An increasing number of people today cross the Beitbridge border of South Africa and Zimbabwe. This comes with a corresponding growth of creative strategies that seek to aid the crossing of those people and goods that may lack the necessary documentation. Such ‘informal’ border crossings have come to define one of the important economic regions in Southern Africa, the post-1994 Limpopo Valley. This thesis approaches routine acts of facilitating undocumented border crossings as an everyday social politics with deep historical roots. By use of archival and ethnographic methods, the thesis examines the social history and embodied practices of a variety of actors who engage in undocumented border crossings. A particular focus is placed on the role of private transporters (omalayitsha), who represent an important link between an exclusionary and yet fragmentary migration regime and undocumented travellers. In three theoretical and four empirical chapters, and inspired by border studies as well as the critical realist approach in migration studies, the thesis connects border practice to irregular movement and cheap labour within a regional context defined, in part, by dispossession. Through thick interpretations of the lived experience of border practice, the study also connects such political economic processes (e.g. migrant irregularity, labour precarity and economic informality) to questions of social identity and migrant subjectivities. By situating the figure of the hyena at the centre of Southern African border struggles, the thesis invents an analytical concept that serves both an empirical and a theoretical task. Empirically, it enables a synthetic understanding of how everyday contestations around the possibility to work across the border for low-skill migrants have been interacting, through time, with broader processes of capital accumulation to partly shape the region’s migrant labour system. Theoretically, it shows how facilitation of undocumented border crossings calls for new sociological models that can account for processes that escape binary classification (as formal or informal, inclusive or exclusive, legal or illegal, ordered or disordered), thus contributing to a better understanding of the role of migration in the contemporary world. / Allt fler människor korsar idag gränsen vid Beitbridge mellan Sydafrika och Zimbabwe. Samtidigt sker en motsvarande ökning av kreativa strategier som gör att även personer och varor som saknar rätt handlingar kan ta sig över gränsen. Dessa ‘informella’ gränsövergångar har kommit att definiera vad som efter 1994 blivit en av de viktigaste ekonomiska regionerna i södra Afrika, Limpopodalen. I denna avhandling betraktas rutinerna vid sådana oregistrerade gränsövergångar som en vardagens politik med djupa historiska rötter. Genom arkivstudier och etnografiska observationer undersöker avhandlingen en samhällshistoria och en mänsklig aktivitet där en rad aktörer är inblandade i en pågående, papperslös migration. En viktig roll i sammanhanget har omalayitsha, dvs. privata transportörer, som ofta är en viktig länk mellan de papperslösa resenärerna och den migrationsregim som å ena sidan stänger dem ute och å andra sidan är så fragmenterad att de tillåts passera igenom. I tre teoretiska och fyra empiriska kapitel, samt med ett angreppssätt hämtat från gränsstudier (border studies) och den kritiskt realistiska skolan inom migrationsstudier, syftar avhandlingen till att förstå gränsövergångens praktik i förhållande till den irreguljära mobilitet och det överskott på billig arbetskraft som sätter sin prägel på en region där många är fattiga och fördrivna. I avhandlingens djuptolkningar av migranternas levda erfarenhet vid gränsen förbinds i sin tur de politiskt-ekonomiska processerna (irreguljär migration, prekära arbetsvillkor och ekonomisk informalitet) med frågor om samhällelig identitet och migrantens subjektivitet. Avhandlingen ser hyenafiguren som central för förståelsen av de ’gränskamper’ (border struggles) som utkämpas i södra Afrika; med hyenan introduceras också ett analytiskt begrepp. Empiriskt sett möjliggör begreppet en syntetisk förståelse av hur vardagliga tvister och problem som präglar arbetsmigrantens försök att jobba på andra sidan gränsen över tid samverkar med större processer av kapitalackumulation, som delvis formar regionens migrantarbetarsystem. I teoretiskt avseende visar begreppet hur förhandlingarna som sker vid gränskontrollen klargör behovet av nya sociologiska modeller som kan redogöra för samhällsprocesser som undflyr varje binär klassificering (som formell eller informell, inkluderande eller exkluderande, legal eller illegal, ordnad eller oordnad), och på så vis bidrar det till en bättre förståelse av migrationens betydelse i dagens värld.

El presente trabajo de investigación busca indagar los posibles impactos tributarios que tiene El régimen especial del impuesto a la renta (RER) en la informalidad de las empresas comerciales del sector textil en el distrito de Los Olivos, año 2019. Debido al alto índice de informalidad que existe en los últimos años en el Perú. El principal objetivo es determinar cuál es el efecto tributario del régimen especial del impuesto a la renta (RER) en la informalidad de las empresas comerciales del sector textil en el distrito de Los Olivos, en el año 2019; específicamente, determinar la afectación tributaria y el desconocimiento el Régimen especial del impuesto a la renta. De esta manera el trabajo se desarrolló en seis secciones, en el Capítulo I, Marco teórico, en donde se definieron las palabras claves relacionadas al tema principal; luego el Capítulo II, Plan de investigación, en donde se identificaron los problemas principales y específicos del tema desarrollado; posteriormente el Capítulo III, Metodología de la investigación, donde se define el tipo de investigación a utilizar y el tamaño de muestra para los respectivos análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. Por consiguiente, en el Capítulo IV, Desarrollo de la investigación, se desarrolló la aplicación de los instrumentos en caso práctico para evaluar el impacto tributario. Asimismo, en el Capítulo V, Análisis de los resultados, de desarrollo en análisis de los resultados cuantitativos y cualitativos desarrollados. Finalmente, en el Capítulo VI, Concusiones y recomendaciones, se desarrolló el análisis final de toda la investigación. / This research work seeks to investigate the possible tax impacts that the special income tax regime has on the informality of commercial companies in the textile sector in the Los Olivos district, year 2019. Due to the high rate of informality that exists in recent years in Peru. The main objective is to determine what is the tax effect of the special income tax regime on the informality of commercial companies in the textile sector in the Los Olivos district, in 2019; specifically, determine the tax impact and ignorance of the special income tax regime. In this way, the work was developed in six sections, in Chapter I, Theoretical framework, where the keywords related to the main topic were defined; then Chapter II, Research Plan, where the main and specific problems of the developed topic were identified; then Chapter III, Research Methodology, where the type of research to be used and the sample size for the respective quantitative and qualitative analysis are defined. Therefore, in Chapter IV, Research development, the application of the instruments was developed in a practical case to evaluate the tax impact. Also, in Chapter V, Analysis of the results, from development to analysis of the quantitative and qualitative results developed. Finally, in Chapter VI, Concussions and Recommendations, the final analysis of the entire investigation was developed. / Tesis

