CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta dissertaÃÃo consigna uma avaliaÃÃo do programa do MinistÃrio do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE), que se insere no Ãmbito da polÃtica pÃblica do trabalho direcionada para a geraÃÃo de trabalho e renda nas Ãreas urbanas, em curso no paÃs nos Ãltimos quinze anos. Esse programa tem como principal objetivo reduzir os efeitos do aumento do desemprego e do trabalho precÃrio, decorrente dos processos de mundializaÃÃo do capital e da reestruturaÃÃo produtiva. Tomando-se como eixo as teorizaÃÃes de Robert Castell e de analistas do mundo do trabalho no cenÃrio brasileiro, foi possÃvel traÃar as bases analÃticas sobre a os impactos das transformaÃÃes no Ãmbito do trabalho, enfocando mudanÃas e seus reflexos sobre a paisagem metropolitana no Brasil na dÃcada de 1990 e inÃcio dos anos 2000. Outro eixo de estudos incidiu nas produÃÃes acerca da avaliaÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas. Na articulaÃÃo entre esses dois eixos, foram construÃdas as bases teÃricas que possibilitaram a construÃÃo de um objeto de estudo, centrado na discussÃo das possibilidades de inserÃÃo no mercado de trabalho via polÃticas pÃblicas para geraÃÃo de emprego e renda, tomando-se como fenÃmeno de investigaÃÃo o PROGER Urbano, operacionalizado pelo Banco do Nordeste do Brasil S/A, no municÃpio de Fortaleza, no perÃodo 1995-2002. Na anÃlise desse objeto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa avaliativa de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa, trabalhando dados secundÃrios, a partir de documentos do PROGER Urbano, e dados primÃrios levantados mediante aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios e realizaÃÃo de entrevistas. O estudo avaliativo do PROGER Urbano, consubstanciado nesta dissertaÃÃo, mostrou a sua relevÃncia no universo de um segmento de trabalhadores que encontrou na informalidade a alternativa de trabalho. A grande maioria dos participantes do referido programa reconhece a sua importÃncia como apoio ao seu pequeno negÃcio. Assim, uma parte significativa dos negÃcios apoiados pelo PROGER Urbano conseguiu sustentabilidade ao longo do tempo. Entretanto, o estudo revelou tambÃm limites no alcance do programa, por falhas no monitoramento dos crÃditos e dos negÃcios. Outro elemento de restriÃÃo foi a falta de integraÃÃo com outras polÃticas pÃblicas, sobretudo na Ãrea de qualificaÃÃo. Como resultado do estudo, configuram-se sugestÃes no Ãmbito do monitoramento e ampliaÃÃo do foco do programa, assim como apresenta-se uma proposta de metodologia de avaliaÃÃo para programas de crÃdito voltados para o setor informal. / This dissertation works consists in an avaluation of the work public policy, implanted in Brazil in the decade of 1990. Such policy had the objective of reduce the unemployment raise and precarious work effects, caused by the worldwide funds globalization and the productive restructuration processes. From an analisis of Castell contributions and national scientific production, it was possible to fix the analytic basis about the work centralization and its transformations, relating them with other productions about public policy avaluations. Such studies made the clees identification and questions formulations possible about the research problem, that consisted in enquirements about how far the work public policy was enough to supply the demands of the work market. Next to this bibliographic study, it was elaborated an exploratory and descriptive research whose datas was coleted from primary and secondary sources, having the PROGER Urbano as if a phenomenon of study, executed by Banco do Nordeste do Brasil S/A, in the city of Fortaleza, on the period between 1995-2002. It is suggested that the work public policy, developed by the PROGER Urbano, achieved, in part, the objectives for whom it was made, once the precarious conditions of the informal occupations remained, the financed business had low support rate and execution errors compromised the program results. As a contribution to the public policies avaluation theme, it concludes the study proposing an avaluation methodology to credit programs to informal sector.