It is the responsibility of the employer to keep all workers safe and to promote a healthy work environment. Though there still remain work safety concerns, the construction industry has made a lot of progress addressing these issues over the last few decades. Safety research has and will continue to be a crucial part of this improvement.  The focus of this study is to chart the structure for on-site dispersal of safety information amongst construction workers. The aim is to identify the known factors affecting information flow that are present at the construction site. Using Safety Climate theory as a framework enables the combining of Interorganizational Relations theory and Network theory, creating a tool for data analysis. Chosen method for data collection is semi-structured interviews followed by a study of the digital platforms mentioned by the respondents. The stock take of the information structure shows that the supervisor, and to a lesser degree the site manager, enables the information flow between actors within the construction site. The Safety Climate theory suggests that frequent communication between participants across all levels of the organization tend to facilitate ongoing discussions regarding safety. The results of the study confirm this conclusion. These discussions can, according to Safety Climate theory, lead to fewer accidents. The data indicate that well communicated safety information structure regarding both content and proceedings resulted in transparent information exchange. Language is a factor connected to difficulties with information exchange. Translations were found to be performed satisfactory, although the responsibility to perform said translations was not as well communicated. Overall the safety climate was regarded as satisfactory by the respondents at the construction site. The findings of this study have practical implications for construction safety efforts, due to the identified factors which can improve safety communication. / Arbetsgivaren ansvarar för en sund och hälsosam arbetsmiljö, där medarbetarna kan känna sig trygga. Byggarbetsbranschen, med sin diversitet gällande såväl arbetsuppgifter, arbetsgivare och nationaliteter, har trots bestående problem kommit långt i säkerhetsarbetet de senaste decennierna. Forskning gällande säkerhet har varit, och kommer att fortsätta vara, en viktig hörnsten gällande detta förbättringsarbete. Förevarande studie fokuserar på kartläggning av säkerhetsinformationens struktur vid en byggarbetsplats. Syftet är, utöver kartläggningen, att identifiera kända faktorer med påverkan på informationsflödet. Med säkerhetsklimatteorin som grund kombineras interorganisationell relationsteori med nätverksteori. Resultatet analyseras enligt den sammantagna förklaringsmodellen. Datainsamling genomförs i första hand genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Därefter utförs undersökning av digitala dem plattformar som respondenterna nämner. Kartläggningen visar att arbetsledaren, och i viss mån platschefen, fungerar som möjliggörare för kommunikation mellan olika aktörer. En faktor som påvisats i säkerhetsklimatteorin är att frekvent kommunikation mellan personer på olika befattningsnivåer i organisationen kan leda till diskussioner gällande säkerhet, detta samband påvisas även i resultatet. Dessa diskussioner kan enligt säkerhetsklimatteorin leda till minskat antal olyckor. När strukturen för säkerhetsinformation var väl kommunicerad gällande såväl informationsväg som innehåll visade resultatet att informationsutbytet fungerade bäst. En potentiell problemfaktor är språket. Analysen visar att översättningar fungerade väl, men ansvarsfördelningen för översättningarna var mindre tydlig. Respondenterna lyfter överlag säkerhetsarbetet och informationsdelningen som välfungerande. Studien har praktisk nytta då påverkansfaktorer identifierats vilket möjliggör systematiskt förbättringsarbete med säkerhetskommunikation.

This thesis investigates the COULD X BE MORE Y phrase (CXBMY), well-known from the television show Friends, to argue for its qualification as a construction. By analyzing the phrase’s formal and functional features, as well as its frequency in the COCA corpus, this thesis compares the findings to the definition of constructions by Goldberg (2006, p. 5). The results prove the hypothesis that CXBMY is a construction since the form-function interrelation conveys its meaning; the form of a yes-no question and emphasis on the main auxiliary is understood based on its function as a rhetorical question and potential parody of the Friends character Chandler, and vice versa. The linguistic information of CXBMY – syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and information packaging – all contribute to describe the meaning of CXBMY, while simultaneously needing one another to create a complete understanding of CXBMY. Consequently, CXBMY has a non-predictability that requires us to store it in a mental constructicon. While CXBMY shows links to other known constructions, such as the SUBJECT AUXILIARY INVERSION CONSTRUCTION and INFORMATION PACKAGING CONSTRUCTION, its specific interrelation between form and function distinguishes CXBMY from other known constructions. Thus, this thesis reaches the conclusion that CXBMY is a construction. Additionally, since the inferential pragmatic function, intonation and information structure of CXBMY is crucial to understand its meaning, this thesis highlights the prominence of these linguistic aspects within Construction Grammar, which have so far been sparsely researched (Leino, 2013; Gras & Elvira-García, 2021; Finkbeiner, 2019).

