La migration vers la résolution HD de la plupart des applications multimédias visuelles a nécessité la création de nouveaux standards de compression vidéo tels que le H264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) et le HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding). Ces standards sont caractérisés par des hautes performances de codage en termes de taux de compression et qualité vidéo par rapport aux normes précédentes. Cependant, ces performances entraînent de grandes complexités de calcul ce qui rend difficile d'assurer un encodage en temps réel pour la résolution HD sur des processeurs monocœurs programmables qui sont les plus répandus. De plus, comme actuellement les systèmes embarqués sont de plus en plus utilisés dans diverses applications multimédias, concevoir une solution logicielle embarquée pour l'encodeur H264/AVC constitue ainsi un défit très difficile puisqu'il faut répondre aux exigences de l'embarqué au niveau des ressources matérielles comme la mémoire et de la consommation d'énergie. Les récents systèmes embarqués dotés de la technologie multicœur représentent une solution attractive pour surmonter ces problèmes. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse s'intéresse à exploiter la performance de la nouvelle génération de DSP multicœurs de Texas Instruments pour concevoir un encodeur H264/AVC embarqué de résolution HD fonctionnant en temps réel. Nous visons une solution logicielle, caractérisée par une forte flexibilité, par rapport aux IPs existants, qui permet de tout paramétrer (qualité, débit etc). Cette flexibilité logicielle permet aussi l'évolutivité de système en suivant les améliorations de codage comme la migration vers la nouvelle norme HEVC, partiellement abordée dans cette thèse. Nous présentons ainsi les diverses optimisations appliquées que ce soient algorithmiques, architecturales et structurelles afin d'améliorer la vitesse d'encodage sur un seul cœur DSP avant de passer à une implémentation multicœur. Ensuite, nous proposons des implémentations parallèles de l'encodeur H264/AVC sur différentes unités de calcul en exploitant le parallélisme potentiel au sein de la chaîne d'encodage afin de satisfaire la contrainte de temps réel tout en assurant une bonne performance de codage en termes de qualité vidéo et débit binaire. Nous étudions également le problème d'allocation des ressources (ressources de calcul, ressources mémoire, ressources de communication) avec de fortes contraintes temporelles d'exécution. Finalement, cette thèse ouvre la voie vers l'implémentation de la nouvelle norme de codage vidéo HEVC sur deux systèmes embarqués monocœurs dans le but de préparer une solution logicielle embarquée pour les futurs travaux de recherche / The trend toward HD resolution in most of visual multimedia applications has involved the emergence of a large number of video compression standards such as H.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) and HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding). These standards are characterized by high coding performances in terms of compression ratio and video quality compared to previous standards. However, these performances come with large computational complexities which make it difficult to meet real-time encoding for HD resolution on the most common single-core programmable processors. Moreover, as embedded systems have become increasingly used in various multimedia applications, designing an embedded software solution for the H264/AVC encoder represents another difficult challenge since we have to meet the embedded requirements in terms of hardware resources such as memory and power consumption. The new embedded systems with multicore technology represent an attractive solution to overcome these problems. In this context, this thesis is interested in exploiting the performance of the new generation of Texas Instruments multicore DSPs to design an embedded real-time H264/AVC high definition video encoder. We aim a software solution, characterized by high flexibility that allows setting all parameters (quality, bitrate etc) compared to existing IPs. This software flexibility allows also the system scalability by following the coding enhancements as the migration to the newest HEVC standard. Thus, we present the algorithmic, architectural, and structural optimizations which are applied to improve the encoding speed on a single DSP core before moving to a multicore implementation. Then, we propose parallel implementations of the H264/AVC encoder exploiting the multicore architecture of our platform and the potential parallelism in the encoding chain in order to meet real-time constraints while ensuring a good performance in terms of bitrate and video quality. We also explore the problem of resources allocation (computing resources, storage resources, communication resources) with hard execution time constraints. Finally, this thesis opens the way towards the implementation of the new HEVC video coding standard on two embedded systems in order to prepare a software solution for future research

