Τα επιφωνήματα αποτελούν τυπικά στοιχεία του προφορικού λόγου, απαντώνται με μεγάλη ποικιλία σε όλες ανεξαιρέτως τις γλώσσες και χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως στην καθημερινή γλωσσική επικοινωνία. Οι μη φυσικοί ομιλητές δυσκολεύονται στην κατανόηση της σημασίας και χρήσης των επιφωνημάτων και επιφωνηματικών εκφράσεων, εφόσον στηρίζεται κυρίως στην κατανόηση των πραγματολογικών συνθηκών και στην ανάλυση περιστάσεων επικοινωνίας. Η σπουδαιότητα του ρόλου τους σε μια γλώσσα και ο βαθμός δυσκολίας κατανόησης και χρήσης τους από τους μη φυσικούς ομιλητές καθιστά το θέμα της εξέτασης και ανάλυσης των επιφωνημάτων ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέρον. Στην εργασία αυτή ξεκινώ τη μελέτη των επιφωνημάτων με μια ιστορική αναδρομή, αναφερόμενη στην περίοδο απαξίωσης της μελέτης τους από τους γλωσσολόγους και στη συνέχεια στις σύγχρονες μελέτες των επιφωνημάτων. Περιγράφονται έρευνες και μελέτες των επιφωνημάτων από την πλευρά της σημασιολογίας, πραγματολογίας, φωνολογίας, μορφολογίας και σύνταξης. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας γίνεται μια προσπάθεια συγκέντρωσης και καταγραφής παλαιότερων και νεότερων μελετών σχετικά με τον ορισμό, την οριοθέτηση, την κατηγοριοποίηση και την περιγραφή των λειτουργιών των επιφωνημάτων. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται και περιγράφεται το πώς πραγματεύονται μελέτες και γραμματικές της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας το θέμα των επιφωνημάτων και καταλήγει σε κάποια συγκεντρωτικά συμπεράσματα σχετικά με: τον ορισμό και τα χαρακτηριστικά των επιφωνημάτων της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας, το θέμα της φωνολογίας – φωνητικής τους, τις συνταγματικές τους σχέσεις με άλλα γλωσσικά στοιχεία, τις λειτουργίες τους. Τέλος, σε πίνακες συγκεντρώνεται και παρουσιάζεται η κατηγοριοποίηση και ταξινόμηση των επιφωνημάτων από μελετητές της νέας ελληνικήςγλώσσας. Η έρευνα της εργασίας αφορά τη συλλογή δεδομένων συχνότητας επιφωνημάτων της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας, τη συλλογή δεδομένων σχετικά με τις λέξεις που τείνουν να συνυπάρχουν με ένα επιφώνημα και τις σημασίες των εξεταζόμενων επιφωνημάτων με βάση το συμφραστικό τους πλαίσιο. Από τη συλλογή των στοιχείων και την ανάλυση και ερμηνεία τους προβαίνω σε κάποια συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τα συχνόχρηστα επιφωνήματα της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας και τις σημασίες τους. Για τη συλλογή των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μεθοδολογία των σωμάτων κειμένων για γλωσσολογική έρευνα, όπως περιγράφεται και αναλύεται από τους Biber κ.ά. (1998). Ως σώματα κειμένων χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα θεατρικά έργα 18 διαφορετικών συγγραφέων. Η χρησιμότητα της παρούσας εργασίας έγκειται στη δυνατότητα σχεδιασμού υλικού διδασκαλίας των επιφωνημάτων για τους διδασκόμενους την ελληνική ως δεύτερη/ξένη γλώσσα. / Interjections are typical elements of spoken language and occur in great variety in any language. They are commonly and constantly used in everyday communication but their role and signification varies widely from language to language and from culture to culture. Therefore, non-native speakers find it difficult to understand the right meaning of interjections and interjectional expressions and to use them correctly; this is mainly due to the fact that their comprehension mostly depends on the correct understanding of their pragmatic function and on the analysis of the relevant communication context. The important role that interjections play in a language, and the degree of difficulty for non-native speakers to correctly understand and use them, makes the research on and the analysis of interjections both useful and interesting. In my work I begin with an historical overview of the research in this field, starting with the period in which interjections were a topic rather neglected by linguists on to the contemporary days. I outline the findings of studies and investigations of interjections in various linguistic sub-fields (semantics, pragmatics, phonology, morphology and syntax). In the first chapter I propose an inventory of older and (especially) more recent studies relating to different aspects of interjections (definition, categorisation and description of their functioning). In the second chapter I show and describe how modern Greek studies and grammars deal with the topic of interjections and I formulate some conclusions relating to the following aspects: definition and characteristics of interjections in contemporary Greek, phonetic/phonological aspects, syntagmatic relation with other aspects of the language, functioning. At the end of the chapter I propose in taxonomy tables a categorization of interjections based on relevant studies of contemporary Greek. The third part of my dissertation is centred on data collection and analysis relating to the following aspects of the interjections: frequency of use, words used in conjunction with interjections and significance of the analysed interjections in their context of use. Based on data collection and analysis I come to some conclusions concerning the most frequently used interjections in modern Greek and their significance. As far as the data collection is concern I adopted the corpus-based approach to the study of language as described and analysed by Biber et al. (1998). Concretely I selected and analysed theatrical works by 18 different contemporary Greek writers. The conclusions I came to will prove useful to design teaching units on interjections tailored to the needs of pupils learning Greek as second or foreign language.