Die Erfoschung informationsstruktureller Ausdrucksformen hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Untersuchung von Universalien, die der Kennzeichnung von “alten/bekannten” und “neuen/wichtigen” Informationen dienen. Auch wenn die Forschung diesem Thema bereits viel Raum gegeben hat, weiß man heute immer noch sehr wenig über die Realisierungsmöglichkeiten von Topik und Fokus in schlecht dokumentierten Sprachen. Die vorliegende Dissertation leistet mit der Diskussion über die Fokusmarkierungsstrategien einer kleinen Sprachfamilie im Herzen Afrikas einen wichtigen Beitrag zur informationsstrukturellen Grundlagenforschung. Sie gibt einen Überblick über die Realisierungsmöglichkeiten von Topik und Fokus in sechs genealogisch verwandten Sprachen der Sara-Bagirmi-Gruppe (BAGIRMI, KENGA, MBAY, KABBA, NGAMBAY und SAR) und konzentriert sich dabei auf die Untersuchung der prädikatszentrierten Fokustypen. Diese bestehen aus i) Fokus auf der lexikalischen Bedeutung des Verbes, ii) Fokus auf dem Polaritätsoperator („Verum-Fokus“) und iii) Fokus auf dem Tempus-Aspekt-Modus-Operator. Die Arbeit beleuchtet somit nicht nur die grammatische Stuktur unzureichend untersuchter Sprachen, sie liefert mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Nichttermfokus auch Einblick in ein vernachlässigtes Forschungsfeld. Die Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Dissertation zeigen, dass die Sara-Bagirmi-Sprachen eine Vielzahl verschiedener Fokussierungsstrategien aufweisen. Obwohl alle sechs Sprachen zu einer Familie gehören, unterscheiden sich die vorhandenen Strategien formal und teilweise auch funktional voneinander. Der innerfamiliäre Vergleich der Gemeinsamkeiten und der Unterschiede erlaubt zum einen Rückschlüsse auf die Beziehung zwischen Form und Funktion im Allgemeinen. Zum anderen ermöglicht er konkrete Aussagen zur diachronen Entwicklung der ausgewählten Konstruktionen. Die Korpusstudie zu einer der Sprachen ergänzt die Forschungsarbeit. Sie stellt ausgewählte Merkmale der Fokusrealisierung vor und zeigt den Gebrauch der präsentierten Strategien im natürlichen Diskurs. Die vorliegende Dissertation komplettiert die Datenbasis der empirischen Sprachforschung und bereichert mit ihren Ergebnissen die Sprachtheorie um wertvolle Erkenntnisse. So belegt z.B. die Analyse der Fokussierungsstrategien des Sara-Bagirmi die enge Verbindung zwischen prädikatszentrierten Fokustypen und TAM-basierten Kategorien. Sie zeigt außerdem, dass die Klassifikation der prädikatszentrierten Fokustypen neu überdacht werden sollte, da einige der untersuchten Sprachen neben den o.g. Typen auch grammatikalisierte Formen von Intensivierung oder Formen von „Gewissheit“ aufweisen. / The development of information structue and its expression has become increasingly important in the recent decades. The main focus is on the investigation of linguistic universals that are used to identify “old/given” and “new/important” information. Despite of a body of literature on this issue, little is known about the possibilities of realization of topic and focus in poorly documented languages. This investigation contributes to basic informational research in the field of information on the focus marking strategies of a small language family in the heart of Africa. It gives an overview of the way in which topic and focus are implemented in six genealogically related languages of Sara-Bagirmi (BAGIRMI, KENGA, MBAY, KABBA, NGAMBAY and SAR). The focus is on the investigation of predicate-centered focus types. These consist of i) focus on the lexical meaning of the verb, ii) focus on the polarity operator (“truth-value focus”), and iii) focus on the tense-aspect-mode operator. The work thus not only illuminates the grammatical structure of insufficiently studied languages, but also provides an insight into a neglected field of research with emphazising non-term focus. The results show that the Sara-Bagirmi languages have a variety of different focus strategies. Although all six languages belong to one family, the existing strategies differ formally and partly functionally from each other. The inter-familiar comparison of the similarities and the differences allows, on the one hand, conclusions about the relationship between form and function in general. On the other hand, it makes concrete statements on the diachronic development of the selected constructions. The corpus study on one of the languages complements the research work. It presents selected features of the focus realization and shows the use of the presented strategies in natural discourse. This dissertation completes the database of empirical linguistic research and enriches the theory of language with valuable results. Thus, for example, the analysis of the focusing strategies in Sara-Bagirmi confirms the close relationship of predicate-centered focus types and TAM-based categories. It also shows that the classification of the predicate-centered focus types should be reconsidered, since some of the examined languages in addition to the abovementioned types have grammaticalized forms of “intensification” or “definiteness/ certainty”.

