Aus der Einleitung: "In der Vergangenheit wurden Konsumgüter für Massenmärkte entwickelt und produziert. Mittlerweile sind viele Märkte gesättigt und die Produkte haben sich in diesen Märkten funktional immer mehr angenähert. Dies bedeutete, dass die Produkte kostenoptimiert hergestellt werden müssen, um auf diesem Käufermarkt wettbewerbsfähig zu sein (Baumberger 2007). Gleichzeitig ist ein zunehmender Individualisierungswunsch durch die Kunden festzustellen (Fraunhofer Institut ISI 1998). Somit werden auch immer mehr kundenindividuelle Produkte gefordert (Huber et al. 2008). Durch den gesellschaftlichen Wandel hin zu einer Informationsgesellschaft hat der Kunde zusätzlich eine sehr spezifische Vorstellung von dem, was er möchte und gleichzeitig stehen ihm durch die Vernetzung mehr Anbieter zur Auswahl und stärken somit seine Position gegenüber den Unternehmen (Schaller et al. 2004)."

Hur använder lärare matematikboken i dagens undervisning? Dominerar boken undervisningen eller fungerar den som ett redskap, en så kallad artefakt? Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka matematikbokens vikt i dagens undervisning i årskurs tre, genom en kvalitativ metod. Studiens två forskningsfrågorundersökgenom observationer och semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre olika respondenter och tre olika skolor. Datainsamlingen analyseras med fenomenografisk forskningsansats skolinspektionens analysschema. Samtliga lärare som medverkade i studien hävdar att matematikboken är grundläggande i undervisningen samt att matematikboken används till åttio procent i undervisningen. Lärarna belyser att tiden är knapp och matematikboken underlättar tidsmässigt. Resultaten som framkom i studien är att matematikboken dominerar undervisningen. Elever arbetar i stora drag enskilt i matematikboken eller med material som är framtaget från matematikboken under lektionerna. Slutsatsen i denna studie är att det inte råder någon större individualisering eller socialt samspel i klassrummen på grund av den stora del enskilda arbete, lärare använder till största del material från matematikboken eller matematikboken. Slutligen visar både observationer och intervjuer att matematikboken dominerar undervisningen tidsmässigt. Stora undersökningar som TIMSS och PISA visar att nordiska länder använder matematikboken mer än övriga länder, samt ett nedåtgående resultat i matematik för Sverige. I denna studie undersöks matematikbokens vikt i dagens undervisning. / How do teachers use the mathematic textbook in teaching today? Is the mathematic textbook dominant in teaching or is it used as a tool, a so-called artefact? The purpose is to examine the importance of mathematical textbook in today´s teaching in grade three, through a qualitative method. The study two research questions are examined by observations and semi-structured interviews with three different respondents and schools. The data collection is analyzed with phenomenografic research approach. All teachers that participated in the study claim that the mathematic textbook is fundamental in the teaching and that the textbook is used to eighty percent in teaching. The teachers assert that there is very little time and that the mathematic textbook facilitates time. The results that emerged from the study are that the mathematic book dominates the teaching. Pupils generally work individually in the mathematics book or with material that is proceed from the mathematic book during the lessons. The conclusion in this study is that there is no major individualization or social interaction in the classroom because of the large proportion of individual work, teachers mostly use materials from the mathematics book or the mathematic book. Finally, both observations and interviews show that the mathematical book dominates teaching in time. Large studies such as TIMSS and PISA shows that Nordic countries use the mathematics book more than other countries, and a falling result in mathematics in Sweden.  The importance of mathematical textbook in teaching is examined in this study.

Följande studie har som avsikt att belysa pedagogisk differentiering, pedagogisk inkludering, individualisering och läsundervisning samt desssamband. Avslutningsvis sammanförs begreppen för att visa hur de samspelar med varandra i ett sociokulturellt klassrum, där målet är att optimera elevernas läsutveckling. Studien syftar till att beröra hur vitala faktorer i ett differentierat arbetssätt kan leda till detta. Empirin är utvunnen från en fokusgruppsintervju och analyserad med stöd av en tematisk analys och med ett sociokulturelltperspektiv i åtanke. Informanterna består av tre verksamma lärare i årskurs 4–6 som har samtalat kring differentierad undervisning och läsundervisning. Det differentierade arbetssättet var bekant för informanterna, då de arbetatkollegialt med detta. Resultatet av intervjun signalerar att relationer och gemenskap är viktiga faktorer för att kunna anpassa lektionsinnehåll, aktiviteter och uppgifter, därresultatet kan leda till en lyckad läsundervisning, i längden en god läsutveckling för alla elever. Informanterna framhåller också valet av materialsom en viktig faktor för att tillgodose varje elevs individuella utveckling inom ramen för gemenskapen, vilket kan ha en positiv effekt på elevernas självkänsla. De anser också att val av tempo, nivå, omfång, metod och intresse inom ett differentierat arbetssätt kan inkludera samtliga elever redan under planeringsfasen.