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Pedro Alves parte 1.pdf: 26606 bytes, checksum: 0f5a7dc85c84064f484b3de5d9077421 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-29 / This essay is the result of a study of choices among the alternatives that ex-bank workers of Banco do Estado do Paraná Banestado in Cascavel, who were laid off from this financial institution between 1995 and 2001. By delimiting the object within the realm of a case study, our research was delineated around understanding and analyzing, with the help of quantitative and qualitative methodological-theoretical elements based on a macro-societal, Marxian and of Marxist tradition reference content, highlighting the work The Delayed Capitalism by Ernest Mandel. The objective of this study is to understand and analyze the conditions in which these workers are today, by focusing specifically on those that are inserted in the informality realm, in the so-called autonomous or self sufficient and informal small business owner sub-sectors. At the same time, we supported these fundaments with specific literature, thus allowing us, by means of a Marxist orthodoxy, to rebuild the object in question, which made us understand that the worker, be it at the formal or informal realm, is subordinated to the capitalistic way of production, selling its merchandise work force and keeping the regime afloat. On the other hand, the informal workers who originated from the bank worker s class, find themselves in precarious conditions as far as the social, political and economic points of view are concerned, when compared with the prior working bond in the financial sector. Thus, we have identified in our research that the teleological project of the bank s ex-workers have been altered, although it did no alter the negation degree in their objective and subjective relations. / O trabalho dissertativo que ora apresentamos é resultado do estudo da escolha, entre alternativas, de trabalhadores ex-bancários do Banco do Estado do Paraná Banestado em Cascavel, desligados desta instituição financeira no período compreendido entre 1995 e 2001. Delimitado o objeto na esfera de um estudo de caso, nossa pesquisa pautou-se em compreender e analisar com elementos teórico-metodológicos quantitativos e qualitativos, fundamentados em conteúdos de referência macrossocietária, marxiana e da tradição marxista, com destaque à obra O Capitalismo Tardio, de Ernest Mandel. O estudo tem como objetivo compreender e analisar as condições atuais destes trabalhadores, com enfoque específico para aqueles que estão inseridos no universo da informalidade, nos subsetores autônomo ou por conta própria e pequeno proprietário informal . Ao mesmo tempo subsidiamos esse fundamento com literatura direcionada, permitindo-nos, por meio da ortodoxia marxista, reconstruir o objeto em questão, o que nos levou a compreender que o trabalhador, na esfera informal, assim como no trabalho formal, é subordinado ao modo capitalista de produção, vendendo sua mercadoria força de trabalho e mantendo o regime em vigência. Portanto, os trabalhadores informais, oriundos da categoria trabalhadora bancária, encontram-se atualmente em condições precárias do ponto de vista social, político e econômico, em comparação ao vínculo anterior de trabalho no setor financeiro. No entanto, identificamos em nossa pesquisa que os projetos teleológicos dos trabalhadores ex-bancários foram alterados, porquanto, não alterou o grau de negação em suas relações objetivas e subjetivas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:02:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 COSME OLIVEIRA MOURA JUNIOR.pdf: 2197815 bytes, checksum: a5e7b619f94ca8cf4864707088922529 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-23 / This paper discuss about the street trade on São Luís downtown as a popular socioeconomic practice with especific logics and linked to the processes that are lately happening at the post-fordist society. It was emphasized the study of the socioecomic aspects and the implications in the urban daily of this practice. So that it was discussed about the street commerce relations with the informal work, the local organizational system and the working division, besides the daily shapes and sociabilities. This dissertation is based on field work combined to theoric-methodological discussions, this way a construction with a socio-antropological perspective. The elementary subject of this research was the attempt to understand the street trade as a complex social practice which articulates a social working system, human relations of intimate association, customization and economy. / Este trabalho discorre sobre o comércio de rua no centro de São Luís como prática socioeconômica popular com lógicas específicas e sintonizadas com os processos que vêm acontecendo na sociedade pós-fordista. Foi destaque o estudo dos aspectos socioeconômicos e das implicações no cotidiano urbano desta prática. Para tanto se discutiu as relações do comércio de rua com o trabalho informal, o sistema organizacional local e divisão do trabalho, além de formas e sociabilidades cotidianas. Esta dissertação ancorou-se no trabalho de campo conjugado a discussões teórico-metodológicas, sendo assim uma construção com uma perspectiva sócio-antropológica. A questão elementar desta pesquisa foi a tentativa de compreender o comércio de rua como uma prática social complexa que articula um sistema social de trabalho, relações humanas de coesão, clientelização e economia.