The thesis looks at computer-aided translation (CAT), which, along with machine translation (MT), stands for the use of information technology in translation, but, unlike MT, is not of primary concern for Translation Studies research. Based on the current state of research, this thesis aims to address the syntax of CAT text output. The theoretical part first describes the working principles of CAT tools and presents them in the context of general translation studies, then defines information structure and endophoric reference as the syntactic phenomena to be analysed. Finally it provides a methodological model for the empirical part. Using a set of texts translated with CAT tools and a set of texts translated without them, the empirical part seeks to check whether translators using CAT tools tend to shift from the syntagmatic approach to text to a more paradigmatic one. To this end, an analysis is carried out to determine the interference rate in the information structure of the target texts as well as the rate of subjectively motivated shifts in distant endophoric reference. The final part of the thesis confronts the analysis results and the data reflecting the process of producing the collected texts in order to take into account other potential factors than the use of CAT tools. With regard to...

有關市場經濟的文獻早已汗牛充棟，相較之下，組織經濟是一個較受 到忽視與待開發的領域。本文以三個模型來探討經濟組織的形成及組織與 市場的差異。在第一個模型中，我們承續Olson(1965)、Alchian and Dem- sets(1972)和Kandel and Lazear(1992)的理論，說明在聯合生產中 ，不同機制克服搭便車行為的效果，我們比教了三種理想型的機制：市場 （價格機能）、道德（同儕壓力）和層級組織，藉以說明組織的利益。在 第二個模型中，吾人藉由一個賽局模型比較了不同生產方式對形成雇傭關 係的影響，說明在單期和多期模型中，自營生產和聯合生產對雇傭關係的形成有何不同的影響。在第三個模型中我們探討了組織與市場究竟有何「本質」上的差異。首先吾人定義兩種不同的系統：集中的與分散的資訊系統。前者係以Simon (1967)的階層分解原則來定義經濟組織的資訊特色，後者則較接近無組織或是「市場」經濟體系。然後我們藉由模型的比較表明組織與市場在資訊上的差異。吾人的模型可視為對Hayek(1945)、Coase(1937)以及Sah and Stiglitz(1986)關於組織與市場結論的補充與註解。我們並將結論的一個引申與Lawrence and Lorsch(1967)關於組織與環境關係的結論加以比較：在我們的模型中，Lawrence andLorsch(1967)的結論只是環境景氣平均數大於零的一個特例。不過這仍是一個有待進一步驗證的結論。

