Soft skills include communication skills and personality traits that are important when choosing a dentist, but other factors within the dental office also seem to be important for patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate factors that are important to people in a dentist as well as characteristics of the ideal dentist and to evaluate possible age-, gender-, and residence of living specific differences. A telephone survey with participants aged 35 years or older (ag—age group: ag 1: 35–50 years, ag 2: 70–84 years, ag 3: >85 years) in three German cities was conducted. Data were analyzed with respect to gender and age. Most of the participants (n = 298, 64.2%), regardless of their own gender, age, or place of residence did not care about the gender of the dentist. In general, the price of the treatment does not play a role in choosing the ideal dentist. Women differ significantly from men in their choice of dentist (ANOVA p < 0.001 (preference of non-smoker), ANOVA p < 0.001 (preference, that the dentist does not smell of smoke, importance of appearance (ANOVA p < 0.001) and psycho-social skills, etc.). As age increases, professional experience and psycho-social competencies are rated as important. With the increase in age, the mean value of the desired years of professional experience increases without significant differences between age groups. The importance of advanced training (ANOVA p < 0.001; Bonferoni correction: significant difference between ag 1 and ag 2 p < 0.001, and ag 1 and ag 3 p < 0.001) decreases with age. Especially for participants aged 70 to 84 years, a relationship of trust is important. Between the places of residence, statistical differences for almost all surveyed items were found (e.g., importance that the dentist speaks the patients’ native language ANOVA p < 0.001, Bonferoni correction: significant difference between Berlin and Leipzig, Berlin and Mainz, and Leipzig and Mainz (each p < 0.001), dentist has a specialization ANOVA p < 0.001, Bonferoni correction: significant difference between Berlin and Leipzig and Berlin and Mainz (each p < 0.001), etc.). Dentists should be trained to develop psycho-social skills to meet the special demands of the increasing older population.

Det finns många faktorer som påverkar värdet för en bostadsrätt. Det kan vara allt ifrånvar den ligger och hur den ser ut, till fysiska egenskaper som balkong eller ett nyrenoveratkök. Det som definierar bostadsrätter är att de ägs av så kallade bostadsrättsföreningar. Engod ekonomi i föreningen resulterar i en bra boendekostnad för varje boende. Ombostadsrättsföreningen däremot besitter ekonomiska problem, kan det leda till negativakonsekvenser för den enskilde bostadsrättsinnehavaren. Med tanke på detta börbostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi påverka bostadsrättens värde. Studien syftar därför till attbidra med kunskap om bostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi som värdepåverkande faktor ochställa betydelsen av den mot övriga värdpåverkande faktorer för en bostadsrätt.Empiri har samlats in och analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer medfastighetsmäklare i Sverige. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av fastighetsmäklarna inte anseratt bostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi är en avgörande faktor för bostadsrättens värde.Resultatet visar också att kunskapen och intresset bland kunderna på marknaden är låg närdet kommer till bostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi. En slutsats utifrån studien är därmed attden svaga kunskapen på marknaden ligger till grund för att bostadsrättsföreningensekonomi inte anses som en avgörande värdepåverkande faktor. / There are a lot of factors affecting the value of a condominium. It can be everything fromwhere it is located and how it looks to physical assets as a balcony and a newly renovatedkitchen. The main idea and what defines the condominiums is the fact that they are ownedby housing cooperatives. Therefore, a good economy in the housing cooperative providesa favourable housing cost for the individual resident. On the other hand, economicalproblems in the housing cooperative can lead to negative implications on the economy ofthe individual resident. With this in mind, the economy of a housing cooperative shouldaffect the value of the single condominium.Therefore, the aim of this study is to contribute knowledge about the housing cooperativés economy as a value-influencing factor and compare the importance of it with otherfactors affecting the value of a condominium.The empiric of this study has been collected and analyzed through qualitative interviewswith brokers in Sweden. The interviews indicate that the majority of the brokers does notconsider the housing cooperative ́s economy as an important value-influencing factor. Theempiric also shows that there is a lack of knowledge and interest by the clients regardingthe economy of the housing cooperative. Therefore, a conclusion made in this study is thatthe reason why the housing cooperative ́s economy is not seen as a value-influencing factorby decisive nature is due to the lack of knowledge by the clients on the market.