Cette thèse traite de la conception de méthodes automatisées ou semi-automatisées pour détecter et identifier des algorithmes cryptographiques dans des programmes compilés en langage machine. La première méthode proposée a pour but l'identification de primitives symétriques. L'implémentation en langage machine d'une primitive symétrique, assimilée à une suite d'instructions, est représentée par un graphe. Sous cette forme, le code est modifié à l'aide de règles de réécriture tout en préservant une certaine notion de sémantique lors d'une phase dite de normalisation. L'objectif est de faire émerger des expressions communes à différentes implémentations d'une même primitive. Ces expressions servent alors de base à la création de signatures efficaces. La recherche de ces signatures s'effectue à l'aide d'un algorithme énumérant les isomorphismes de sous-graphe. La seconde méthode, conçue en complément de la première, produit une représentation synthétique facilitant l'identification des modes opératoires. Cette représentation se définit comme le plus petit sous-graphe préservant les distances entre des sous-ensembles de nœuds précédemment identifiés comme étant les paramètres d'entrée et de sortie des primitives impliquées. / This thesis is about the design of automatic or semi-automatic methods to detect and identify cryptographic algorithms inside programs compiled into machine code. Two methods are presented. The objective of the first method is to identify cryptographic primitives. A machine code implementation of a cryptographic primitive, regarded as a sequence of instructions, is represented by a graph structure. During a normalization phase, a set of rewrite rules is used to modify this graph representation while preserving a specific notion of semantics. The goal is to converge towards expressions which are shared across several implementations of the same primitive. We use these expressions as a basis to create efficient signatures. A subgraph isomorphism enumeration algorithm is used to search for signatures. The second method is built on top of the first one. It produces a synthetic representation designed to help in the identification of modes of operation. This synthetic representation is defined as the smallest subgraph which preserve distances between sets of vertices previously identified as the input and output parameters of the primitives involved within the mode of operation.

There is enormous pressure on organizations that they need to change to become more efficient, andmany changes are related to IT. Tougher competition in the market forces organizations to beinnovative. Being innovative does not necessarily mean that you have product innovations but also thatyou best can take advantage of new knowledge. In recent years, many companies have replaced itslegacy systems with a fully integrated ERP system. Majority of these organizational changes, due to theimplementations of ERP, fail.It is one of the reasons that many researchers have been interested in identifying factors critical forsuccessful change. In this study are the most common critical success factors, according to previousstudies, set in contrast to the change process that was carried out on Axfood. Many people havehighlighted the change process in Axfood as a successful example and it is therefore interesting to see ifwe can draw some lessons from the successful example that may be of benefit to other companies.In addition to previous research on the subject, I use the theories of Change Management andAbsorption Ability as a theoretical frame of reference.The study shows that the work of change management and the work of strengthening the organization'sabsorption capacity were two parallel ongoing processes that are to be regarded as interdependent foroptimal success. Corporate management's commitment is also considered a critical success factor. Workwith change management is considered by the respondents to be essential for all organizational changes.The respondents emphasized the importance of not neglecting the work of continuously strengtheningthe organisation's absorption capacity. The respondents believe that the continuous work to strengthenAxfood's absorption capacity was what permeated the entire change process and is the key to successwith the change work. / Organisationer måste anpassas och därmed förändras för att fortleva. Flera av dessa förändringar ärrelaterade till IT. Ett ökat konkurrenstryck på marknaden har resulterat i organisationer förväntas varainnovativa. Att vara innovativ behöver nödvändigtvis inte innebära att man har produktinnovationerutan också att man på bästa sätt kan tillvara på ny kunskap. På senare år har många företag ersatt sinatidigare system med ett övergripande affärssystem. Med övergripande affärssystem menas att systemetger kontroll och översikt över hela