Orientador: Antonio Celso Pezzato / Banca: José Roberto Sartori / Banca: Valquiria Cação da Cruz / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a inclusão de levedura de cana-de-açúcar (LC), em níveis comumente utilizados pela indústria na alimentação de frangos de corte, interfere na rastreabilidade da farinha de carne bovina (FC) e da farinha de vísceras de aves (FV), utilizando a técnica de isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio no músculo peitoral (Pectoralis major). Foram utilizados 325 pintainhos machos (Cobb), com um dia de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em treze tratamentos, com 25 aves cada, sendo uma dieta controle a base de milho e soja e os demais tratamentos com inclusões de 1, 2, 4 e 6% de FC, FV e LC. Para a análise da razão isotópica (13C/12C e 15N/14N), expressa em delta per mil (δ‰), aos 42 dias de experimento, foram separadas ao acaso 6 aves (n=6) por tratamento e abatidas para a coleta do músculo peitoral. O tratamento com inclusão de 6% de levedura diferiu do tratamento controle, mas não diferiu dos tratamentos com inclusão de 2, 4 e 6% FC e 4 e 6%FV. A levedura em rações a base de milho e soja pode interferir na rastreabilidade das farinhas de origem animal na alimentação de frangos de corte, em níveis a partir de 6% de inclusão. / Abstract: The objective of this work was to verify if sugar cane yeast (SCY) inclusion, in levels used by the industry in chickens feeding, interferes in the tracebility of bovine meat meal (BM) and visceral meal (VM), using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes technique in breast (Pectoralis major). For this, 325 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb), were randomly distributed on 13 treatments, with 25 birds each, using a control diet (corn and soybean meal basically) and the others treatments with 1, 2, 4 and 6% inclusions of BM, VM and SCY. To isotopic ratio analysis (13C/12C and 15N/14N), expressed in delta per mil (δ ‰), at 42 days of experiment were randomly sampled 6 broilers (n=6) per treatment and slaughtered to breast muscle collect. The treatment with 6% SCY inclusion differed from the control treatment, but it didn't differ from the treatments with inclusion of 2, 4 and 6% BM and 4 and 6%VM. The sugar cane yeast in diets with corn and soybean meal, can interfere in the animal meal tracebility of broilers feeding, when it is with 6% of inclusion. / Mestre

Resumo: A presente tese é composta por 3 ensaios experimentais. No primeiro avaliou-se o efeito do tratamento de esterilização (135ºC e 3 bar por 20 min), seguido ou não de extrusão, da farinha de carne e ossos (FCO) sobre a energia metabolizável (EM) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos nutrientes para cães e gatos e sobre a digestibilidade verdadeira de aminoácidos para galos cecectomizados de dietas contendo esses ingredientes. No segundo ensaio avaliou-se a EM, os nutrientes digestíveis e a qualidade fecal da farinha de vísceras de frango (FVF), farelo de glúten de milho 60% (GM), soja micronizada (SM), farelo de soja (FS) e FCO em gatos. No terceiro ensaio avaliou-se a EM, os nutrientes digestíveis e a qualidade fecal da FVF, FS, SM e GM em cães. No primeiro ensaio verificou-se que a esterilização aumenta o valor nutricional da FCO para cães, gatos e galos, e que o processo de extrusão não altera a digestibilidade dos nutrientes das dietas para cães e galos, mas eleva a digestibilidade da proteína da dieta para gatos. Além disso, os gatos se mostraram mais sensíveis que os cães às diferenças de tratamentos industriais da FCO. No segundo ensaio verificou-se que o GM, FVF e SM são os ingredientes com maiores CDA dos nutrientes e EM pelos gatos. A FCO e FS reduzem a digestibilidade da MS da dieta e aumentaram o volume fecal produzido. No terceiro ensaio verificou-se que GM e SM são os ingredientes com maiores CDA dos nutrientes e EM pelos cães. O FS e FVF apresentam aproveitamento intermediário, entretanto comparáveis entre si, podendo sua inclusão ocasionar aumento da produção de fezes. / Abstract: This thesis is composed by 3 experiments. The first one aimed to evaluate a stronger manufacturing process system (135ºC, 3 bar, 20 min) of meat and bone meal (MBM) than usual process, followed or not to extrusion process, on metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent digestibility (AD) of nutrients for dogs and cats, and on true digestibility of amino acids for cecectomized roosters of diets contained these ingredients. In the second trial were evaluated the ME, digestible nutrients and fecal quality of poultry by-products meal (PPM), corn gluten meal (CGM), micronized soybean (MS), soybean meal (SM), and MBM for cats. In the third trial were evaluated the ME, digestible nutrients and fecal quality of PPM, CGM, MS, and SM for dogs. In the first experiment was verified that strongest process of MBM increased their nutritional value to dogs, cats and roosters. The association with extrusion process of MBM not changed the digestibility of nutrients for dogs and roosters, however, increased the protein digestibility for cats. Moreover, cats were more sensitive to changes in manufacturing process of MBM than dogs. In the second experiment CGM, PPM, and MS were the ingredients that presented the highest AD of nutrients and ME in cats. MBM and SM decreased the diet digestibility of dry matter and increased the fecal output. In the third experiment CGM and MS were the ingredients that propitiated highest AD of nutrients and ME in dogs. For SM and PPM intermediate and comparable values were observed, but their inclusion may increase fecal output. / Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Coorientadora: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Dalton José Carneiro / Banca: Telma Teresinha Berchielli / Banca: José Roberto Sartori / Banca: Geraldo Luiz Colnago / Doutor

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da glicerina produzida no Brasil e o seu efeito no valor de energia metabolizável e na digestibilidade para frangos de corte, bem como avaliar o desempenho e qualidade de carne, estudando os possíveis efeitos adversos e determinando o melhor nível de inclusão a ser adotado com segurança. Na primeira etapa foram coletadas 10 amostras de glicerina de diferentes fontes e origens para a análise da composição. Em seguida, foram selecionadas 4 glicerinas de composições contrastantes para a determinação da energia metabolizável e digestibilidade em ensaios de metabolismo com 200 frangos de corte durante o período de 21 a 29 dias de idade, através do método de coleta total de excretas. Na segunda etapa, as aves foram submetidas ao um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições de 45 aves cada. Os tratamentos constituíam de uma ração controle e 5 rações com 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10,0 e 12,5% de glicerina, sendo que a glicerina utilizada foi a que apresentou melhor composição química e energia metabolizável de 3145 kcal/kg. A umidade da cama foi analisada aos 28, 35 e 40 dias de idade. Aos 40 dias de idade foram sacrificadas 6 aves por tratamento para determinação do rendimento de carcaça e partes, além de coleta do músculo do peito, perna e fígado. Nos músculos do peito e da perna foram realizadas as análises de qualidade de carne. Também foram determinados a composição centesimal e perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura no músculo do peito. As energias aparente metabolizável corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio das glicerinas foram de 3145, 5026, 2828 e 2892 kcal/kg. Para o desempenho das aves o aumento do nível de glicerina na dieta até 10% não afetou negativamente, somente com a inclusão de 12,5% de glicerina houve piora no peso (P<0,05) para o período de 40 dias de idade. Não houve efeito significativo para o rendimento de carcaça e partes (P>0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças (P>0,05) para a composição centesimal e perfil de ácidos graxos na gordura. Aos 35 e 40 dias de idade foram encontrados aumento no teor de umidade da cama (P<0,05) com a inclusão de 10 e 12,5% de glicerina. Não foram encontrados alterações nos fígados das aves com os maiores níveis de inclusão. Os resultados sugerem que dietas contendo a inclusão de até 5% não causam nenhum efeito negativo para as aves e cama. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the glycerin produced in Brazil and its effect on the value of metabolizable energy and digestibility, the performance and meat quality of broilers, studying the possible adverse effects and determining the best level of inclusion to be adopted safely. In the trial were collected 10 glycerin samples from different sources and analysis of the composition. In the following section, we selected four contrasting glycerins compositions for the determination of metabolizable energy and digestibility in metabolism trials with 200 broiler chickens during the 21-29 days of age, by the method of total excreta collection. In the second trial, the birds were subjected to a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 6 replicates of 45 birds each. The treatments were a control diet and five diets with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% glycerin, and glycerin was used with the best chemical composition and metabolizable energy 3145 kcal / kg. The litter moisture was analyzed at 28, 35 and 40 days old. At 40 days of age were sacrificed 6 birds per treatment for determination of carcass yield and parts, and collection of the breast muscle, leg and liver. In the muscles of the chest and leg were performed the analyzes of meat quality. We also determined the composition and profile of fatty acid in breast muscle. The apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance of glycerins were 3145, 5026, 2828 and 2892 kcal / kg. For the performance of the birds increased level of glycerin in the diet up to 10% did not affect negatively only with the inclusion of 12.5% glycerin worsened in weight (P <0.05) for the period of 40 days old. There was no significant effect on carcass yield and parts (P> 0.05). There were no differences (P> 0.05) for the composition and profile of fatty acids in fat. At 35 and 40 days of age were found increase in moisture content of the bed (P <0.05) with the inclusion of 10 and 12.5% glycerin. No changes were found in the livers of the birds with the highest levels of inclusion. The results suggest that diets containing the inclusion of up to 5% do not cause any negative effects for the broilers, meat quality and litter

O cachara, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, é um siluriforme carnívoro da América do Sul. Apesar da importância da espécie para pesca e piscicultura, não há uma dieta específica e nem as exigências nutricionais determinadas. O objetivo deste projeto foi determinar a digestibilidade aparente da energia e proteína de diferentes alimentos de origem animal e vegetal e, com os valores da digestibilidade dos ingredientes, elaborar rações para determinar as exigências em proteína, energia e relação energia:proteína para o cachara. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade, 105 juvenis de cachara (82,35 ± 17,7 g; 23,04 ± 1,6 cm) foram distribuídos em 21 gaiolas cilíndricas plásticas de 80 L e alimentados até a saciedade aparente em duas refeições diárias (20h00min e 22h00min) com dietas teste obtidas a partir da adição de 0,1% de óxido crômico III e substituição de 30% de uma ração referência (RR; 46% proteína bruta; 4600 kcal energia bruta) pelos seguintes ingredientes: farinha de peixe, farinha de carne e ossos, farinha de vísceras, farinha de penas, farinha de sangue, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo, milho moído e glutenose de milho. Após a última refeição, os peixes eram transferidos para os aquários cônicos (200 L) acoplados a recipientes refrigerados para a coleta de fezes por sedimentação. Os melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína (99,36%) e energia (86,25%) foram registrados para a farinha de vísceras de aves e farinha de carne e ossos, respectivamente, consideradas fontes alternativas adequadas para substituir com eficiência a farinha de peixe, ingrediente padrão para formulação de rações para o cachara. Em um segundo experimento foram determinados os melhores níveis de energia e proteína nas dietas para juvenis de cachara (53,6 ± 1,30 g e 20,1 ± 1,06 cm), distribuídos aleatoriamente em 75 gaiolas (210 L) alojadas em tanques de alvenaria (12 m3) com constante renovação de água e aeração e alimentados duas vezes ao dia (06h30m e 18h30m) por 60 dias com 25 dietas formuladas para conter cinco níveis de proteína digestível (32, 36, 40, 44 e 48%) e cinco níveis de energia digestível (3600, 3725, 3850, 3975 e 4100 kcal kg-1), em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com um esquema fatorial 5 x 5 (n = 3). A energia e proteína dietética afetaram o ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, taxa de eficiência proteica, retenção de proteína, índice hepatossomático, índice