La informalidad laboral es una gran problemática del mercado laboral pero afecta a toda la economía. Entre sus causas y consecuencias implica muchos problemas económicos, sociales e institucionales. En el 2019 la informalidad laboral en el Perú fue del 72%, lo cual es alarmante. El presente trabajo de investigación se limita a analizar al empleado informal, es decir observar sus características y condiciones, para posteriormente evaluar de qué manera estos trabajadores podrían pasar a ser trabajadores formales. Dentro de los determinantes de la transición del empleo informal al empleo formal, el foco de atención está en el capital humano, el cual está representado por los años de educación. Para modelar este proceso se utilizó la base de microdatos de la ENAHO Panel 2015-2019, donde mediante estimaciones logit de elección binaria, teniendo de probabilidad éxito pasar a la formalidad y de fracaso que se mantenga en la informalidad, se exploraron las transiciones desde t a t+1 hasta t a t+4. Finalmente, se comprueba la hipótesis general, es decir el capital humano es un determinante que aumenta la probabilidad de que se migre al empleo formal, con un resultado robusto por la contundencia en todas las estimaciones. / Labor informality is a major problem in the labor market but it affects the entire economy. Among its causes and consequences, it involves many economic, social and institutional problems. In 2019, labor informality in Peru was 72%, which is alarming. The present research work is limited to analyzing the informal employee, that is, observing their characteristics and conditions, to later evaluate how these workers could become formal workers. Among the determinants of the transition from informal to formal employment, the focus is on human capital, which is represented by years of education. To model this process, the microdata base of the ENAHO Panel 2015-2019 was used, where by means of logit estimates of binary choice, having the probability of success going to formality and of failure remaining in informality, the transitions from ta t + 1 to ta t + 4. Finally, the general hypothesis is verified, that is, human capital is a determinant that increases the probability of migrating to formal employment, with a robust result due to the forcefulness in all estimates. / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

Im Kontext der rasanten Stadt- und Verkehrsentwicklung in Subsahara-Afrika haben Motorrad-Taxis in den vergangenen Jahren einen starken Bedeutungsgewinn erfahren. Diese sorgen für die Erreichbarkeit randstädtischer Siedlungsgebiete und erfüllen auch in innerstädtischen Gebieten wichtige Funktionen. Bisherige Studien haben vor allem Aspekte der Verkehrsunsicherheit sowie quantitative Angebotsmerkmale und Nutzerbewertungen der Dienstleistung herausgearbeitet. Auch um die Potenziale für eine Reduzierung ihrer Negativeffekte und für ihre stärkere verkehrsplanerische Einbettung abschätzen zu können, bedarf es darüber hinaus eines besseren Verständnisses ihrer Steuerungsmechanismen. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die vorliegende Studie die Organisation und Regulierung der Motorrad-Taxis am Beispiel der tansanischen Metropole Dar es Salaam. Die Empirie stützt sich auf ein methodisch qualitatives Vorgehen, das sich am Forschungsstil der Grounded Theory und den Argumenten des Southern Urbanism orientiert. Die Analyse und Einordnung der Ergebnisse basiert auf verschiedenen theoretischen Perspektiven der Steuerung sowie auf Konzepten der soziologischen Praxistheorien. Die Arbeit zeigt, welchen Einfluss der lokale Kontext auf das Entstehen der Motorrad-Taxi-Dienstleistung hat und welche Governance-Mechanismen ihre kontinuierliche Integration in den lokalen Markt der Mobilitätsdienstleistungen ermöglichen. Dabei deckt die Studie das enge Zusammenspiel und die Bedeutung von Selbstregulierung, staatlicher Regulierung sowie Konflikten und Kooperation zwischen den beteiligten Stakeholdern auf. Damit trägt die Studie zur Überwindung einer oft unterstellten Dichotomie von ‚informellen‘ und ‚formellen‘ gesellschaftlichen Relationen bei. Darauf aufbauend liefert die Studie außerdem einen empirischen Beitrag zu aktuellen theoretischen Debatten um das Verhältnis von Strukturzwängen in den Städten Subsahara-Afrikas einerseits und den Handlungsmöglichkeiten sozialer Akteure andererseits. / In the context of rapid urbanisation and transport development in Sub-Saharan-Africa motorcycle-taxis have become an important mobility option in recent years. They increase accessibility in peri-urban settlements and provide crucial functions in inner urban areas. Previous studies have contributed to a better