Introduktion: För att kunna uppnå en god hälsa och vård för patienter är det avgörande att sjuksköterskestudenter får adekvat utbildning. Det är således av central betydelse att basala hygienrutiner lärs ut för att kunna förebygga smittöverföring och förhindra vårdrelaterade infektioner. Basala hygienrutiner innefattar handhygien, användning av arbetskläder, skyddshandskar och skyddskläder. Syfte: Att undersöka vilka kunskaper sjuksköterskestudenter upplevde att de hade gällande basala hygienrutiner, hur de upplevde utbildningen av basala hygienrutiner samt vad de uppfattade som främjande och/eller hindrande för att följa dessa rutiner under verksamhetsförlagd utbildning. Metod: En kvalitativ metod med abduktiv ansats användes. Sex individuella intervjuer med medelhög struktureringsgrad hölls med sjuksköterskestudenter från svenska lärosäten. Tematisk analys enligt Braun och Clarke (2022) användes för dataanalysen. Resultat: Syftet besvarades genom tre huvudteman. Första huvudtemat: olika kunskapsnivåer besvarade vad för kunskaper sjuksköterskestudenterna upplevde att hade gällande basala hygienrutiner och med underteman: grundläggande hygien, göra antaganden samt tillämpning av föreskriften SOSFS 2015:10. Det andra huvudtemat besvarade hur sjuksköterskestudenterna upplevde undervisningen av basala hygienrutiner med huvudtemat: strukturering av utbildning och med underteman: klinisk träningscentrum och brister. Tredje temat besvarade vad sjuksköterskestudenterna upplevde som främjande och/eller hindrande från att följa basala hygienrutiner under verksamhetsförlagd utbildning. Detta genom huvudtemat: omständigheter och med underteman: gynnsamma förhållanden samt rädslor och kritiska aspekter. Slutsats: Resultatet visade på att sjuksköterskestudenterna hade ett behov av mer utbildning gällande basala hygienrutiner och att kunskapsnivån skiljde sig mellan sjuksköterskestudenterna. Att kunskapsnivån skiljde sig riskerar att påverka patientsäkerheten negativt. Med en för låg kunskapsnivå ökar risken för att patienter utsätts för vårdrelaterade infektioner. / Introduction: In order to achieve good health and care for patients, it is crucial that nursing students receive adequate training. It is of central importance that basic hygiene routines are taught in order to prevent transmission and prevent healthcare-associated infections. Basic hygiene routines include hand hygiene, use of work clothes, protective gloves and protective clothing. Aim: To investigate nursing students’ perceived knowledge about basic hygiene routines, how they experienced the training of basic hygiene routines and what they perceived as promoting and/or hindering for following these routines during operational training. Methods: A qualitative method with an abductive approach was applied. Six individual interviews with a medium structural degree were held with nursing students from Swedish universities. Thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke (2022) was used for the data analysis. Results: The aim was answered through three main themes. The first main theme answered what knowledge the nursing students felt they had regarding basic hygiene routines: different levels of knowledge with sub-themes: basic hygiene, making assumptions and application of the regulation SOSFS 2015:10. The second main theme answered how the nursing students experienced the teaching of basic hygiene routines with the main theme: structuring of education and with sub-themes: clinical training center and deficiencies. Third theme answered what the nursing students felt promoted and/or prevented them from following basic hygiene routines during practice-based training. This took place through the main theme: circumstances with sub-themes: favorable conditions as well as fears and critical aspects. Conclusion: The results showed that the nursing students had a need for more training regarding basic hygiene routines and that the level of knowledge differed between them. The fact that the level of knowledge differed risks affecting negatively patient safety. With insufficient knowledge the risk of being exposed to a care-related infection increases for patients.

Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех частей, заключения, библиографического списка и приложений. Представлена теоретическая часть: Используя такие теории, как иерархия потребностей Маслоу, двухфакторная теория Герцберга и теория справедливости Адамса, в исследовании рассматриваются основные факторы, способствующие текучести кадров. Практическая часть включает в себя углубленный анализ организационной структуры компании, удовлетворенности сотрудников и существующих методов управления с помощью анализа литературы, количественных опросов и качественных оценок. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что основными причинами текучести кадров в компании TC Company являются неадекватная система оплаты труда, ограниченные возможности карьерного роста и неоптимальные условия труда. Содержание проектной части: предложены рекомендации по предотвращению текучести кадров. Для решения этих проблем в диссертации рекомендуется усовершенствовать структуру заработной платы и льгот, создать четкую и справедливую систему служебной аттестации, улучшить возможности карьерного роста и продвижения по службе, а также создать благоприятную рабочую среду. Внедряя эти стратегии, компания TC Company может повысить удовлетворенность сотрудников, снизить текучесть кадров и, в конечном счете, укрепить свои конкурентные преимущества в технологическом секторе. Результаты исследования являются ценным руководством для аналогичных предприятий, сталкивающихся с проблемами управления человеческими ресурсами и удержания сотрудников. В заключение подводятся итоги в соответствии с поставленными задачами. / The final qualifying work consists of an introduction, three parts, a conclusion, a bibliographic list, and appendixes. The theoretical part presents (description of the essence). Utilizing theories such as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, and Adams' Equity Theory, the study explores the underlying factors contributing to employee turnover. The practical part analyzes (description of the essence). The research includes an in-depth analysis of TC Company's organizational structure, employee satisfaction, and existing management practices through a combination of literature review, quantitative surveys, and qualitative assessments. Project part contents (description of the essence). The findings indicate that the primary causes of turnover at TC Company include an inadequate compensation system, limited career development opportunities, and suboptimal working conditions. In conclusion, the results are summed up in accordance with the tasks set. To address these issues, the thesis recommends enhancing the salary and benefits structure, establishing a clear and fair performance appraisal system, improving career development and promotion pathways, and fostering a supportive work environment. By implementing these strategies, TC Company can enhance employee satisfaction, reduce turnover rates, and ultimately strengthen its competitive edge in the technology sector. The study's insights provide valuable guidance for similar enterprises facing challenges in human resource management and employee retention.

Since the 1970s when the first destination image studies were performed, this topic has become one of the most predominant in the tourism marketing literature. Destination image within the tourism industry is essential, as most tourism products are services rather than physical goods, and can often only compete by means of the image they portray. The image of a specific destination is a major element in the final decision when selecting the destination. Both positive and negative images occur, together having a great impact on the travel and tourism industry. Destinations therefore have to create images of their location and what they have to offer to help differentiate them from their competition. Therefore, potential tourists rely on their mental images when deciding to visit one destination over another. Different influences emerge within tourist decisions, which affect their ultimate experience. It is therefore clear that, to understand tourists‟ needs and wants, relationship building is important and this could assist with the marketing of products or services. Marketing plays a central part in tourism, since consumers need to travel to a certain destination to see, feel or test the product that is to be purchased and evaluated. Image is formed based on three main components. These are: cognitive (what one knows about a destination), affective (how one feels about what one knows) and conative components (how one acts on this information). To date, various image models have been developed. However, none of these have been applied to, tested in, or developed for South Africa. It is therefore important to know how tourists formulate a destinations‟ image as well as what influences their image regarding a destination. Therefore, to achieve this and the goal of this study, which is to develop a framework for the optimisation of the image of South Africa as a tourism destination, a comprehensive review of marketing and destination image literature was performed, subsequent to which the research was conducted. After having conducted the literature review and gathered expert advice and opinions, various literature-based attributes were identified. A total of sixty-three attributes were acknowledged whereafter these were sifted and grouped into Cognitive, Affective and Conative attributes. After taking expert advice into consideration, these attributes were once again sifted and it was determined whether they were applicable for this research. A total of fifty-seven attributes remained important and formed part of the questionnaire. Forty-two attributes were Cognitive, twelve Affective and three Conative. The research was conducted at the international departure area of a major international airport in South Africa. The respondents consisted of international tourists that were returning to their home countries after visiting South Africa. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed of which 474 questionnaires were obtained. Of these, 451 questionnaires were usable for this study, as 23 questionnaires were incomplete and not usable. The number of questionnaires was therefore representative of the target population and further analysis. After the questionnaires for this study were gathered, the primary data was captured and analysed. Different types of data analyses were used in this study: Firstly, descriptive analysis to determine findings concerning the demographic profile of respondents and the respondent‟s travel behaviour whilst visiting South Africa. Secondly, factor analyses to factorise the image attributes into image factors; and to factorise external aspects into factors and determine how these affect image formation. Thirdly, ANOVAs (One-way analysis of variance) were conducted where more than two categories formed part of the question, t-tests were conducted to compare the image factors with questions consisting of only two categories and Spearman rank correlations were conducted to describe the strength and direction of the linear relationship between selected variables. Finally, Structural Equation Modelling was used to empirically test the framework and evaluate how well the data supports the hypothesised model. The first factor analysis resulted in 13 reliable and valid factors, which consisted of the cognitive, affective and conative image attributes. These factors, together with the factors of the second factor analysis (Media, Political and Iconic aspects) were used as constructs in the Structural Equation Modelling analysis. After having combined the results of all the different analyses, a framework was developed that identifies the aspects influencing South Africa‟s image. Some of the main findings were that media, political happenings and iconic aspects directly influenced cognitive, affective and conative images. Novel to this study was the significant influence of icons. Interestingly, demographic information only affects cognitive image and neither affective nor conative image. Travel behaviour contributes to the formation of cognitive, affective and conative image.However, surprisingly, the lack of influence from travel agents and travel guides was also depicted in the results. This framework emphasises the importance of pre-, onsite and post-experiences as well as communication in image formation. This study contributes academically, methodologically and practically. Academic contributions include empirically testing the framework, which significantly contributes to literature; and the innovative inclusion and assessment of icons adds a new dimension to image formation in literature. From a methodological point of view, it is clear that the analyses of all influencing aspects are challenging and not standardised. The types of analyses applied in this study enhanced the in-depth analyses of the data that was then included into one framework. The data was empirically tested and found to be reliable. The empirical testing of all aspects in a South African context was different and innovative, which finally created a detailed picture of South Africa‟s image as a tourism destination. Finally, the practical contribution of this study is that the framework developed for this study can be used by tourism organisations of various types in planning and implementing marketing strategies. The framework can direct their advertising and staff training; and improve the general tourism product of South Africa. The framework can also be applied to other tourism destinations. Clear recommendations were made regarding the focus of marketing strategies and building the image of South Africa. It was recommended that the framework developed in this study be implemented by national tourism organisations such as SA Tourism, as well as provincial organisations such as Tourism Boards. Product owners can benefit from the framework by considering some of the influential aspects in their product development and marketing strategies. Lastly, all marketing strategies and plans for South Africa should be focused on improving the cognitive, affective and conative image of South Africa. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Since the 1970s when the first destination image studies were performed, this topic has become one of the most predominant in the tourism marketing literature. Destination image within the tourism industry is essential, as most tourism products are services rather than physical goods, and can often only compete by means of the image they portray. The image of a specific destination is a major element in the final decision when selecting the destination. Both positive and negative images occur, together having a great impact on the travel and tourism industry. Destinations therefore have to create images of their location and what they have to offer to help differentiate them from their competition. Therefore, potential tourists rely on their mental images when deciding to visit one destination over another. Different influences emerge within tourist decisions, which affect their ultimate experience. It is therefore clear that, to understand tourists‟ needs and wants, relationship building is important and this could assist with the marketing of products or services. Marketing plays a central part in tourism, since consumers need to travel to a certain destination to see, feel or test the product that is to be purchased and evaluated. Image is formed based on three main components. These are: cognitive (what one knows about a destination), affective (how one feels about what one knows) and conative components (how one acts on this information). To date, various image models have been developed. However, none of these have been applied to, tested in, or developed for South Africa. It is therefore important to know how tourists formulate a destinations‟ image as well as what influences their image regarding a destination. Therefore, to achieve this and the goal of this study, which is to develop a framework for the optimisation of the image of South Africa as a tourism destination, a comprehensive review of marketing and destination image literature was performed, subsequent to which the research was conducted. After having conducted the literature review and gathered expert advice and opinions, various literature-based attributes were identified. A total of sixty-three attributes were acknowledged whereafter these were sifted and grouped into Cognitive, Affective and Conative attributes. After taking expert advice into consideration, these attributes were once again sifted and it was determined whether they were applicable for this research. A total of fifty-seven attributes remained important and formed part of the questionnaire. Forty-two attributes were Cognitive, twelve Affective and three Conative. The research was conducted at the international departure area of a major international airport in South Africa. The respondents consisted of international tourists that were returning to their home countries after visiting South Africa. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed of which 474 questionnaires were obtained. Of these, 451 questionnaires were usable for this study, as 23 questionnaires were incomplete and not usable. The number of questionnaires was therefore representative of the target population and further analysis. After the questionnaires for this study were gathered, the primary data was captured and analysed. Different types of data analyses were used in this study: Firstly, descriptive analysis to determine findings concerning the demographic profile of respondents and the respondent‟s travel behaviour whilst visiting South Africa. Secondly, factor analyses to factorise the image attributes into image factors; and to factorise external aspects into factors and determine how these affect image formation. Thirdly, ANOVAs (One-way analysis of variance) were conducted where more than two categories formed part of the question, t-tests were conducted to compare the image factors with questions consisting of only two categories and Spearman rank correlations were conducted to describe the strength and direction of the linear relationship between selected variables. Finally, Structural Equation Modelling was used to empirically test the framework and evaluate how well the data supports the hypothesised model. The first factor analysis resulted in 13 reliable and valid factors, which consisted of the cognitive, affective and conative image attributes. These factors, together with the factors of the second factor analysis (Media, Political and Iconic aspects) were used as constructs in the Structural Equation Modelling analysis. After having combined the results of all the different analyses, a framework was developed that identifies the aspects influencing South Africa‟s image. Some of the main findings were that media, political happenings and iconic aspects directly influenced cognitive, affective and conative images. Novel to this study was the significant influence of icons. Interestingly, demographic information only affects cognitive image and neither affective nor conative image. Travel behaviour contributes to the formation of cognitive, affective and conative image.However, surprisingly, the lack of influence from travel agents and travel guides was also depicted in the results. This framework emphasises the importance of pre-, onsite and post-experiences as well as communication in image formation. This study contributes academically, methodologically and practically. Academic contributions include empirically testing the framework, which significantly contributes to literature; and the innovative inclusion and assessment of icons adds a new dimension to image formation in literature. From a methodological point of view, it is clear that the analyses of all influencing aspects are challenging and not standardised. The types of analyses applied in this study enhanced the in-depth analyses of the data that was then included into one framework. The data was empirically tested and found to be reliable. The empirical testing of all aspects in a South African context was different and innovative, which finally created a detailed picture of South Africa‟s image as a tourism destination. Finally, the practical contribution of this study is that the framework developed for this study can be used by tourism organisations of various types in planning and implementing marketing strategies. The framework can direct their advertising and staff training; and improve the general tourism product of South Africa. The framework can also be applied to other tourism destinations. Clear recommendations were made regarding the focus of marketing strategies and building the image of South Africa. It was recommended that the framework developed in this study be implemented by national tourism organisations such as SA Tourism, as well as provincial organisations such as Tourism Boards. Product owners can benefit from the framework by considering some of the influential aspects in their product development and marketing strategies. Lastly, all marketing strategies and plans for South Africa should be focused on improving the cognitive, affective and conative image of South Africa. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The purpose of this study is to observe some factors that may affect the understanding of subtraction with borrowing. The study is done in a foreign environment, in Kenya. Factors that will be looked into are: the classroom environment, the situation of learning in a second language. The study will also observe factors that can cause an erroneous answer and what those may look like. Within this area manipulatives will be mentioned. The study has used a qualitative as well as quantitative approach. The qualitative method has been accomplished through interviews and observations, the quantitative method through tests given to the learners. For the analysis of the observations, Cobb’s and Yackel’s model (1995) of the mathematical classroom has been used. The study is interpreted from a sociocultural perspective focusing interaction. The result in this study shows that the interaction in the classroom is important to the individual learning, perceptions of mathematics and the expectations on the individual. Learning in a second language can be a barrier. The use of manipulatives can work as a scaffold, but it can also hinder the learner to develop a deeper understanding. / Syftet med studien är att studera faktorer som kan påverka förståelsen av subtraktion med växling. Studien är gjord i en annan lärmiljö, i Kenya. Faktorer som kommer att uppmärksammas är lärmiljön i klassrummet och att inlärningen sker på ett för eleven andra språk. Studien kommer också att uppmärksamma faktorer som kan bidra till ett felaktigt svar och hur de kan se ut. Inom detta område kommer laborativt material nämnas. Studien har både ett kvalitativt och kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt. Den kvalitativa metoden har genomförts genom intervjuer och observationer, den kvantitativa metoden med hjälp av elevtester. Cobbs och Yackels (1995) modell över matematik klassrummet har använts som analysmaterial. Studien tolkas utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Focus är på interaktionen.   Resultaten i studien visar att interaktionen I klassrummet är viktigt för det individuella lärandet, uppfattningen om matematik och förväntningar på individen. Undervisning på ett andra språk kan bli ett hinder. Användandet av laborativt material kan fungera som ett stöd, men kan också hindra utvecklandet av en djupare förståelse.