This study is about high-performing students in mathematics. The purpose of the study was to increase the knowledge about teachers view of adaptions for the high-performing students and how teaching mathematic and its content adapts to these children. The method used in the study was semi-structured in- terviews with 10 teachers in the early years of compulsory school. Data was an- alyzed using Shulmans theory of teacher knowledge base. The result shows three variations of lessons that the participating teachers use. The difference between these lessons was the mindset of how adaptions should be made to the high- performing students in mathematics. It also shows that teachers’ mindset and what guides them in general differs in the three different lessons, also how to work in mathematics. Even though, most teachers wants their students in the same subject area but in different levels of difficulty. The teachers in the study adapts mathematics to the high-performing students’ so the teaching is stimulated and challenging, but how the teachers dose it dif- fers. / Studien handlar om högpresterande elever i matematik. Studiens syfte var att öka kunskaperna om lärares syn på anpassningar för högpresterande elever samt hur matematikundervisningen och dess innehåll anpassades. Studiens undersökningsmetod var kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer och riktade sig till 10 lärare i grundskolans tidiga år. Den data som samlats in analyserades med hjälp av Shulmans ramverk om lärarkompetens. Resultaten visar tre olika lektionsvarianter som har olika tankesätt om hur anpassningar sker i undervis- ningen till högpresterande elever. Det visar även att det föreligger stora variat- ioner i hur lärare tänker och vad som styr dem i undervisningen, dessutom råder det skillnad i val av arbetssätt. De flesta lärare förespråkar att de vill ha alla ele- ver inom samma ämnesområde men på olika nivåer. Sammantaget gör lärarna anpassningar för att de högpresterande eleverna ska få en stimulerande och utmanade undervisning, men hur anpassningarna sker skiljer sig mellan lärarna.

Diploma thesis is focused on the individualization in providing diets in three homes for the elderly in the South Bohemian region. The main goal of the qualitative research was to uncover what the options of the homes in providing the diets are, where the boundaries and the limits of the individualized care are and what the clients' attitude toward individualization is. Results of the research show that the homes for the elderly can accommodate just to the basic requirements of the client, such as replacing unpopular dish or side dish for another one. Medical restrictions of the clients in preparation and serving their food are taken into account. The homes don't have the capacity for greater individualization. Another problem is the lack of staff. The homes are limited by legislation rather than by their financial budget. Clients' conservative and conformal attitudes are not empowering managers to expand some options or to change the system. The concept of the individualization is interpreted by the homes for the elderly in different ways. In practice, they rather just try to individualize the diets, than truly doing it. It turned out that individualization is a complex phenomenon and the extend of its fulfillment depends mainly on organizations' overall approach to the clients and on the clients'...

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of catering in the home for elderly people in Prague. The topic is reviewed from a socio-cultural point of view. The main objective is to penetrate the world of diet and catering of seniors living in a total institution, which is characterized by specific features affecting the rights and personal freedoms of its clients. The home for elderly people is committed to comply with the statutory regulations of the Social Services Act as well as its own internal guidelines, while the compliance with legislation and various aspects of catering, including dining, eating, the environment in which food is consumed, as well as those participating in preparation and serving of meals is negotiated at a committee. The relationship between the layers above is captured by an ethnographic study that gives an overall picture of the catering process with all its specifics. Research has revealed that the catering process is becoming an individualized activity at many levels, enabling clients to make autonomous decisions about the process. Nevertheless, staff and clients are aware of limits that prevent individualisation. Key words: diet - meal - catering - senior - total institution - ethnographic study - individualization

