonably recognize when violence is likely.

L’extrême complexité de notre droit contemporain conduit de plus en plus de juristes à rechercher la spécialisation, synonyme d’approfondissement et donc de compétence. Mais si une telle démarche a d’évidents aspects positifs, elle recèle parfois l’inconvénient de laisser dans l’ombre les questions qui se trouvent à l’intersection de plusieurs disciplines. Or là, dans ces conflits ou coordinations de droits spéciaux, gisent souvent de nos jours de beaux sujets de thèse. Dans la législation de l'insolvabilité, les pays doivent trancher un certain nombre de questions du fond et de la forme. Nonobstant la diversité des questions du fond à résoudre, la législation de l'insolvabilité est d'une nature procédurale. Les règles de la procédure collective sont conçues pour jouer un rôle crucial dans la répartition des risques entre les divers acteurs de la procédure judiciaire. La question de procédure est de savoir quels sont les facteurs déclenchant pour l’introduction d’une procédure collective. La première partie de l’étude montre que les critères d’insolvabilité existaient toujours mais leur sens a changé à travers le temps et dépendaient du système juridique du pays en question. La seconde partie de cette recherche est consacrée au contenu des critères d’insolvabilité en France, en Ukraine et dans l’UE. Un second enjeu de la recherche est de voir comment le troisième critère (l'insolvabilité imminente) est apparu dans le droit commun français et à quel moment la réforme de la législation de l’insolvabilité en Ukraine s’arrêtait. L’internationalisation de l’économie engendre nécessairement des situations de défaillance d’entreprises multinationales ou/et possédantes d'actifs à travers toute la planète. Nous allons donc essayer d'élaborer une approche commune dans un droit européen qui s’inscrirait dans la suite logique des législations nationales. / The extreme complexity of the modern law leads that more and more lawyers are looking for a specialization, in-depth knowledge and therefore synonym to skill. But if this approach has an obvious positive aspect, it sometimes receives a disadvantage to leave in a shadow the issues that are in the intersection of several disciplines. In the conflicts and subordination of special legal rights, nowadays the interesting thesis topics can be found. In the insolvency law, the countries have to solve a number of questions, the formal and the substantial aspects. Notwithstanding the diversity of background issues to be solved, the insolvency legislation is a law of a procedural character. The rules of the collective proceedings are vested to play a crucial role in the allocation of the risks between the various actors during the judicial process. However, the key question of the procedure is to define the trigger criteria for the introduction of collective proceedings. The first part of the study demonstrates that the insolvency criteria exist always but their meaning has been changing over the years and has been depending upon the system of law of the country. The second part of this research is devoted to the content of the insolvency criteria in France, Ukraine and in the EU. A second issue of the research is to see how the third criterion (the imminent illiquidity) has been appeared in the French and Ukrainian law and when the reform of insolvency law in Ukraine has stopped. The internationalization of the economy necessarily leads to the situations of possible dysfunction of the multinational companies (or even their failure) and / or possessing assets across the globe. We will try to develop a common approach in a European commercial law that would fit into the logical continuation of national legislation.