A colaboração aberta tem se apresentada cada vez mais como uma forma das organizações melhorarem sua competitividade e a sua capacidade de inovação. Depois de um pouco mais de dez anos desde que o conceito foi lançado é preciso começar a consolidá-lo em termos de quais aspectos devem ser observados ao implementar uma iniciativa de colaboração aberta e como mensurar estes resultados. Indo um pouco mais além, é preciso compreender a influência que o desempenho da colaboração aberta tem sobre o desempenho organizacional. No entanto, este tem sido um ponto que ainda gera muitas discussões. Não há ainda um consenso em como mensurar e o que deve ser mensurado para que os reais benefícios da colaboração aberta possam ser identificados. Dado o contexto acima, esta tese se propôs a investigar como as organizações buscam mensurar os impactos da prática da colaboração aberta e compreender se existe uma relação positiva entre o desempenho da colaboração e o desempenho organizacional. Adicionalmente, esta tese investigou a relevância dos fatores influenciadores do desempenho da colaboração aberta indicados na literatura. Como abordagem metodológica foi escolhida a abordagem mista entre a pesquisa qualitativa e a pesquisa quantitativa. A pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada por meio de um estudo de caso em quatro empresas de grande porte. Os resultados trouxeram importantes percepções quanto à importância da existência de uma orientação estratégica para a implementação de um projeto de colaboração aberta. Para a pesquisa quantitativa foi proposto um instrumento de pesquisa para avaliar a relevância do relacionamento entre o desempenho da colaboração aberta (DCOL) e o desempenho organizacional (DORG). Este instrumento também avaliou qual a relevância que os fatores influenciadores Tecnologia da Informação (TEC), Motivação para iniciar um projeto de colaboração aberta (MOT), o papel desempenhado pelos colaboradores (USU) e a tipologia adotada para operacionalizar a colaboração (TIP) têm sobre o desempenho da colaboração aberta. Para a análise dos dados foi aplicada a técnica da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (MEE) com estimação pelo método Partial Least Squares (PLS), por meio do software SmartPLS 3.2.1. Os resultados indicaram uma relação significativa entre o DCOL e DORG. / Open collaboration has presented itself as an important way for organizations to improve their competitiveness and their ability to innovate. A little more than ten years has passed since the concept was launched, but it is still necessary to make advances in order to consolidate the concept in terms of what aspects are important to implement an open collaborative initiative and how to measure these results. Moreover, it is necessary a better understanding about open collaboration influence over the organizational performance. There is no consensus about how to measure and what should be measured in order to identify the real benefits of open collaboration. Grounded in the literature and the gap mentioned, this thesis aimed at investigating how organizations are measuring the open collaboration performance and also to understand if there is a positive correlation between collaboration performance and organizational performance. Additionally, this thesis also aimed at understanding the relevance of the open collaboration influencing factors. A mixed method research was employed. The qualitative research was carried out through a case study in four large companies. The results brought important insights regarding the importance of strategic orientation for the implementation of an open collaborative project. For the quantitative research, an instrument was proposed to assess the relevance of the relationship between open collaboration performance (DCOL) and organizational performance (DORG). This instrument also assessed the relevance of the open collaboration influencing factors over open collaboration performance: Information Technology (CET), Motivation to initiate an open collaboration project (MOT), the role played by users (USU) and the typology adopted to operationalize the collaboration (TIP). To analyze the data a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was applied with estimation method Partial Least Squares (PLS) using the software SmartPLS 3.2.1. The structural model analysis showed significant relationship between DCOL and DORG.

Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer innebär fysiskt, psykiskt och/eller sexuellt våld. Det anses vara ett stort hälsoproblem som främst drabbar kvinnor och ger fysiska, psykiska och sociala konsekvenser. Hälso- och sjukvården har ett stort ansvar gällande att upptäcka och hjälpa utsatta kvinnor samt förebygga våld i nära relationer, men många kvinnor upplever att de inte fått adekvat stöd och hjälp från hälso- och sjukvården. Syfte: Att belysa faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskors beredskap inför och agerande vid mötet med kvinnor som misstänks vara eller är utsatta för våld i nära relation. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt med analys och sammanställning av tio vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ data. Resultat: Faktorer som påverkade beredskap och agerande var dels relaterade till sjuksköterskan som person; attityder och tankar kring sjuksköterskans professionella roll, sjuksköterskans känslor samt personliga och professionella erfarenheter av våld i nära relationer. Dels påverkade också faktorer som var relaterade till sjuksköterskans omgivning och förutsättningar; utbildning och praktiska färdigheter, miljö samt organisation. Slutsats: Fördjupade kunskaper, erfarenhet och en mer öppen, förstående attityd hos sjuksköterskor visade sig kunna vara avgörande för kvaliteten på vården av kvinnor som har blivit utsatta för våld i nära relationer. Klinisk betydelse: Utbildning inom våld i nära relationer skulle kunna utvecklas, attityder diskuteras och handlingsplaner införlivas på ett tydligare sätt i vården. / Background: Intimate partner violence involves physical, psychological and/or sexual violence. It is viewed as a major health problem that mainly affects women and has physical, psychological and social consequences. The health care system has a great responsibility in identifying and helping subjected women and in preventing intimate partner violence, yet many women feel that they do not get adequate support and help from the health care services. Aim: To illuminate factors affecting nurses‟ preparedness for and interaction with women who may be or are subjected to intimate partner violence. Method: General literature review with analysis and synthesis of ten research articles with both qualitative and quantitative data. Results: Factors were partly related to the nurse in person; attitudes and conceptions about the nurses‟ professional role, the nurses‟ feelings, and personal and professional experiences of intimate partner violence. Other factors were related to the nurses‟ environment and conditions; education and practical skills, environment and organization. Conclusion: Enhanced knowledge, experience and more open-minded and understanding attitudes among nurses could be determining for the quality of care of women subjected to intimate partner violence. Clinical significance: Education about intimate partner violence could be developed, attitudes discussed and guidelines implemented in a more explicit manner in healthcare.

This thesis presents a research into the solder interconnects made through the reactive bonding process based on the self-propagating reaction. A numerical study of soldering conditions in the heat affected zone (HAZ) during bonding was initially carried out in order to understand the self-propagating reactive bonding and the related influencing factors. This was subsequently followed by an extensive experimental work to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of the reactive bonding process to enable the optimisation of processing parameters, which had provided a detailed understanding in terms of interfacial characteristics and bonding strengths. In addition, by focusing on the microstructure of the bonds resulted from the self-propagating reactions, the interfacial reactions and microstructural evolution of the bonded structures and effects of high-temperature aging were studied in details and discussed accordingly. To study the soldering conditions, a 3D time-dependent model is established to describe the temperature and stress field induced during self-propagating reactions. The transient temperature and stress distribution at the critical locations are identified. This thus allows the prediction of the melting status of solder alloys and the stress concentration points (weak points) in the bond under certain soldering conditions, e.g. ambient temperature, pressure, dimension and type of solder materials. Experimentally, the characterisation of interconnects bonded using various materials under different technical conditions is carried out. This ultimately assists the understanding of the feasibility, reliability and failure modes of reactive bonding technique, as well as the criteria and optimisation to form robust joints. The formation of phases such as intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and mechanism of interfacial reactions during reactive bonding and subsequent aging are elaborated. The composition, dimension, distribution of phases have been examined through cross-sectional observations. The underlying temperature and stress profile determining the diffusion, crystallization and growth of phases are defined by numerical predictions. XXI Through the comparative analysis of the experimental and numerical results, the unique phases developed in the self-propagating joints are attributed to the solid-liquid-convective diffusion, directional solidification and non-equilibrium crystallization. The recrystallization and growth of phases during aging are revealed to be resulted from the solid-state diffusion and equilibration induced by the high-temperature heating. In conclusion, the interfacial reactions and microstructural evolution of interconnect developed through self-propagating reactive bonding are studied and correlated with the related influencing factors that has been obtained from these predictions and experiments. The results and findings enable the extensive uses of self-propagating reactive bonding technology for new design and assembly capable of various applications in electronic packaging. It also greatly contributes to the fundamentals of the crystallization and soldering mechanism of materials under the non-equilibrium conditions.