The romantic western, heterosexual couple´s love is a social and cultural construction, which has altered in significance and terms between different time periods, places and social or economic groups. The new, modernized ideal of “romantic love” has in earlier research been exclusively linked to the European bourgeois class during the 19th century and their economic and social progress. The modernizing processes in the Western society during this period has also been said to both form and be affected by the romantic ideal of love during the 19th century. Two of the most important processes of modernization in the western society at the time was the secularization and individualization of structures and lives. In this study I explore these modern values and their expressions through and within the romantic love concept typical for the 19th century, within a social and economic group that has not yet been explored in this context; the working class.       Through a collection of love letters written by two workers in Sweden during the 1890s I investigate expressions which contain a secular or individualized understanding of love and if and how these expressions differed from the modernity expressed in love letters within the upper-class pairs of the time. My purpose is thus to contribute with a more nuanced and representative account of the origin and practice of the modernized understanding of love, than earlier research has done. In my study I show that the working-class couple in fact seemed to inhabit a more modernized view of love then the contemporary couples from higher parts of society. This was expressed through a lack of Godly love and the absence of religious guilt or conflict related to the worldly love for another person in the letters. The working-class couple also expressed a more modernized understanding of love through a more intense and active need for reflexivity, reciprocity, and confirmation in the building of their relationship. Accept from the fact that this couple still placed God in charge of their future material happiness, the expressions of love within the working-class relationship which I have identified thereby shows a new standpoint to present research; modernization and the romantic love concept during the 19th century do in fact not seem to have been exclusively linked to the upper classes and their material wealth, family structure or gender roles.

The thesis is focused on the DIY principle that can be a catalyst for collectives and individuals aiming to emancipate (consciously or unconsciously) from individualization and commodification that is symptomatic for today's society. This principle is adopted by various subcultures, but I am focused particularly on the hardcore-punk subculture (or precisely said - counterculture), which ideology is based on the idea of non-consumer society emancipated from values, norms and rules, that are being introduced to us by the mainstream society and its power structures. The analytical part of the thesis is focused on particular individuals and collectives, their activities, motivation, as well as the internal functioning of collectives. A combination of methods of qualitative research, especially participant observation and semi- structured interviews, were used for data collection. Data was analyzed using open coding. The collectives show better ability to resist commodification based on long-term practices commonly used in hc-punk to resist to the process of individualization. Their ability to create communities and collective activities is limited. Key words individualization, commodification, hardcore-punk subculture, diy principle, colectives, anarchism

