Under de senaste åren har några av den moderna fackföreningsrörelsens viktigaste förutsättningar blivit föremål för politisk förhandling och statliga interventioner. Till följd av detta har meningsskiljaktigheter inom den svenska fackföreningsrörelsen framträtt. Denna studie undersöker om skiljelinjerna har ideologiska dimensioner.Fackförbunden Unionen, Kommunal och Byggnads utgör uppsatsens studieobjekt. Empirin är texter från fackförbundens hemsidor och den analysmetod som används är kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av ett kritiskt perspektiv där makt är centralt för förståelsen av ideologi. Syftet är att undersöka i vilken grad och på vilket sätt förbundens kommunikation karaktäriseras av individualism alternativt kolletkivism, samt att beskriva förbundens uppfattningar om den egna positionen i relation till andra aktörer, eftersom sådana uppfattningar ses som centrala för konstruktionen av den fackliga ideologin.Studien visar att förbunden identifierar olika möjligheter och begränsningar för den fackliga verksamheten och att graden av individualism/kollektivism varierar mellan dem. Resultatet pekar på att Unionen har den mest individualistiska ideologin, medan Byggnads har den mest kollektivistiska. Kommunal intar en i sammanhanget mittenposition.

When launching brand extension strategies globally, It is very important for today’s brand marketers to understand the differences in those countries with high cultural diversity such as South Africa,. This research intends to investigate the role that a consumer’s cultural value plays in evaluating brand extensions, in the context of the cultural dimension of individualismcollectivism, in order to close the theoretical gap in this area.This research is quantitative and causal in nature, and used an experimental factorial design in the conduct of the research. Triandis’ scales were used in the questionnaire design, and 161 MBA students participated in the experiment at GIBS. The research results disprove that cultural values play a role in evaluating brand extensions, and there was insufficient evidence to prove that individualists differ from collectivists in evaluating brand extensions. Nevertheless, the research results found that there are some positive interaction effects between the product category relatedness and product involvement in the process of brand extension evaluations. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Individualist and collectivist cultural approaches describe the relationship between an individual and his or her social surroundings. the current study had a two-fold purpose. the first was to investigate whether Brazilians, like other collective peoples, displayed more group self-representations, categorized items more relationally and paid more attention to context than Americans. the second purpose of this study was to investigate if counter-cultural primes played a role in activating either collective or individual selves. Both American (n = 100) and Brazilian (n = 101) participants were assigned either to a no-prime condition or a counter-cultural prime condition and then were asked to rate emotion cartoons, categorize items, complete the Twenty Statement Test (TST), and choose a representative object. As expected, unprimed Brazilian participants displayed more collectivist patterns on emotional (F[1,196] = 10.1, p = .001, ?²= .049; F[1,196] = 7.9, p = .006, ?²= .038; F[1,196] = 9.0, p = .005, ?²= .044) and cognitive (F[1, 196] = 6.0, p < .01, ?² = .03) tasks than Americans. However, Brazilians offered more individualist self-representations (F[1, 195] = 24.0, p < .001, ?² = .11) than American participants. Priming only had a marginal effect on item categorization (F[1,194] = 3.9, p = .051, ?² = .02). Understanding such cultural differences is necessary in the development of clinicians’ multicultural competence. Therefore, these findings, along with the strengths and limitations of this study and suggestions for future research, are discussed.

Fairness is an important topic that has captured the interest of researchers in many fields. Looking at behavioural and experimental economics, various methods have been used to shed the light on fairness. One of the most recognizable ways is through the use of the ultimatum game. In this paper, we aimed to look at fairness considerations by utilizing this game, while also highlighting gender and culture as factors of importance. Two models, specifically Rabin’s reciprocity model and Fehr and Schmidt’s inequity aversion model, in addition to various research papers on the topics of gender and culture, were used as the cornerstones for this paper. The experimental design was a replication of the ultimatum game, which was carried out online. Results showed that there were noticeable effects from both gender and culture on the behaviour of the participants in the game. However, the results were not statistically significant enough to be considered as determining factors in regard to why individuals behave in a specific manner in the game. Since research from the field has reached mixed conclusions, we can say that making inferences about human behaviour is harder than one might think.

Hispanic American Catholics are a growing immigrant population in the United States, with Hispanic cultures and Catholicism woven together in unique ways. This situation presents a window through which can be examined the dynamic between individualism and religiosity. Four logistic regression models were estimated utilizing data from the Pew Research Center 2013 Survey of U.S. Latinos, in order to investigate the correlates of Hispanic American Catholic support for women in the Catholic priesthood. Religious individualism (self-determination) was measured in two dimensions, while cultural individualism (acculturation) was measured in one dimension. The first three regression models test three hypotheses related to religious and cultural individualism, while the fourth model factors in all of the variables used. Findings generally supported the saliency of religious individualism over against the hierarchal dogma of the Catholic Church, but not the saliency of cultural individualism. However, findings also exposed the complexities inherent in both Catholic religiosity and acculturation among Hispanic American Catholics.