understanding of road safety issues and have investigated quantitative service characteristics and user perceptions. However, in order to reduce negative effects and to evaluate the potentials for their consideration in urban transport planning, it is fundamental to also understand the governance of motorcycle-taxis. Against this background, this study investigates the organisation and mode of regulation of motorcycle-taxis in the Tanzanian metropolis of Dar es Salaam. The study is based on a qualitative research design and follows a Grounded Theory approach and the arguments of Southern Urbanism. The analysis of the empirical results is informed by different governance perspectives and concepts from the field of sociological practice theory. The study shows how the emergence of motorcycle-taxis in Dar es Salaam is shaped by the local context and how particular governance mechanisms continuously enable their integration into the local market of mobility services. In that regard the study unveils how self-regulation, state regulation as well as conflicts and cooperation between stakeholders interrelate and what role they play. In that way the study contributes to overcoming the often-assumed dichotomy between ‘informal’ and ‘formal’ social relations. Moreover, based on a social-theoretical analysis the study contributes to current urban theory debates on the relation between the constraints of social structures in the cities in Sub-Saharan Africa on the one hand and the agency of social actors on the other hand.

Die stetig wachsende Abfallerzeugung und -bewirtschaftung stellt insbesondere Städte in aufstrebenden und schnell wachsenden Volkswirtschaften wie Indien, die sich dynamischen Transformationen gegenübersehen, vor große Herausforderungen. Dies gilt auch für die städtische Behörde in Delhi, da der Mangel an finanziellen Mitteln und technischem Wissen zu einer stark eingeschränkten Infrastruktur und begrenzten Kapazitäten in den betroffenen Gemeinden führt. Das Siedlungsabfallmanagement bietet traditionell Einkommensmöglichkeiten für Stadtbewohner, die informell arbeiten und wesentliche Dienstleistungen für die Stadt Delhi erbringen. Über viele Jahre hinweg haben die Entwicklungen im institutionalisierten Rahmen den Wettbewerb zwischen den informellen und formellen Abfallwirtschaftsakteuren um den Zugang zu Siedlungsabfällen verschärft. Dies hat die Grundlage für das Konfliktverhältnis zwischen den formellen Akteuren des Privatsektors und dem öffentlichen Sektor einerseits sowie den informellen Akteuren andererseits geschaffen. Das zentrale Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, zum einen die in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten veröffentlichten Strategien, Programme und Richtlinien für die Abfallbewirtschaftung in Indien und zum anderen die Akteure der Siedlungsabfallwirtschaft in Delhi zu analysieren. Auf diese Weise soll herausgearbeitet werden, welche Akteure oder Elemente Veränderungen im Kontext der Siedlungsabfallwirtschaft antreiben oder verhindern. Zentrale Annahme der Dissertation ist, dass die Entwicklungen in der Siedlungsabfallbewirtschaftung Indiens, die maßgeblich von einem investitionsintensiven und technologiebasierten Ansatz angetrieben werden, erhebliche Lücken zwischen Politik und Umsetzung aufzeigen. Die Analyse findet vor dem Hintergrund statt, dass der im Übermaß vorhandene Abfall sowohl eine Managementherausforderung für die Kommunen in Delhi, als auch eine wirtschaftliche Chance für die städtischen Armen sowie für Akteure des Privatsektors darstellt. / The continually increasing generation of waste and its management pose one of the biggest challenges for cities across the world, which is especially true for emerging and fast growing economies like India that are facing dynamic transformations. The growing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the management thereof are an increased challenge particularly for urban authorities, as is the case in Delhi, since the lack of financial means, skills and knowledge leads to a severely constrained infrastructure and limited capacities of the municipalities involved. Traditionally, MSW management provides income opportunities for the urban poor working in informality. Waste workers provide essential services to the city of Delhi. However, over many years, developments in the institutionalised framework have increased the competition for access to waste between the informal and formal economies in the city. This has laid the ground for a conflicted relationship between formal private sector actors and the public sector on the one hand and informal private actors on the other. The two central objectives