lipossomático, índice viscerossomático, proteínas totais séricas e triglicerídeos no soro. A energia dietética afetou a retenção de energia pelo cachara, mas a retenção de fósforo e a composição do peixe inteiro não foram influenciadas pela dieta. Com os resultados é possível concluir que os níveis de 3600 kcal kg-1 de ED, 39% de PD e a relação ED:PD de 9,23 kcal g-1 garantem ótimo desempenho e retenção de nutrientes pelo cachara. / Striped surubim, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum is a South American carnivore catfish of economic importance for fisheries and fish culture alike. However, in spite of its importance for the Brazilian aquaculture, there is no specific diet neither nutritional requirement determined for this specie. The aim of this study was thus determination of apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feedstuff and their use in diets for determination of protein, energy and energy:protein requirements of juvenile striped surubim. Juvenile striped surubim (82.35 ± 17.7 g and 23.04 ± 1.6 cm) were distributed in 21 cylindrical, plastic cages (80 L) and conditioned to a two daily meals (20h00m and 22h00m) feeding regimen on a practical, reference diet (RD) (460.0 g kg-1 crude protein (CP); 19.23 kJ g-1 gross energy (GE)). Test diets were obtained by adding 0.1% chromium III oxide and substituting 30% of one the following feedstuffs in RD: fish meal, meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal, feather meal, blood meal, soybean meal, wheat bran, corn and corn gluten meal. After the last daily meal, fish were transferred to cylindrical-conical bottomed aquaria (200 L), coupled to refrigerated plastic bottles for feces collection by sedimentation. Best apparent digestibility coefficients of protein (99.36%) and energy (86.25%) were recorded for poultry by-product meal and meat and bone meal, respectively, so deemed ideal surrogate feedstuffs to fish meal, the standard protein source for the formulation and processing of diets for carnivore fish. For determination of best energy and protein level, juvenile striped surubim (53.6 ± 1.30 g and 20.1 ± 1.06 cm) were randomly distributed in 75 cages (210 L), housed in 12 m3 concrete tanks under constant water flow and aeration, and hand fed two daily meals (06h30m and 18h30m) for 60 days. Twenty-five diets were formulated to contain five levels of digestible protein (DP) (32, 36, 40, 44 and 48%) and five levels of digestible energy (DE) (3600, 3725, 3850, 3975 and 4100 kcal kg-1) in a randomized design, 5 x 5 factorial scheme (n = 3). The dietary energy and protein affected the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion rate, protein retention, hepatosomatic, liposomatic and viscerosomatic index, serum total protein and triglycerides, but energy retention was affected only by dietary energy. Phosphorus retention and whole body composition were not affected by diets. Estimated dietary requirement for the best performance and best nutrient retention of striped surubim were 3600 kcal kg-1 of DE, 39% of DP and a 9.23 kcal g-1 of DE:DP ratio.

Vocal Function Exercises (VFEs) is a well-known treatment program that consists of four exercises, in which the first and fourth tasks require maximally sustained phonation. However, the active ingredients responsible for treatment efficacy are still unknown. The primary purpose of this investigation was the explore the effects of maximally sustained phonation on the VFE outcome measure of maximum phonation time (MPT) in individuals between the ages of 18-40 with normal voice. Participants were randomized into three experimental groups that completed VFEs for six weeks. The baseline group sustained tasks one and four for as long as was achieved at the baseline session; The three-week group sustained the exercises for as long as possible the first three weeks, then to their three-week MPT average for the remaining three weeks of the program; The standard group maximally sustained phonation for all six weeks. Results indicated significant improvement in percent to MPT goal attainment in the standard group and three-week group. The baseline group did not result in significant change. Including maximally sustained phonation throughout the course of VFEs is essential to producing substantial improvements in voice production, in terms of percent to MPT goal.