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Le retentissement psychologique d’événements sources de responsabilité, quels qu’ils soient – acte de terrorisme, perte d’un être cher, harcèlement moral… – est spécifique du fait de ses caractères protéiforme et invisible. Tout d’abord, le premier d’entre eux tient au fait qu’en matière psychologique tant les atteintes que les souffrances en résultant sont diverses. Ainsi, d’un point de vue lésionnel, certains événements vont s’avérer plus traumatisants que d’autres, principalement ceux au cours desquels le sujet a été confronté à sa propre mort. Concernant la souffrance, un sujet peut tout aussi bien souffrir émotionnellement d’une altération de sa propre intégrité – par exemple physique avec le diagnostic d’une pathologie grave – que d’un tort affectant celle d’un proche (e.g. décès, handicap). Un retentissement qualifié d’invisible ensuite, puisqu’il apparaît bien plus aisé d’identifier une atteinte à l’intégrité physique qu’une atteinte à l’intégrité psychique. De plus, certaines atteintes psychologiques sont totalement insaisissables en raison de leur caractère éminemment diffus. L’objet de cette démonstration est donc de savoir comment le droit de la responsabilité civile va appréhender la victime de ce retentissement psychologique. Sa prise en charge ne pourra être que particulière du fait de l’interaction inévitable entre les sphères juridique et psychologique.Afin de le découvrir sera proposée, dans un premier temps, une conceptualisation de la victime psychologique se fondant sur la réalité psychopathologique. Deux grandes distinctions nourrissent cette réflexion. L’une est de nature juridique ; il s’agit de la distinction du dommage et du préjudice. L’autre est d’origine psychopathologique ; elle oppose le choc émotionnel au traumatisme psychique. Leur entrecroisement permettra d’élaborer différents cas de manifestation de la souffrance psychologique et de dessiner les contours de la qualité de victime. Dans un second temps, au titre de l’indemnisation de la victime psychologique, tant l’appréciation que l’évaluation de ses préjudices seront examinées. Les répercussions du traumatisme psychique voire du choc émotionnel vont parfois être si importantes que l’indemnisation ne pourra se cantonner à la seule souffrance éprouvée. Des conséquences de nature différente, par exemple patrimoniales, devront être prises en considération. À cette fin, une typologie des préjudices de la victime sous analyse mérite d’être mise en place. Des règles d’indemnisation distinctes seront érigées en fonction du préjudice subi. Un préjudice présumé, notamment à partir d’un dommage, ne pourra logiquement être compensé de la même façon que des préjudices non présumables, c’est-à-dire soumis à expertise. En somme, le système d’indemnisation à instaurer se devra d’être en phase avec le système de révélation de la souffrance qui aura été précédemment établi.Ainsi, cette étude se propose de construire un réel statut fondateur de la victime psychologique. Une fois cette notion cardinale intégralement conceptualisée, un régime d’indemnisation s’en inférant sera rationnellement avancé. / The psychological impact of the events, which are the source of responsibility, be they acts of terrorism, loss of a loved one, psychological harassment, is specific to characteristics both protean and invisible. The first among them is due to the fact that in psychological matter injuries and the resulting suffering are both varied. As such, from the injury point of view, certain events will prove to be more traumatizing than others. Principally those during which the subject has been faced with his own death. Concerning suffering, a subject can as well emotionally suffer a change in his own integrity – for example the physical one with a diagnosis of a serious illness – that of a sort damage which affects that of a loved one (e.g. death or handicap). Then, the impact is considered invisible. It appears much more simple indeed, to identify harm to physical integrity as a harm to psychic integrity. More so, certain psychological harms are totally imperceptible by reason of their eminently diffuse characteristic. The object of this demonstration is therefore to know how civil liability law will comprehend the victim of such a psychological impact. Its comprehension will be particular given the inevitable interaction between the judicial and psychological spheres.In order to better understand this, we will first propose a conceptualization of the psychological victim that blends into psychopathological reality. Two major distinctions feed this thought. One is legal nature, which relates to the distinction between prejudice and harm. The other is psychopathological in nature which opposes emotional shock and psychic trauma. Their intertwining allows us to elaborate different cases of manifestation of psychological suffering and define the contours of the qualities of the victim. Secondly, regarding compensation for a psychological victim, both the appreciation and the evaluation of these prejudices will be examined. The repercussions of psychic trauma, or even emotional shock can sometimes be so grave that compensation cannot restrict itself only to the experienced suffering. Consequences of different natures, for example patrimonial ones, must be taken into consideration. To this end, a division of the prejudices of the psychological victim should be put in place. Distinct rules of compensation will be established based on the prejudice endured. A prejudice presumed, originating notably from a harm, cannot logically be compensated in the same fashion as non-presumable prejudices that require a forensic assessment. In short, the system of compensation must be in phase with the system of disclosure of suffering that has been previously established. As a result, this study proposes to construct a true founding status of a psychological victim. Once this principal notion has been completely conceptualized, we can use it to create a rational compensation scheme.