"Les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual: descripció i representació lexicogràfica" aborda l'estudi de les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual de comèdies de situació originals i doblades de l'anglès al català. En la tesi es descriuen les interjeccions des de diferents perspectives i, després d'analitzar-ne la representació als diccionaris, es proposa una aplicació lexicogràfica electrònica bilingüe. / "Les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual: descripció i representació lexicogràfica", PhD studies interjections in an audiovisual corpus of sitcoms, both original and dubbed from English into Catalan. Interjections are described from different perspectives and, after analysing their representation in dictionaries, a bilingual electronic lexicographical tool is proposed.

Orientador: Marcos Aurelio Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T20:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fortes_FabiodaSilva_M.pdf: 852135 bytes, checksum: 6844247a948a6e0fd5ce5eb1b25d6e64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Os marcadores discursivos (MDs) podem ser definidos, de forma geral, como um grupo bastante amplo de mecanismos verbais (vocábulos, pequenas cláusulas, expressões cristalizadas etc.) que atuam no nível pragmático, inscrevendo a enunciação no discurso, e textual, organizando coesivamente partes do texto (cf. Schiffrin, 1996; Risso et al., 1996). Realizam-se, freqüentemente, por usos não prototípicos de conjunções, preposições e interjeições. Suas propriedades têm sido encontradas em ocorrências discursivas análogas no latim. Caroline Kroon (1995, 1998) destacou um grupo de vocábulos latinos que pareciam conjugar as funções textuais-discursivas supramencionadas: nam, enim, igitur, ergo, autem, vero e at, desenvolvendo extensa pesquisa de seu funcionamento no texto. O objetivo central de nossa pesquisa é verificar nos textos de Donato (séc. IV d.C.) ¿ nas seções De coniunctione, De praepositione e De interiectione, contidos na sua Ars maior ¿ e Prisciano (séc. VI d.C.) ¿ nos livros XIV, parte do XV e XVI, de suas Institutiones grammaticae ¿, a maneira como são neles tratadas as propriedades hoje consideradas ¿textuais¿ e ¿pragmáticas¿, que permitem uma aproximação entre as antigas preposições, conjunções e interjeições latinas e o atual conceito de MDs / Abstract: Discourse markers (DMs) can be defined as a very wide range of verbal mechanisms (words, small clauses, crystallised expressions etc.) that play a role both on a pragmatic level, inscribing enunciation in discourse, and on a textual level, organising parts of the text cohesively (cf. Schiffrin, 1996; Risso et al., 1996). They are expressed by non-prototypical usages of conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. Their properties have been found in analogous discourse occurrencies in Latin. Caroline Kroon (1995, 1998) has developed an extensive research on a number of words that she considered having these same discourse and textual properties: nam, enim, igitur, ergo, autem, vero and at. The core objective of our research is to verify within Donatus¿s Ars maior (c. IV a.D) ¿ in the sections De coniunctione, De praepositione and De interiectione ¿ and Priscian¿s Institutiones grammaticae (c. VI a.D) ¿ in the books XIV, part of XV and XVI ¿ the way the properties considered nowadays as belonging to the ¿textual¿ and ¿pragmatic¿ domains, had been addressed by the Latin grammarians and allow us to make an approximation between the ancient concepts of Latin prepositions, conjunctions and interjections and the current concept of DMs / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística

Den här uppsatsen består av en översättning från japanska till svenska av Yasutaka Tsutsuis Toki wo kakeru shoujo (Flickan som hoppade genom tiden) och en kommentar av översättningsprocessen. Syftet är att undersöka vilka problem som kan uppstå vid översättningen av anföring, interpunktion och interjektioner samt vilka strategier som kan tillämpas för att lösa dessa problem. Översättningen framställs med ett acceptansinriktat, målkultursorienterat förhållningssätt för att anpassa texten till de normer och förväntningar som är rådande i målkulturen. / This master’s thesis consists of a translation from Japanese to Swedish of Yasutaka Tsutsui’s Toki wo kakeru shoujo (The girl who leapt through time), and a commentary of the translation process. The purpose is to examine which problems may arise when translating reported discourse, punctuation and interjections, and what strategies can be used to solve these problems. The translation is performed with an orientation towards acceptability and the target culture, to try and conform the text to the norms and expectations of the target culture.

This master's thesis analyses the lexicographical treatment of interjections in current German- Czech commercial dictionaries, special focus is laid on user aspect. The goal of this thesis is to provide an overview of possible issues in the lexicographical processing of interjections. The focus is on both the macrostructure with the selection of lemmas and microstructure of the respective analysed entries. Compared to corpus data and to monolingual dictionaries, problems include especially part of speech specifications, selection of Czech translation equivalents, lack of examples demonstrating the pragmatic function of the interjections, or insufficient metalanguage comments. The example of the dictionary entry of the lemma ach shows which steps and decisions must be made by the lexicographical work. At the end, concrete solutions for the lexicographical treatment of interjections are proposed, such as the exact classification of the respective meanings, metalanguage comments on these meanings, necessary attention to the prosodic and syntactic properties, and dialogical examples.

The present diploma thesis examines the English translation equivalents of Czech expressions containing the postfix -pak. This postfix occurs in pronouns, pronominal adverbs, particles and interjections. It is employed as an element of the 'third syntactical plan' (Poldauf, 1963), i.e. the repertory of linguistic means which relate an utterance to the individual, expressing his concern with the content of an utterance, his stance towards its content or form. The thesis identifies and describes the English means equivalent to the postfix and uses them as markers of individual discourse functions fulfilled by the -pak expressions, thereby specifying the description of these Czech expressions. Attention is also given to the conversion of -pak expressions as well as their occurrence in idiomatic constructions. The major functions include expressing epistemic modality, voicing appeal, establishing/maintaining contact, and emotional expressivity.

Discourse pervades all areas of human activity. Beyond the use of verbal communication, discourse also extends to non-verbal elements such as body language, facial expressions, intonation and laughter. Despite the wide range of studies that examine the structures and nature of political discourse, very few have looked at the ways in which politicians use non-verbal elements and, in particular, laughter as part of their discourse strategies. This study looks at the use of laughter in the German Bundestag by analysing 16,000 observations of laughter taken from the transcripts of 847 plenary sessions spanning four electoral terms. The study finds that laughter can be used by politicians as a non-verbal means of expressing opinion and making a statement without breaking the stringent rules of conduct. The use of laughter in parliament can provide information on party alliances, both current and traditional, as well as the general ‘mood’ of the electoral period. Due to the changing nature of political debates and the increasing rejection of ‘traditional’ means of doing politics, fascinating changes are taking place in the political landscape.:1 Introduction 2 Discourse analysis 2.1 Political discourse analysis 2.2 Parliamentary debates 2.2.1 According to Klein 2.2.2 Parliamentary discourse as monologue, dialogue or trialogue? 2.2.3 Interjections as parliamentary discourse 2.3 Non-verbal communication 3 Humour 3.1 Humour in politics 3.2 The study of humour in politics 4 Background 4.1 The German Bundestag 4.2 Stenographic reports 4.2.1 Written or spoken language? 4.2.2 The difference between Lachen and Heiterkeit 4.3 Electoral term specifics 5 Data 5.1 Hypotheses 5.2 Description of the analysis 6 Results 7 Discussion 7.1 Reflections 7.2 Outlook 8 Conclusion References

Using interaction analysis and discourse analysis as a method of data analysis, I take a cultural-historical approach to explore teacher-student and student-student interactions during out-of-classroom science projects. The database is composed of my fieldnotes, videotaped science fieldtrips, and videotaped computer sessions where students worked collaboratively to produce science digital videos, highlighting their experiences during science fieldtrips. This thesis is formed by three studies I conducted with elementary students from a public school in British Columbia, Canada. These three independent and yet interrelated studies have implications for science learning and instruction in general. More specifically, this thesis contributes to the understanding of student-student and teacher-student interactions during collaborative work when they are engaged in science activities that occurred out of the classroom settings, such as fieldtrips and in the computer laboratory.