verksamheten. Många av dessa organisationsförändringar, till följdav implementeringar av affärssystem, misslyckas. Misslyckas på så sätt att implementeringsprocessendrar över den planerade tiden och den tänkta budgeten, missnöje bland anställda uppstår och väsentligaffärsnytta drabbas. Många företag går in i en implementeringsprocess utan att riktigt veta vad de har att ståinför. Det är en av anledningar att flera forskare har varit intresserade av att identifiera faktorer som ärkritiska för en framgångsrik implementering av ett nytt affärssystem.Flera har lyft fram implementeringen av affärssystemet SAP på Axfood som ett framgångsrikt exempeloch därför är det intressant att se om vi kan dra några lärdomar från det som kan komma andra till del.Förutom tidigare forskning i ämnet, använder jag mig av teorierna Förändringsledning ochAbsorptionsförmåga som en teoretisk referensram. Av studien framgår att arbetet medförändringsledning och arbetet med att stärka organisationens absorptionsförmåga var två parallelltpågående processer som är att betrakta som ömsesidigt beroende för optimal framgång.Företagsledningens engagemang betraktas också som en kritisk framgångsfaktor. Arbete medförändringsledning anses av respondenterna som essentiellt för alla organisationsförändringar.Respondenterna framhävde vikten av att inte försumma arbetet med att kontinuerligt stärkaorganisationens absorptionsförmåga. Respondenterna menar att det kontinuerliga arbetet med att stärkaAxfoods absorptionsförmåga var det som genomsyrade hela förändringsprocessen och är nyckeln tillframgång med förändringsarbetet.

The workshop ¨Portierbare numerische Simulationen auf parallelen Architekturen¨ (¨Portable numerical simulations on parallel architectures¨) was organized by the Fac- ulty of Informatics/Professorship Computer Architecture at 18 April 1996 and held in the framework of the Sonderforschungsbereich (Joint Research Initiative) ¨Numerische Simulationen auf massiv parallelen Rechnern¨ (SFB 393) (¨Numerical simulations on massiv parallel computers¨) ( http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/~pester/sfb/sfb393.html ) The SFB 393 is funded by the German National Science Foundation (DFG). The purpose of the workshop was to bring together scientists using parallel computing to provide integrated discussions on portability issues, requirements and future devel- opments in implementing parallel software efficiently as well as portable on Clusters of Symmetric Multiprocessorsystems. I hope that the present paper gives the reader some helpful hints for further discussions in this field.

<div>Accelerating the development of novel materials is one of the central goals of the Materials Genome Initiative and improving the predictive power of computational</div><div>material science methods is critical to attain this goal. Molecular dynamics (MD) is one such computational technique that has been used to study a wide range of materials since its invention in the 1950s. In this work we explore some examples of using and increasing the predictive power of MD simulations to understand materials phenomena and provide guidelines to design tailored materials. We first demonstrate the use of MD simulations as a tool to explore the design space of shape memory alloys, using simple interatomic models to identify characteristics of an integrated coherent second phase that will modify the transformation characteristics of the base shape memory alloy to our desire. Our approach provides guidelines to identify potential coherent phases that will achieve tailored transformation temperatures and hysteresis. </div><div><br></div><div>We subsequently explore ideas to enhance the length and time scales accessible via MD simulations. We first discuss the use of kinetic Monte Carlo methods in MD simulations to predict the microstructure evolution of carbon fibers. We ?find our approach to accurately predict the transverse microstructures of carbon fibers, additionally predicting the transverse modulus of these fibers, a quantity difficult to measure via experiments. Another avenue to increase length and time scales accessible via MD simulations is to explore novel implementations of algorithms involved in machine-learned interatomic models to extract performance portability. Our approach here results in significant speedups and an efficient utilization of increasingly common CPU-GPU hybrid architectures.</div><div><br></div><div>We finally explore the use of machine learning methods in molecular dynamics, specifically developing machine learning methods to discover interpretable laws directly from data. As examples, we demonstrate the discovery of integration schemes for MD simulations, and the discovery of melting laws for perovskites and single elements. Overall, this work attempts to illustrate how improving the predictive capabilities of molecular dynamics simulations and incorporating machine learning ideas can help us design novel materials, in line with the goals of the Materials Genome Initiative.</div>