of this PhD research are, first, to analyse Indian MSW management policies, programmes and guidelines that were published over the past three decades, and, second, to analyse Delhi’s MSWM stakeholders to identify underlying actors’ dynamics, and who and what drives, shapes or prevents change in the context of MSWM. At the centre of the overarching argument lies the assumption that the developments of India’s MSWM over the last thirty years, which are driven by an investment-heavy and technology-based approach, reveal major gaps between policy and implementation. The research attempts to move between two poles: At one end, waste as something excessive and expandable is a management challenge for Delhi’s municipalities; at the other end, waste as something productive and profitable is an economic opportunity for informal as well as formal private sector actors.

A short film about how to design informality in the city. By comparing the chaotic Lagos with the orderly Stockholm the film rethinks the role of the designer and shows that planning as a sphere of building consistently destroys lived space. It illuminates the tension between the orderly and the chaotic, the ideal and reality.

My dissertation address is to describe the long distance bus (LDB) transport, its structure, service adequacy and the role it plays in linking the core to the periphery of Ethiopia. The study applied both qualitative and quantitative data analyses. The quantitative data was mainly collected by using questionnaires, from the selected passengers and operators by longitudinal survey, 384 passengers, or 10 %, from each bus took part in the survey. Of these, only 241 questionnaires (63%) were fully completed and used for this analysis. And 6 % of buses or operators (64) were selected by systematic sampling. The routes and towns were also selected by lottery method. The qualitative data was mainly collected by interview. Among these, 5 % (twenty-five) of experts from the City Transport Bureau; the heads of LDB Associations; the owners of LDB; the Federal Transport bureau; and the Mercato Bus terminal. An interview was analyzed based on their own explanations. FGDs were carried out with passengers awaiting departure in the terminal (off-journey). The secondary sources were taken from both the EFTA and Mercato bus terminal dispatch report. The analysis was made mostly by integrating method, and in some cases with separate analysis. Beside with other inferential statistical, Pearson correlation was also applied. The growth rate for level one and level two buses had risen more than 100 % per annum, whereas level three buses showed a decline of 18 % per year. The whole sector shows a 6.6 % growth rate, which is double that of the population growth (2.6 %). The rate of bus dispatch is very high, approximately 38 per day, on the Dessie and Mojo route. The average bus dispatch in all directions is about 32. In terms of service provision and area coverage, level one buses interlink about 23 major towns. Level two buses service more than 70 major towns, and level three more than 110. The highest record of both area and service coverage was occupied by first level buses servicing Dessie, Mekele, Shashemene, Hawassa, and Jimma. On average, the majority of towns are being serviced by one bus, irrespective of their levels. The area and service coverage is thus very high for level three buses, compared with levels two and one. The Dessie and Mojo lines enjoy the highest bus coverage. LDBs typically provide transport for distances of less than 400 kilometres. They contribute towards core to peripheral ties of the nation. This result is expressed by Krugman’s (1991) core-periphery theory. The service adequacy of the industry indicates that above half of the operators would have to wait approximately one hour to pick up passengers and 1 or 2 days per week to get the turn too. This reveals that Levels one, two and three operators are dormant for 1 or 2 days per week. Supply is thus greater than demand, causing the emergence of an informal LDB service. The fact that about 60 % of passengers have to wait for approximately an hour to catch a bus, after collecting tickets, indicates the demand. The buses’ downtimes in order to secure a full load on each departure are positively correlated with bus levels. The LDB provide more for mobility of goods and peoples that can be shape land use and development patterns, and it generate jobs. This enable more for economic growth. Thus, level one is more attractive than other levels. The study identifies the major challenges facing LDB transport. Integration within stakeholders, both internally and externally, is crucial to satisfy