This paper presents an explorative ‘pilot’ study made of oral picture descriptions in the nativetongue as well as in the target language of an intermediate Dutch L1 learner of Swedish (L2).Three Swedish L1 native controls were also recorded describing the same pictures. Therecordings were transcribed, coded and quantitatively analysed for the following aspects ofinformation structure: 1) referent introduction and 2) referent maintenance per type, 3)constituents in the prefield (i.e. clause-initial position) and 4) occurrences ofspatial/existential constructions of referent introduction. The research questions were: DoDutch L1 and Swedish L1 differ in their patterns of information structure in the area ofreferent introduction and maintenance, concerning prefield constituents in picturedescriptions? Does the L2 learner adhere to the target language (Swedish) patterns, thepatterns of his mother tongue (Dutch) or does the interlanguage exhibit different patterns?Differences in frequency emerged, where the Dutch L1 data had substantially higher rates ofsubjects in the prefield than Swedish L1 and where the perspective taken for referentintroduction was largely existential. On the other hand, Swedish L1 showed a greatervariation in the prefield and a pattern of referent introduction that was both spatial andexistential. The learner followed the patterns of his native tongue, in his L2 Swedish, wherethe patterns differed from those of Swedish L1. Transfer was found to be a likely cause ofthis, even though other explanations are not excluded by the results. The strict dichotomy ofspatial/existential perspective of referent introduction proposed by e.g. Carroll et al. (2000)was found to exclude many cases of referent introduction. The main problem with the presentstudy was the small quantity of data, as well as the lack of comparable studies; it is thereforerecommended to repeat this study using a larger amount of data.

Sedan införandet av datoriserade patientjournalsystem och sammanhållen journalföring har det riktats kritik mot hälso- och sjukvårdens hantering av patientinformation. Det råder delade meningar om det är användare eller systemen som felar. Syftet med undersökningen är att inspektera utvalda funktioner i journalsystemet TakeCare som utvecklats för att upprätthålla patient- och informationssäkerhet. Genom att jämföra funktionerna med Socialstyrelsens uppsatta informationssäkerhetskrav har uppsatsen som mål att hitta var de påtalade problemen kan uppstå. Genom att fråga användare kring deras uppfattning om systemet är avsikten att få en förståelse av om problemet ligger i de tekniska funktionerna eller i hanteringen av systemet. Metoder som använts under arbetet är e-postintervjuer och ett studiebesök på Stockholms läns landstings IT-avdelning i form av en intervju och presentation av TakeCare. Vi har sett att det finns funktioner som tar hänsyn till samtliga informationssäkerhetskrav samt att användarna anser att de kan hantera systemet, men trots det kritiseras informationshanteringen inom sjukvården. Utifrån vår undersökning anser vi att problem uppstår när obehöriga tar beslutet att ta del av information, vilket inte är ett resultat av systemets tillkortakommande. Vi anser att vårdpersonal har ansvar för patientens säkerhet oavsett om det gäller hantering av systemet eller vård av patienten. / Since the introduction of computerized health record systems and unified record-keeping, the health care management of patient information has been criticized. There are divided opinions about whether or not the users or the systems that is imperfect. The survey aims to inspect selected features of the health record system TakeCare developed to maintain patient and information security. By comparing the functions to information security requirements established by Socialstyrelsen, the paper aims to find where the noted problems can arise. By asking users about their view, we intend to find an understanding for whether the problems occur in the technical functions or in the use of the system. Used methods are e-mail interviews and a study visit to Stockholm County Council's department for IT in form of an interview and presentation of TakeCare. We have observed that there are functions that take information security requirements into account and that the users believe they can manage the system, but nevertheless health care’s way of handling information is criticized. Based on our study, we believe that the problem occurs when an unauthorized person makes the decision to take part of information, which is not a result of the system's shortcomings. We believe that health care professionals are responsible for the patient’s safety, whether it's usage of the system or care of the patient.