<div><div><div><p>Globally, there are more than 727 million people aged 65 years and older in the world, and the elderly population is expected to grow more than double in the next three decades. Families search for affordable and quality care for their senior loved ones will have an effect on the care-giving profession. A personal robot assistant could help with daily tasks such as carrying things for them and keeping track of their routines, relieving the burdens of human caregivers. Performing mentioned tasks usually requires the robot to autonomously navi- gate. An autonomous navigation robot should collect the knowledge of its surroundings by mapping the environment, find its position in the map and calculate trajectories by avoiding obstacles. Furthermore, to assign specific tasks which are in various locations, robot has to categorize the rooms in addition to memorizing the respective coordinates. In this research, methods have been developed to achieve autonomous navigation and room categorization of a mobile robot within indoor environments. A Simultaneously Localization and Map- ping (SLAM) algorithm has been used to build the map and localize the robot. Gmapping, a method of SLAM, was applied by utilizing an odometry and a 2D Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor. The trajectory to achieve the goal position by an optimal path is provided by path planning algorithms, which is divided into two parts namely, global and local planners. Global path planning has been produced by DIJKSTRA and local path planning by Dynamic Window Approach (DWA). While exploring new environments with Gmapping and trajectory planning algorithms, rooms in the generated map were classified by a powerful deep learning algorithm called Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Once the environment is explored, the robots localization in the 2D space is done by Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization (AMCL). To utilize and test the methods above, Gazebo software by The Robotic Operating System (ROS) was used and simulations were performed prior to real life experiments. After the trouble-shooting and feedback acquired from simulations, the robot was able to perform above tasks and later tested in various indoor environments. The environment was mapped successfully by Gmapping and the robot was located within the map by AMCL. Compared to the theoretical maximum efficient path, the robot was able to plan the trajectory with acceptable deviation. In addition, the room names were classified with minimum of 85% accuracy by CNN algorithm. Autonomous navigation results show that the robot can assist elderly people in their home environment by successfully exploring, categorizing and navigating between the rooms.</p></div></div></div>

This thesis presents a case study conducted at the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm, focusing on the digital tools and implementations within the exhibitions of the museum. It aims to explore the perspectives and interactions on digital tools and implementations of both museum employees, and visitors, examining the potential discrepancies that may arise. The study falls within the field of Digital Humanities, with a specific emphasis on the impact of new museology and digital applications within cultural heritage institutions. To establish a comprehensive understanding of the subject, varying ethnographic methodologies are employed. Interviews have been conducted with employees at the museum to investigate their understanding and planning regarding the use of digital tools and implementations in their exhibitions. Additionally, interviews with visitors as well as on-site observations were conducted to provide insight into visitor experiences and interactions with the digital tools and implementations. Lastly, one participatory observation during a tour of an upcoming exhibition was performed to add perspective from the professionals of the museum. The findings reveal that digital tools and implementations are highly regarded as invaluable assets by the Museum of Ethnography. However, the thesis finds that the diverse professional backgrounds within the museum staff adds complexity to understanding the digital tools and implementations, which affects the staff’s ability to find harmonious solutions for problems of accessibility of the tools. Visitors tend to find direct interactions, such as games or educational movies, more accessible and easier to engage with, while immersive sounds and projections may go unnoticed. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge in Digital Humanities by expanding the knowledge about the effective utilization of digital tools and implementations in cultural heritage museums, through this case study. It serves as a guide for other GLAM institutions, offering new diverse perspectives of both museum professionals and visitors.