Mud crabs of the genus Scylla are widely exploited for aquaculture in the Asia- Pacific region. In the current study, a series of in vivo experiments were carried to assess the protein requirement, protein sparing effects of starch and the capacity of Scylla serrata to digest diets that contained different animal and plant-based feed meals and different levels and types of starch. Results from a protein requirement study indicated that juvenile S. serrata fed diets containing 45% or 55% protein demonstrated significantly higher growth responses than those fed the diet containing 25% protein. The subsequent study was carried out to determine if responses to dietary protein could be influenced by using purified wheat, potato, rice or corn starch to manipulate the gross energy level of fishmeal- based diets (18 or 15.5 MJ kg-1), i.e., to see if starch had a protein sparing effect in these animals. Overall, growth responses in this study appeared to be positively correlated with the level of protein in the diet with the highest growth rates achieved using diets containing 45% protein, regardless of the energy level of the diet. In addition, at a dietary protein level of 40% there was no evidence that the source of starch had any significant impact on growth performance or feed utilisation suggesting it had no protein sparing effect. By contrast, it was found that growth of juvenile S. serrata was strongly correlated with the intake of digestible dietary protein. The investigation of the capacity of sub-adult S. serrata to digest different animal and plant- based feed meals showed that apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) and apparent gross energy digestibility (AGED) values were not significant different for most selected feed meals (cotton seed, poultry, canola, fishmeal, soybean, and lupin meal). Apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD) for all test feed meals were relatively high (86-96%). A subsequent study was carried out to determine if purified starch from different sources influenced the digestibility of fishmeal based diets. Overall, most diets containing starch were readily digested by mud crabs. In particular, there were no negative impacts on the digestibility of major nutrients (e.g. protein) observed following the inclusion of wheat, rice or corn starch in formulated feeds. Nevertheless, the apparent starch digestibility (ASD) of wheat starch decreased significantly as the inclusion level was increased from 15% to 60%, although there was no significant effect on ACPD values. At a 30% inclusion level, the ASD of diets containing different starches decreased in the order corn > wheat > potato = rice. Moreover, ACPD values were significantly higher for diets containing corn or rice starch than for those containing wheat or potato starch. The capacity of another species of mud crab commonly exploited for aquaculture in South East Asia, S. paramamosain, to digest the local plant-based ingredients (defatted soybean meal, rice bran, cassava and corn flour) was also conducted in Vietnam. Overall, the findings of this study showed that at a 30% inclusion level diets containing soybean meal or rice bran were well digested by mud crabs. In particular, the ACPD and AGED values for all diets containing soybean meal were not significantly different from the fishmeal based reference diet. Likewise, all digestibility values for the diet containing 30% rice bran were relatively high and not significantly different from the reference diet. By contrast, diets containing cassava flour appeared to be poorly utilised since their digestibility values for all parameters were lower than those from other testingredients. In summary, the apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy was in the following order (from most to least digestible) soybean meal ~ rice bran > corn flour > cassava flour. In the next study the effects of attractants in diets (chicken meal, betaine, tuna oil and bait enhancer), temperature (26.5oC, 28.5oC and 30.5oC), sex (female and male) and size (small, medium and large) on feeding responses of S. serrata were investigated. Significant differences were observed in the behavioral responses of mud crabs to diets containing different attractants. Specifically, consumption of diets with chicken meal or betaine was significantly higher than for other treatments. With the exception of betaine, no significant difference in food consumption was observed when attractant inclusion levels were raised from 2% to 5%. Overall, small crabs consumed significantly more of the ration (as a percentage of body weight) than larger crabs. Temperature showed a significant impact on most behaviour of mud crabs, excepting continuation response and there was some evidence that females were significantly more active than males. Light intensity was considered as a main factor effect to crab response since there were extremely high percentage time of crab spent in half-shaded of the Y –maze which valued at 95.6%, 93.8 and 94.4% (corresponded to small, medium and large size respectively) in comparison to those of crabs spent in the unshaded side. Overall, the findings from these studies demonstrated that mud crabs have a high capacity to digest a range of plant based feed ingredients. In particular, soybean meal appeared to be well digested by both species of mud crabs examined. It was also shown that a range of purified starches were well digested by S. serrata although starch inclusion in diets did not appear to reduce the requirement for protein to promote growth. Subsequent attractant studies demonstrated that chicken meal and betaine produced significantly elevated feeding responses and food consumption when added to diets. Based on these results we propose that these ingredients can be utilised to increase the attractiveness and consumption of artificial mud crab feeds.