the passenger. / Geography / D. Phil. (Geography)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:10:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO MARIA TEREZA.pdf: 1938284 bytes, checksum: 27577fa078ef835c08504033a2238932 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / This essay is focused on the study of the Labor Cooperative Societies in Maranhão, from 1990 to 2010, which, following the examples coming from other Brazilian states, have proliferated as a way of intermediation of labor in order to attend the necessities of outsourcing of private companies and public entities. This research‟s analysis has its starting point with the contemplation on the binomial of the mitigation of work and the costs reduction present in this form of hiring workers, so as to attend to the logics of the capitalist restructuration, in a total disagreement with the conceptions of cooperativism. Three pivotal questions are elected for the comprehension of the phenomenon. In the first one, the cooperativism‟s historical trajectory is rescued, since its original conception, ideological aspects, global expansion, and the way through which it was implanted in Brazil, in addition to recovering international organisms‟ conceptions, those of the International Cooperative Alliance and the International Labor Organization (ILO), and the national legislation that concerns the cooperatives. In the second pivotal question, the relevant transformations in the capitalist means of production and their effects in the world of work are discussed, being emphasized the outsourcing process and its effects, among which the mitigation and the discussions that bring together disgraced workers of informality. Also discussed in this topic is whether the Labor Cooperatives consist of an alternative to insert workers into the market or if they contribute to deplete work relations once it reduces costs for the hiring company and the service taker. In the third pivotal point, it is presented a theoretical-conceptual discussion on the cost of work and the social duties in the employment relations as well as the cost of the work coming from associated workforce and the way how they influence the form how private companies and public entities hire their employees. The figures of Brazilian cooperativism, and especially in the state of Maranhão are evidenced as well as the discussion over the role that workforce cooperatives possess, they being subspecies of Labor Cooperatives before the new law of cooperatives as a way to correct the presented distortions. / Este trabalho centra-se no estudo das cooperativas de mão de obra no Maranhão, no período de 1990 a 2010, que a exemplo dos demais estados brasileiros, proliferou como forma de intermediação de mão de obra para atender às necessidades de terceirização de empresas privadas e entes públicos. A análise desta pesquisa tem como ponto de partida refletir sobre o binômio da precarização do trabalho e redução de custos presentes nessa forma de contratação de trabalhadores, para atender à lógica da reestruturação capitalista, em completo desacordo com as concepções do cooperativismo. Elegem-se três eixos centrais para a compreensão do fenômeno. No primeiro eixo, resgata-se a trajetória histórica do cooperativismo, desde a sua concepção originária, aspectos ideológicos, expansão mundial, e modo como foi implantado no Brasil, além de recuperar as concepções de organismos internacionais, da Aliança Internacional do Trabalho e da Organização Internacional do Trabalho OIT e a legislação nacional que trata das cooperativas. No segundo eixo trata-se das transformações relevantes no modo de produção capitalista e seus reflexos no mundo do trabalho, com enfâse para a terceirização e seus efeitos, dentre os quais a precarização e as discussões que aproximam os trabalhadores precarizados da informalidade. Discute-se neste tópico se as cooperativas de mão de obra se constituem em alternativa para inserir trabalhadores no mercado ou se contribuem para precarizar as relações de trabalho a pretexto de reduzir custos para as empresas contratantes e a tomadora de serviços. No terceiro eixo apresenta-se uma discussão teórico-conceitual sobre o custo do trabalho e dos encargos sociais nas relações de emprego, o custo do trabalho da mão de obra associada e o modo como influenciam a contratação de trabalhadores pelas empresas e pelo poder público. Apresentam-se os números do cooperativismo brasileiro e no Estado do Maranhão e retoma-se a discussão sobre o papel das cooperativas de mão de obra, como subespécie das cooperativas de trabalho diante da nova lei das cooperativas como forma de corrigir as distorções apresentadas.