<p>With the Moore’s Law era coming to an end, much attention has been given to novel nanoelectronic devices as a key driving force behind technological innovation. Utilizing the inherent device physics of nanoelectronic components, for sensory and computational tasks have proven to be useful in reducing the area and energy requirements of the underlying hardware fabrics. In this work we demonstrate how the intrinsic noise present in nano magnetic devices can pave the pathway for energy efficient neuromorphic hardware. Furthermore, we illustrate how the unique magnetic properties of such devices can be leveraged for accurate estimation of environmental magnetic fields. We focus on spintronic technologies in particular, due to the low current and energy requirements in contrast to traditional CMOS technologies.</p><p>Image segmentation is a crucial pre-processing stage used in many object identification tasks that involves simplifying the representation of an image so it can be conveniently analyzed in the later stages of a problem. This is achieved through partitioning a complicated image into specific groups based on color, intensity or texture of the pixels of that image. Locally Excitatory Globally Inhibitory Oscillator Network or LEGION is one such segmentation algorithm, where synchronization and desynchronization between coupled oscillators are used for segmenting an image. In this work we present an energy efficient and scalable hardware implementation of LEGION using stochastic Magnetic Tunnel Junctions that leverage the fast parallel</p><p> nature of the algorithm. We demonstrate that the proposed hardware is capable of segmenting binary and gray-scale images with multiple objects more efficiently than<br> existing hardware implementations. </p><p>It is understood that the underlying device physics of spin devices can be used for emulating the functionality of a spiking neuron. Stochastic spiking neural networks based on nanoelectronic spin devices can be a possible pathway of achieving brain-like compact and energy-efficient cognitive intelligence. Current computational models attempt to exploit the intrinsic device stochasticity of nanoelectronic synaptic or neural components to perform learning and inference. However, there has been limited analysis on the scaling effect of stochastic spin devices and its impact on the operation of such stochastic networks at the system level. Our work attempts to explore the design space and analyze the performance of nanomagnet based stochastic neuromorphic computing architectures, for magnets with different barrier heights. We illustrate how the underlying network architecture must be modified to account for the random telegraphic switching behavior displayed by magnets as they are scaled into the superparamagnetic regime.<br></p><p>Next we investigate how the magnetic properties of spin devices can be utilized for real world sensory applications. Magnetic Tunnel Junctions can efficiently translate variations in external magnetic fields into variations in electrical resistance. We couple this property of Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with Amperes law to design a non-invasive sensor to measure the current flowing through a wire. We demonstrate how undesirable effects of thermal noise and process variations can be suppressed through novel analog and digital signal conditioning techniques to obtain reliable and accurate current measurements. Our results substantiate that the proposed noninvasive current sensor surpass other state-of-the-art technologies in terms of noise and accuracy.<br></p><br>

This study is about Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and implementation of CRM systems. The study aims to identify and investigate which challenges are experienced during CRM implementation at a newspaper group and how those challenges have been handled. Through a case study at the newspaper group, the investigation has had an inductive and exploratory approach where the focus has been to achieve a deeper understanding of the implementation as well as the challenges experienced and managed. The data collection was carried out in the form of semi-structured interviews with managers, support staff and salespeople at the group. Through a thematization of the empirical findings, five different themes have been identified. These consist of resistance to change, the changed sales role, training and support, system limitations and the user perspective. These themes have then been analyzed and the challenges that have been experienced and how these have been handled emerge. The study found that various types of challenges emerged based on the identified themes, which further impacted different roles within the group. The results of the study indicate that some challenges were successfully addressed, while others were not. / Denna studie handlar om Customer Relationship Management (CRM) och implementering av CRM-system. Studien syftar till att identifiera och undersöka vilka utmaningar som upplevs vid CRM-implementering hos en tidningskoncern samt hur de utmaningarna har hanterats. Undersökningen har genom en fallstudie hos koncernen haft ett induktivt och explorativt tillvägagångssätt där fokus har varit att uppnå en djup förståelse för implementeringen samt de utmaningar som upplevts och hanterats. Datainsamlingen genomfördes i form av åtta semi-strukturerade intervjuer med chefer, supportmedarbetare och säljare vid koncernen. Genom en tematisering av den insamlade empirin har fem olika teman identifierats. Dessa utgörs av förändringsmotstånd, den förändrade säljarrollen, utbildning och support, systembegränsningar samt användarperspektivet. Dessa teman har sedan analyserats och där framkommer de utmaningar som har upplevts samt hur dessa har hanterats. I studien framkommer det att flera olika typer av utmaningar uppstått utifrån de teman som har identifierats som vidare påverkar olika roller inom koncernen. Resultatet av studien visar att vissa utmaningar har hanterats medan andra inte har det.