Com a crescente conscientização da importância dos alimentos para a promoção da saúde, os consumidores têm buscado opções saudáveis associadas à praticidade, e desta forma destacam-se os vegetais minimamente processados. No entanto, a indústria destes gera grandes volumes de resíduos que impacta nos âmbitos econômicos, ambientais e nutricionais, já que pesquisas vêm apontando que estes resíduos vegetais são ricos em diversos compostos funcionais, tais como fibras, compostos fenólicos, carotenoides e betalaínas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o potencial de aproveitamento dos resíduos (cascas, aparas e pedúnculos) de beterraba e cenoura da indústria de vegetais minimamente processados para obtenção de ingredientes com apelo funcional e sustentável, como farinhas vegetais e corante. Foi avaliada a melhor forma de obtenção de uma farinha vegetal de resíduos de beterraba, onde foi verificado que a temperatura a 70 °C, independentemente da etapa de cloração, melhorou os aspectos de conteúdo total de betalaína e atividade antioxidante. O corante obtido com resíduo de beterraba foi analisado durante 45 dias e apresentou cor característica com estabilidade até o 20° dia e atividade antioxidante ao longo de todos os dias de análise. Com o resíduo de cenoura foi elaborada uma farinha vegetal com o intuito de enriquecer massas secas e substituir os aditivos utilizados atualmente em massas elaboradas com trigo da espécie Triticum aestivum L. As amostras produzidas com 20 % de farinha cenoura apresentaram um acréscimo de 126 % em relação ao conteúdo de carotenoides totais, 110 % em capacidade antioxidante, 615 % em fibras totais, além de aumento nos parâmetros de cor, quando comparadas às massas acrescidas de β-caroteno comercial. A massa com adição desta farinha vegetal de resíduo de cenoura obteve alto índice de aceitação dos provadores (acima de 70 %) na avaliação sensorial. Os resultados obtidos com este estudo são promissores para a utilização de resíduos de beterraba e cenoura minimamente processadas como uma fonte alternativa para elaboração de ingredientes naturais, com apelo sustentável e funcional devido ao alto teor de betalaína e carotenoides (respectivamente), fibras e demais compostos antioxidantes. / With the growing awareness of the importance of food for health promotion, consumers have sought healthy options associated with practicality, standing out minimally processed vegetables. However, these industries generate large amounts of waste that impact on economic, environmental and nutritional areas, since studies have indicated that these plant residues are rich in functional compounds, such as fibers, phenolics, carotenoids and betalains. The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of utilizing beet and carrot residues (peel, chip and peduncle) from minimally processed vegetable industry to obtain ingredients with practical and sustainable appeal, such as vegetable flours and dyes. It was evaluated a method to obtain a beet waste flour, and it was found that the temperature of 70 °C, regardless of the chlorination step, had improve the total content of betalain and antioxidant activity. The dye obtained from beet waste was analyzed for 45 days and showed characteristic color stability until the 20th day and the antioxidant activity during every day of analysis. A plant flour was prepared using carrots residue in order to enhance dry pasta and replace the additives currently used in the pasta produced with wheat specie Triticum aestivum L. The samples produced with 20 % carrot flour showed an increase in the content of carotenoids (126 %), in antioxidant capacity (110 %), in total fiber (615 %), as well as it causes improvements in the color parameters, compared to the pastas with commercial β-carotene. Pasta with this carrot residue flour had obtained high level of taster acceptance (over 70 %) in the sensory evaluation. The results obtained in this study are promising regarding to the use of minimally processed beet and carrot waste as an alternative source of natural ingredients, standing out the sustainable and functional appeal due to the high content of betalaína and carotenoids (respectively), as well as fiber and yet antioxidant compounds.