Vägledning kan ofta ske i sammanhang där individens och samhällets intressen står ikonflikt med varandra. Enligt Sveriges vägledarförenings etiska riktlinjer ska vägledarensätta individen i centrum och stå fri från särintressen. En sådan konflikt ärkompetensförsörjningen inom välfärden där behovet av arbetskraft och kompetensförväntas nå skyhöga nivåer de kommande tio åren. Vägledning utifrån ettkompetensförsörjningsbehov i välfärden kan möjligtvis ses som ett särintresse förvägledare. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka hur studie- och yrkesvägledare inomgymnasieskolan resonerar angående Sveriges vägledarförenings etiska riktlinjer om att sättaindividen i fokus samtidigt som det finns ett behov av specifik arbetskraft i välfärden.Frågeställningarna som studien ämnar att besvara är hur ser studie- och yrkesvägledare igymnasieskolan på konflikten mellan individ och samhälle i sin yrkesroll, vilken roll deanser att de har angående kompetensförsörjningen inom välfärden och de hur de ställer sigtill att prata om yrken utifrån ett samhällsperspektiv. För att besvara frågeställningarna harsju kvalitativa intervjuer med studie- och yrkesvägledare i gymnasieskolan utförts. Deteoretiska begreppen som används i analysen är välfärdens maktrelationer,humankapitalteorin, individualism, rationalitet och irrationalitet. Av resultatet framgår detatt samtliga informanter har ett individfokus där de sätter individen centrum tillsammansmed dess intressen och önskemål. Informanterna ser det inte som sitt ansvar att arbeta medkompetensförsörjningen utan menar att det är samhällets och statens ansvar. Detframkommer även att det inte nödvändigtvis behöver finnas en motsättning mellanindividens och samhällets intressen så länge individen är rationell och får tillgång tilltillräcklig och rätt information.

This independent thesis project has been the development of a methodology of working which is anchored in dependence on one another and collectivist ideals within art and design work. I have taken my community, the Design + Change BA program student body, as a stakeholder throughout this process. The methods are actions and practices which I have been gathering with fellow classmates in conversation. I am using the medium of a conversation which I define not as an exact moment in time but rather a continuous long-term dwelling-with, while also iterating on appropriate tools in facilitating this conversation, in order to take the idea of living and working as a dependent collective and run it through with people, addressing their concerns (and mine) along the way. The methods are simple, yet their simplicity depends on a mindset which many are fearful of, the group mindset. To learn, live and work as a group with the belief that a group is as strong as its weakest link, points to a certain letting go. It directly touches on one of the biggest individualistic insecurities, that of having to depend on anything but yourself. I see an orientation toward dependence necessary for a + Change-oriented collectivist mindset. However, the task that I have set for myself with this project is not to convince that this is the new, better story we should believe, I am working with our ability to temporarily adopt this mindset, to shift between paradigms. There is one thing that unites us when we first arrive in the + Change classroom, and that is the faith that a society of fairness is possible. We soon understand that together we are stronger than individually, yet, we find it hard to work with someone who does not share our vision, our utopia, our mindset. So, we drift toward those who do, unintentionally creating a space of division (and oppression), the very thing we are trying to + Change globally. This is the gap that I want this project to bridge, through the assumption that the biggest influence in our + Change system is the individualist paradigm.

This thesis has used the methodology of an ideological criticism on the long-running science-fiction television series, Doctor Who. Argued within, is that an ideological paradigm shift occurred during the fifty years of scripted storylines. To discern evidence supporting the shift, multiple episodes were viewed from each of the first eleven Doctors. During the viewing process all aspects presented within the show, such as dialogue, movements, tactics, and traits, were explored for ideological agency. Once found, the discourse was further analyzed to understand how these ideologies were enforced. From the findings, proof was examined in order to show by the end of the eleventh Doctor, Doctor Who had moved from portraying the viewpoints of individualism to collectivism.

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Syftet med vårt arbete är att skapa en djupare förståelse för friskolelärarnas eget perspektiv på sin arbetssituation genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som gör att man trivs på sin arbetsplats. Våra huvudsakliga frågeställningar har varit: Hur ser friskolelärarna på sin kompetens och möjlighet att vara delaktig i verksamheten? Vilken uppfattning har friskolelärarna på sin arbetssituation? Hur definierar friskolelärarna sin läraridentitet? Genom djupintervjuer visar resultatet av vårt arbete att de lärare vi intervjuade är glada, har en hög uppfattning om sin ämneskompetens och trivs på sina arbetsplatser. / The aim with our study is to create a deeper understanding of the private highschool teachers' own work situation by investigating which factors are needed for them to be satisfied at their places of work. Our main questions have been: How do the private highschool teachers value their competence and their possibilities to take part in the school activities? Which idea do they have about their work situation? How do they define their professional identity? Based on interviews we have found out that the teachers we have interviewed like working as teachers, have a high conception of their professionality and they feel involved in the decisionmaking at their places of work.