We present three chapters on theoretical issues of banking. These deal with bank runs, risk sharing, lending and profitability. In the first chapter, we examine the agency problem in the bank-depositor relationship. Depositors are the principals and banks are the agents. Banks choose investment portfolios and are subject to moral hazard in that they have incentive to take on more risk than desirable to depositors because they are residual claimants. We study an incentive-compatible mechanism that prompts banks to follow a safe investment policy. This mechanism leaves the bank a profit margin in a similar manner to a CEO being paid a bonus by a company. In the second chapter, we extend Allen and Gale (1998) by adding a long-term riskless investment opportunity to the original portfolio of a short-term liquid asset and a long-term risky illiquid asset. Through portfolio diversification, we identify the risk-sharing deposit contract in a three-period model that maximizes the ex-ante expected utility of depositors. Unlike Allen and Gale, there are no information-based bank runs in equilibrium. In addition, our model can improve consumers' welfare over the Allen and Gale model. I also show that the bank will choose to liquidate the cheaper investments, in terms of the gain-loss ratios for the two types of existing long-term assets, when there is liquidity shortage in some cases. Such a policy reduces the liquidation cost and enables the bank to meet the outstanding liability to depositors without large liquidation losses. In the third chapter, we study the role of banks in providing loans to borrower firms. This paper extends the theory of designing optimal loan contracts (for profits) in the Bolton and Scharfstein (1996) model to a setting where asymmetry of information exists. Based on the verifiability of information structure, we analyze complete and incomplete contracts. Through this analysis, optimal, incentive-compatible loan contracts that maximize the expected profit of the bank are characterized. Our analysis suggests that a bank could be induced to liquidate a borrower's project under specific conditions. Furthermore, we identify implementable mechanisms for the renegotiation game given the bargaining power between a borrower and a bank.

<p>Previous research has shown that the type of ditransitive sentence preferred by English speakers in a particular linguistic context is significantly influenced by the relative ‘givenness’ of the post verbal arguments (i.e. the assumption that the referent of a linguistic expression is known to the speaker/hearer). This ‘givenness constraint’ has also been shown to play a role in the ditransitive sentence preferences of bilingual English speakers. Some have claimed that the realization of the givenness constraint in the ditransitive sentence preferences of bilingual English speakers is significantly influenced by the characteristics of their dominant language; however, no studies that I am aware of have explicitly compared the preferences of speakers whose dominant languages feature different sets of ditransitive sentence types, making this claim difficult to evaluate. Additionally, the effects of task type (i.e. the experimental task(s) employed by a particular study), and variables related to speakers’ experience with English and English proficiency, relative to language background are unclear. This study attempts to clarify the role of language background in the realization of the givenness constraint by recruiting three groups of English speakers: German-English bilingual speakers living in Germany, Spanish-English bilingual speakers living in Mexico, and monolingual English speakers living in the United States. The three groups completed three tasks, all of which were administered over the internet: a scalar acceptability judgement task, a forced choice task, and a self-paced reading task. The results from the two bilingual groups showed significant effects of language background, even after factors related to English proficiency and English experience were taken into account. The results support an interpretation where language background plays a significant role in the realization of the givenness constraint on bilingual speakers’ ditransitive sentence preferences. </p>

Summaries in German and English / The Geneva model of discourse analysis is a linguistic tool developed by Eddy Roulet and his team in Geneva. It was first presented in its modular approach in 1999. This dissertation examines whether the Geneva model can be applied to New Testament texts and whether this application yields results for exegesis. I first explain the model with its five basic modules and twelve organization forms, giving examples from German texts as well as simple New Testament examples. Then I apply the model to two New Testament texts (Rom 6:1,11 and John 8:31,42), summarizing the results in relation to exegesis at the end of each analysis. In the final chapter I discuss which parts of the Geneva model should generally be applied to New Testament exegesis, explaining its potential and its limitations and suggesting some areas in which the Geneva model could be complemented by other approaches. / Das Genfer Modell ist ein von Eddy Roulet und seinem Team in Genf entwickelter linguistischer Ansatz zur Diskursanalyse. Er wurde 1999 erstmalig in seiner modularen Auspragung vorgestellt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, ob dieses Modell auf neutestamentliche Texte angewendet werden kann und ob diese Anwendung einen Ertrag fur die Exegese bringt. Ich erlautere dazu das Modell mit seinen funf Grundmodulen und zwolf Modulverbindungen zunachst an deutschen und einfachen neutestamentlichen Beispielen. Sodann wende ich das Modell auf zwei neutestamentliche Texte an (Rom 6:1-11 und Joh 8:31-42). Am Ende jeder Anwendung fasse ich die Ergebnisse fur die Exegese dieser Texte zusammen. Im Schlusskapitel schliesslich erortere ich, welche Teile des Modells in der Exegese mit Gewinn eingesetzt werden konnen, wo Nutzen und Grenzen seiner Anwendung liegen und in welchen Bereichen das Modell durch andere Ansatze sinnvoll erganzt werden kann. / New Testament / M. Th. (New Testament)