CAETANO, Márcia de Windson Costa. Polimorfismo da Clorpropamida investigado através de Espectroscopia Vibracional. 2006. 141 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2006. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-21T22:22:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_mwccaetano.pdf: 3508898 bytes, checksum: d30348bd90f71bc8902edd696cad9095 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-22T19:39:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_mwccaetano.pdf: 3508898 bytes, checksum: d30348bd90f71bc8902edd696cad9095 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-22T19:39:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_mwccaetano.pdf: 3508898 bytes, checksum: d30348bd90f71bc8902edd696cad9095 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Chlorpropamide (C10H13ClN2O3S, (1-[4-chlorobenzenesulphonyl]-3-propyl urea)) is a drug used to treat type II diabetes (non-dependent of insulin), especially when the diabetes can not be controlled by alimentary regimes. The polymorphism of this drug is widely documented exhibiting at least five crystalline forms. In this work, we present a vibrational study of four of these polymorphs by using Raman, infrared and near-infrared spectroscopies. The objective of this vibrational investigation is to correlate the vibrational modes with the possible crystalline structures, as well as, to evaluate these methods as a tool for identification and quality control of raw materials and formulated products. In order to provide a detailed characterization we also applied thermal analyses and x-ray powder diffraction techniques to identify the crystalline forms. Finally, the assignment of the bands observed in the vibrational spectra in terms of the normal vibrational modes was performed with the help the quantum mechanical calculations based on the density functional theory. These results allow us to investigate the conformational stability of chlorpropamide establishing correlations with the polymorphism of this drug. / A clorpropamida (C10H13ClN2O3S, (1-[4-chlorobenzenesulphonyl]-3-propyl urea)) é uma droga usada para tratar o diabetes tipo II (não dependente da insulina), em particular em pessoas cujo diabetes não pode ser controlada só pelo regime alimentício. O polimorfismo desta droga se encontra amplamente documentado exibindo, pelo menos, cinco diferentes formas cristalinas. Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo de quatro destes polimorfos através das espectroscopias Raman, infravermelho e infravermelho próximo. O objetivo desta investigação vibracional é estabelecer correlações entre os modos vibracionais e as possíveis estruturas cristalinas, além de avaliar estes métodos como ferramentas para a identificação e controle de qualidade das matérias primas e produtos formulados. No intuito de prover uma caracterização detalhada também empregamos análises térmicas e difração de raios- X para a identificação prévia das formas cristalinas. Finalmente, a classificação das bandas observadas nos espectros vibracionais em termos dos modos normais de vibração da molécula foi realizada com a ajuda de cálculos computacionais baseados na teoria do funcional de densidade. Estes resultados também nos permitiram investigar a estabilidade conformacional da clorpropamida e estabelecer correlações com o polimorfismo da mesma.

The objective is to determine the composition of mare´s milk at different stages of lactation and changes in its content that occurs during lactation. Variability of constituents in the milk contents between mares and possible link in the content of individual components of milk was also examined. Average values of contents were found during the five months of lactation: Fat 1.5%, protein 1.62%, lactose 6.55% and dry matter 9.78%. It was found that during lactation fat content decreases from 1.7% to 1.3% and protein content decreases from 1.75% to 1.48%. Lactose and dry matter content is unchanged. A higher coefficient of variation was found in fat and protein (between 16 -17%), lower in lactose and dry matter content (5-6%). Relation was found between protein and fat. On the contrary, no evidence of correlation between protein and lactose content, nor between the fat and lactose content was found.