Tillverkande företag med hög produktvariation och låg produktionsvolym har problem med frekventa ställ på grund av att maskiner behöver ställas om vid byte mellan de olika produkter som skall produceras. Single Minute Exchange of Die, även kallad SMED, är ett lean verktyg som kan implementeras i syfte att reducera ställtider. Genom att implementera SMED kan tillverkande företag öka sin effektivitet och sänka sina produktionskostnader. Dock har många företag problem vid implementering av SMED eftersom de inte anpassar metoden till det egna företagets förutsättningar. Komponentavdelningen hos Atlas Copco i Tierp, som tillverkar produkter i höga variationer och i låga volymer vill därmed att en implementering av SMED skall undersökas för att kunna få förslag på hur framtida implementationer kan förbättras. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka implementationen av SMED på komponentavdelningen hos Atlas Copco för att kunna ge förslag på hur framtida implementationer kan förbättras. För att uppnå syftet observerades en implementering av SMED på komponentavdelningen. Vidare utfördes en litteraturstudie för att undersöka hur andra tillverkande företag med hög produktvariation och låg produktionsvolym har implementerat SMED. Litteraturstudien behandlade även liknande utmaningar som komponentavdelningen har haft vid implementering av SMED och hur de har överkommit dessa utmaningar. Detta är för att hjälpa komponentavdelningen förbättra framtida implementationer av SMED. Resultatet av detta arbete visade att implementationer av SMED på tillverkande företag med hög produktvariation och låg produktionsvolym kan skilja sig åt, vilket är positivt eftersom det är viktigt att anpassa SMED till företagets egna förutsättningar. Däremot bör de viktigaste stegen i den ursprungliga implementationen av SMED utföras för att uppnå ställtidsreduktioner. De utmaningar som tillverkande företag med hög produktvariation och låg produktionsvolym står inför vid implementering av SMED är främst brist på engagemang och kunskap hos de anställda. De förbättringsförslag som har tagits fram för komponentavdelningen är att införa utbildningar kring SMED samt resultatindikatorer som påvisar ställtidsreduktioner i syfte till att öka de anställdas engagemang. Vidare rekommenderas att komponentavdelningen filmar ställprocesserna samt implementerar 5S för att effektivisera framtida implementationer av SMED. / Manufacturing companies with a high mix and a low production volume have problems with frequent changeovers due to the fact that machines need to be turned off when switching between the different products produced. Single Minute Exchange of Die, also known as SMED, is a lean tool that can be implemented in order to reduce setup times. By implementing SMED, manufacturing companies can increase their efficiency and reduce their production costs. However, many manufacturing companies have problems in their implementations of SMED because they do not adapt the method to the company's own conditions. The component department at Atlas Copco in Tierp, which produces products with a high mix and a low production volume, wants an implementation of SMED to be observed in order to receive proposals for how future implementations can be improved. The purpose of this thesis is to observe the implementation of SMED in the component department at Atlas Copco in order to be able to provide suggestions on how future implementations can be improved. To achieve the purpose, an implementation of SMED was observed in the component department. Furthermore, a literature study was conducted to analyze how other manufacturing companies with a high mix and a low production volume have implemented SMED. The literature study also addressed similar challenges that the component department has had when implementing SMED and how they have overcome these challenges. This is to help the component department improve future implementations. The results of this thesis showed that implementations of SMED on manufacturing companies with a high mix and a low production volume can differ, which is positive because it is important to adapt implementations of SMED to the company’s own conditions. However, the most important steps in the original implementation of SMED should be performed to achieve setup time reductions. The challenges that manufacturing companies with a high mix and a low production volume face when implementing SMED are mainly lack of commitment and lack of knowledge among the employees. The improvement proposals that have been developed for the component department are introducing training around SMED, as well as performance indicators that show setup time reductions in order to increase employee involvement. Furthermore, the component department should film setup processes and implement 5S to streamline future implementations of SMED.