<p>Предмет докторске дисертације јесте индивидуализација казне затвора, и то три њена нераздвојна аспекта &ndash; криминолошки, кривичноправни и пенолошки. Први део рада, посвећен је криминолошком аспект индивидуализације казне затвора. Кривичноправним аспектима индивидуализације казне затвора посвећен је други део рада. Предмет истраживања у трећем делу рада јесте пенолошки аспект индивидуализације казне затвора.</p><p>Разноврсни су криминогени фактори који утичу на појединца да учини кривично дело, али они пре свега могу бити субјективни и објективни. У току кривичног поступка, они се вреднују и утичу на саму индивидуализацију казне затвора. Осим тога, њихов значај је огроман и у току извршења затворске казне. Зато су криминолошки аспекти нераздвојни од кривичноправних и пенолошких аспеката.</p><p>За свако кривично дело прописана је казна у распону, тако да се кривичним законодавством Републике Србије не прописује казну која је апсолутно одређена, нити казна која је апсолутно неодређена. С обзиром на то да се казне затвора прописује у распону судија у кривичном поступку мора да је индивидуализује, на основу одређених околности. Те околности су пре свега оне које се односе на личност учиниоца кривичног дела. Овде је реч о индивидуализацији казне затвора у ужем смислу, о којој одлучује суд.</p><p><br />Казна затвора се индивидуализује и након што осуђујућа пресуда постане правноснажна, и траје све док се и сама казна не изврши. У току извршења казне затвора личност осуђеника је главни критеријум за индивидуализацију казне у самом казненом заводу, а сама индивидуализација се спроводи пре свега од стране затворских власти. Осим тога, казна затвора се индивидуализује и кад се извршава у просторијама у којима осуђени станује. Овде је реч о индивидуализацији казне затвора у ширем смислу.</p><p><br />Циљ истраживања предметне проблематике јесте да се укаже на актуелно стање у вези са индивидуализацијом казне затвора у теорији, да се анализирају прописи из ове области и предоче законска решења из појединих држава који се тичу предметне проблематика. Крајњи циљ јесте да се укаже на значај<br />индивидуалиације казне затвора како у поступку изрицања казне, тако и у поступку извршења и да се дају конкретни de lega ferenda предлози.</p> / <p>Predmet doktorske disertacije jeste individualizacija kazne zatvora, i to tri njena nerazdvojna aspekta &ndash; kriminološki, krivičnopravni i penološki. Prvi deo rada, posvećen je kriminološkom aspekt individualizacije kazne zatvora. Krivičnopravnim aspektima individualizacije kazne zatvora posvećen je drugi deo rada. Predmet istraživanja u trećem delu rada jeste penološki aspekt individualizacije kazne zatvora.</p><p>Raznovrsni su kriminogeni faktori koji utiču na pojedinca da učini krivično delo, ali oni pre svega mogu biti subjektivni i objektivni. U toku krivičnog postupka, oni se vrednuju i utiču na samu individualizaciju kazne zatvora. Osim toga, njihov značaj je ogroman i u toku izvršenja zatvorske kazne. Zato su kriminološki aspekti nerazdvojni od krivičnopravnih i penoloških aspekata.</p><p>Za svako krivično delo propisana je kazna u rasponu, tako da se krivičnim zakonodavstvom Republike Srbije ne propisuje kaznu koja je apsolutno određena, niti kazna koja je apsolutno neodređena. S obzirom na to da se kazne zatvora propisuje u rasponu sudija u krivičnom postupku mora da je individualizuje, na osnovu određenih okolnosti. Te okolnosti su pre svega one koje se odnose na ličnost učinioca krivičnog dela. Ovde je reč o individualizaciji kazne zatvora u užem smislu, o kojoj odlučuje sud.</p><p><br />Kazna zatvora se individualizuje i nakon što osuđujuća presuda postane pravnosnažna, i traje sve dok se i sama kazna ne izvrši. U toku izvršenja kazne zatvora ličnost osuđenika je glavni kriterijum za individualizaciju kazne u samom kaznenom zavodu, a sama individualizacija se sprovodi pre svega od strane zatvorskih vlasti. Osim toga, kazna zatvora se individualizuje i kad se izvršava u prostorijama u kojima osuđeni stanuje. Ovde je reč o individualizaciji kazne zatvora u širem smislu.</p><p><br />Cilj istraživanja predmetne problematike jeste da se ukaže na aktuelno stanje u vezi sa individualizacijom kazne zatvora u teoriji, da se analiziraju propisi iz ove oblasti i predoče zakonska rešenja iz pojedinih država koji se tiču predmetne problematika. Krajnji cilj jeste da se ukaže na značaj<br />individualiacije kazne zatvora kako u postupku izricanja kazne, tako i u postupku izvršenja i da se daju konkretni de lega ferenda predlozi.</p> / <p>The subject of the doctoral thesis is the individualization of incarceration and its three inseparable aspects &ndash; the criminological, criminal-law and penological aspect. The first part of the thesis deals with the criminological aspect of the individualization of incarceration. The criminal-law aspect of the individualization of the punishment of incarceration is discusses in the second part. The subject of the third part is the penological aspect of the individualization of incarceration.<br />There are various criminogenic factors which influence an individual to commit a crime, but they are, first and foremost, divided into the subjective and objective. During a criminal procedure they are evaluated and then influence the individualization of incarceration. Furthermore, they are of great importance during the execution of a prison sentence. Because of this, the criminological aspects are inseparable from the criminal-law and penological aspects.<br />Punishments are perscribed within certain ranges for every crime. The criminal law of the Republic of Serbia also does not define punishments absolutely, nor does it leave a punishment absolutely undefined. Considering the fact that the punishment of incarceration is perscribed in a certain range, the judge in a criminal procedure must individualize it based on the existing circumstances. These circumstances include, above all, those concerning the personality of the defendant. The subject here is the individualization in its narrow sense, which falls under the jurisdiction of the court.<br />The punishment of incarceration is further individualized after a sentence becomes final and produces legal effect until the complete execution of the sentence. During the execution of a prison sentence the personality of the convict is the main criteria for the individualization of the sentence within the detention center itself, first and foremost by the prison authorities themselves. Apart from this, the punishment of incarceration is also individualized when it is being executed in the place of residence of the convict. This is the individualization of the prison sentence in its broader sense.<br />The goal of the research of this subject is to highlight the current state of individualization of incarceration in theory, to analyze legislation from this field and to present legal solutions of certain countries concering the subject. The final goal is to stress<br />the importance of the individualization of incarceration in the process of sentencing as well as during the execution of a sentence and to give concrete de lega ferenda proposals.</p>

La compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans les cas sains, les maladies neurodégénératives ainsi que le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques repose sur l’utilisation de modèles expérimentaux pertinents et de techniques d’imagerie adaptées. Dans ce contexte, la microscopie virtuelle offre la possibilité unique d’analyser ces modèles à l’échelle cellulaire avec une très grande variété de marquages histologiques. Mon projet de thèse consiste à mettre en place et à appliquer une méthode d’analyse d’images histologiques en couleur permettant de segmenter et de synthétiser l’information relative aux neurones à l’aide de l’anticorps NeuN sur des coupes de cerveau de macaque. Dans ce travail, nous appliquons d’abord la méthode de Random Forest (RF) pour segmenter les neurones ainsi que le tissu et le fond. Ensuite, nous proposons une méthode originale pour séparer les neurones qui sont accolés afin de les individualiser. Cette méthode s’adapte à l’ensemble des neurones présentant une taille variable (diamètre variant entre 5 et 30 μm). Elle est également efficace non seulement pour des régions dites « simples » caractérisées par une faible densité de neurones mais aussi pour des régions dites « complexes » caractérisées par une très forte densité de plusieurs milliers de neurones. Le travail suivant se concentre sur la création de cartes paramétriques synthétisant la morphologie et la distribution des neurones individualisés. Pour cela, un changement d’échelle est mis en œuvre afin de produire des cartographies présentant des résolutions spatiales plus faibles (résolution originale de 0,22 μm et cartographies créées proposant une résolution spatiale adaptative de quelques dizaines à quelques centaines de micromètres). Plusieurs dizaines de paramètres morphologiques (rayon moyen, surface, orientation, etc.) sont d’abord calculés pour chaque neurone ainsi que des paramètres colorimétriques. Ensuite, il est possible de synthétiser ces informations sous la forme de cartes paramétriques à plus basse résolution à l’échelle de régions anatomiques, de coupes voire, à terme, de cerveaux entiers. Cette étape transforme des images microscopiques qualitatives couleur en images mésoscopiques quantitatives, plus informatives et plus simples à analyser. Ce travail permet d’analyser statistiquement de très grands volumes de données, de synthétiser l’information sous la forme de cartographies quantitatives, d’analyser des problèmes extrêmement complexes tels que la mort neuronale et à terme de tester de nouveaux médicaments voire de confronter ces informations acquises post mortem avec des données acquises in vivo. / Understanding the mechanisms involved in healthy cases, neurodegenerative diseases and the development of new therapeutic approaches is based on the use of relevant experimental models and appropriate imaging techniques. In this context, virtual microscopy offers the unique possibility of analyzing these models at a cellular scale with a very wide variety of histological markers. My thesis project consists in carrying out and applying a method of analyzing colored histological images that can segment and synthesize information corresponding to neurons using the NeuN antibody on sections of the macaque brain. In this work, we first apply the Random Forest (RF) method to segment neurons as well as tissue and background. Then, we propose an original method to separate the touching or overlapping neurons in order to individualize them. This method is adapted to process neurons presenting a variable size (diameter varying between 5 and 30 μm). It is also effective not only for so-called "simple" regions characterized by a low density of neurons but also for so-called "complex" regions characterized by a very high density of several thousands of neurons. The next work focuses on the creation of parametric maps synthesizing the morphology and distribution of individualized neurons. For this purpose, a multiscale approach is implemented in order to produce maps with lower spatial resolutions (0.22 μm original resolution and created maps offering adaptive spatial resolution from a few dozens to a few hundred of micrometers). Several dozens of morphological parameters (mean radius, surface, orientation, etc.) are first computed as well as colorimetric parameters. Then, it is possible to synthesize this information in the form of lower-resolution parametric maps at the level of anatomical regions, sections and even, eventually, the entire brains. This step transforms qualitative color microscopic images to quantitative mesoscopic images, more informative and easier to analyze. This work makes it possible to statistically analyze very large volumes of data, to synthesize information in the form of quantitative maps, to analyze extremely complex problems such as neuronal death, to test new drugs and to compare this acquired information post mortem with data acquired in vivo.