This MA thesis focuses on the stylistically marked features that occur in an English radio debate called Any Questions? aired by BBC - Radio 4 and a Czech radio debate called Speciál Martina Veselovského aired on Český rozhlas 1 - Radiožurnál. Stylistically marked features are restricted to certain kinds of social context: in the case of this thesis, it is two radio debates broadcast by public service media. Those linguistics features that are considered stylistically marked in the two debates are identified on the morphological, syntactical and lexical level, and classified into categories based upon a view of their functions. Subsequently, they are described as standard or nonstandard. Some of the features found are shared by both debates. However, some are, due to the different language systems concerned, symptomatic of only one of the languages. The difference between the English and the Czech stylistically marked features is also revealed as to the frequency of their occurrence. Finally, the conclusions about the level of informality of the two debates are drawn.

Cities are highly unequal systems and rapid, top-down development is increasingly causing segregation between people of different socio-economic statuses through gentrification. In response, a bottom-up, more community centred approach is often proposed, yet this method also not without significant issues. In this thesis I investigate the role of the designer as a mediator, facilitator and translator between the top-down and bottom-up approaches to urban development. Using Grønland, Oslo as a case study, I start by gathering high-level research in order to understand the large-scale strategies that the municipality and private developers have for the area. In the second section, I undertake on-the-ground research in order to understand the everyday issues that people who live in, or use, the area face. In the final section I propose a research laboratory and makerspace that can activate the local community, providing the resources in order for everyday people to be able to have a positive impact on their city, in addition to gathering long-term, in-depth research on the area in order to influence the future of Grønland. This thesis is written as a working document that can, and should, be used by a wide range of people, from the municipality to local residents, and is designed to be added to as the project develops.

La tesi si colloca nell'ambito di studi sulla fraseologia nell'inglese prodotto da apprendenti. Presenta uno studio empirico delle sequenze di parole più ricorrenti in un corpus di inglese prodotto da apprendenti di livello avanzato durante chat asincrone in contesto universitario italiano. Secondo la letteratura d'area, sia nella lingua scritta che in quella parlata, le sequenze di parole degli apprendenti rivelano una scarsa attenzione alla variazione del registro a seconda del mezzo di comunicazione usato. Al fine di verificare la presenza di questa caratteristica in un tipo di comunicazione che si trova in posizione intermedia tra i due poli del continuum esistente tra parlato e scritto, la presente ricerca ha analizzato quantitativamente e qualitativamente le sequenze di parole più frequenti nel corpus di comunicazioni mediate dal computer (CMC) raccolto nell'ambito della presente ricerca. Successivamente, le sequenze più frequenti sono state confrontate con quelle estratte da due corpora di interlingua inglese prodotta da apprendenti italofoni, uno di testi scritti (ICLE, Granger et al. 2002) e uno interviste orali (LINDSEI, Gilquin et al. 2010 ). Il confronto ha rivelato che le sequenze più ripetute dagli apprendenti hanno caratteristiche distintive nei vari media e supporta solo in parte i precedenti studi in materia. Ciò è probabilmente dovuto sia alle caratteristiche di informalità e immediatezza della comunicazione mediata dal computer, che ai vantaggi motivazionali e al diverso tipo di elaborazione linguistica connaturato alla CMC. Per l'apprendente la CMC non presenta la stessa pressione comunicativa del parlato e, allo stesso tempo, egli ha la possibilità di monitorare la propria produzione in quanto distanziata da sé dal mezzo elettronico. / The present dissertation contributes to studies of phraseology in learner English. It is an analysis of recurrent sequences of words in a corpus of learner Computer-mediated Communication. English, collected by means of asynchronous chats in an Italian university context. Previous research has argued that the use of recurrent word sequences plays a major role in learner English fluency both in writing and in speech, and is one of the factors behind learner English register failures. Using a corpus-driven approach, the study analyses the most frequent word sequences extracted from the specially compiled Learner Chat Corpus (LCC). To determine the level of adaptation of learner English to different registers, data regarding 3-word sequences from LCC is compared with the Italian subcomponents of a well-known corpus of learner writing (ICLE, Granger et al. 2002) and a corpus of learner speech (LINDSEI, Gilquin et al. 2010 ). The cross-corpus comparisons provide evidence that learners employ combinations which make their English suitable to the mode they are using for communication. Quantitative and qualitative findings from the present research support only in part previous studies of learner English in terms of recurrent sequences. This is probably due both to the informality and spoken-like quality of CMC, and to its motivational advantages and processing differences connected to the fact that learners can monitor their output while communicating because learner language production is distanced by the electronic means.

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