Com a crescente conscientização da importância dos alimentos para a promoção da saúde, os consumidores têm buscado opções saudáveis associadas à praticidade, e desta forma destacam-se os vegetais minimamente processados. No entanto, a indústria destes gera grandes volumes de resíduos que impacta nos âmbitos econômicos, ambientais e nutricionais, já que pesquisas vêm apontando que estes resíduos vegetais são ricos em diversos compostos funcionais, tais como fibras, compostos fenólicos, carotenoides e betalaínas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o potencial de aproveitamento dos resíduos (cascas, aparas e pedúnculos) de beterraba e cenoura da indústria de vegetais minimamente processados para obtenção de ingredientes com apelo funcional e sustentável, como farinhas vegetais e corante. Foi avaliada a melhor forma de obtenção de uma farinha vegetal de resíduos de beterraba, onde foi verificado que a temperatura a 70 °C, independentemente da etapa de cloração, melhorou os aspectos de conteúdo total de betalaína e atividade antioxidante. O corante obtido com resíduo de beterraba foi analisado durante 45 dias e apresentou cor característica com estabilidade até o 20° dia e atividade antioxidante ao longo de todos os dias de análise. Com o resíduo de cenoura foi elaborada uma farinha vegetal com o intuito de enriquecer massas secas e substituir os aditivos utilizados atualmente em massas elaboradas com trigo da espécie Triticum aestivum L. As amostras produzidas com 20 % de farinha cenoura apresentaram um acréscimo de 126 % em relação ao conteúdo de carotenoides totais, 110 % em capacidade antioxidante, 615 % em fibras totais, além de aumento nos parâmetros de cor, quando comparadas às massas acrescidas de β-caroteno comercial. A massa com adição desta farinha vegetal de resíduo de cenoura obteve alto índice de aceitação dos provadores (acima de 70 %) na avaliação sensorial. Os resultados obtidos com este estudo são promissores para a utilização de resíduos de beterraba e cenoura minimamente processadas como uma fonte alternativa para elaboração de ingredientes naturais, com apelo sustentável e funcional devido ao alto teor de betalaína e carotenoides (respectivamente), fibras e demais compostos antioxidantes. / With the growing awareness of the importance of food for health promotion, consumers have sought healthy options associated with practicality, standing out minimally processed vegetables. However, these industries generate large amounts of waste that impact on economic, environmental and nutritional areas, since studies have indicated that these plant residues are rich in functional compounds, such as fibers, phenolics, carotenoids and betalains. The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of utilizing beet and carrot residues (peel, chip and peduncle) from minimally processed vegetable industry to obtain ingredients with practical and sustainable appeal, such as vegetable flours and dyes. It was evaluated a method to obtain a beet waste flour, and it was found that the temperature of 70 °C, regardless of the chlorination step, had improve the total content of betalain and antioxidant activity. The dye obtained from beet waste was analyzed for 45 days and showed characteristic color stability until the 20th day and the antioxidant activity during every day of analysis. A plant flour was prepared using carrots residue in order to enhance dry pasta and replace the additives currently used in the pasta produced with wheat specie Triticum aestivum L. The samples produced with 20 % carrot flour showed an increase in the content of carotenoids (126 %), in antioxidant capacity (110 %), in total fiber (615 %), as well as it causes improvements in the color parameters, compared to the pastas with commercial β-carotene. Pasta with this carrot residue flour had obtained high level of taster acceptance (over 70 %) in the sensory evaluation. The results obtained in this study are promising regarding to the use of minimally processed beet and carrot waste as an alternative source of natural ingredients, standing out the sustainable and functional appeal due to the high content of betalaína and carotenoids (respectively), as well as fiber and yet antioxidant compounds.