Selon la théorie de l’auto-détermination, l’autonomie est un besoin universel de base qui, lorsque soutenu, permet aux individus de mieux fonctionner et de vivre plus de bien-être psychologique (p. ex., Deci & Ryan, 2008). Le style parental des parents qui soutiennent l’autonomie de leur enfant est caractérisé par le soutien du fonctionnement autodéterminé de ce dernier. Sa définition traditionnelle inclut des pratiques telles qu’offrir des explications et des choix lors des requêtes, communiquer de l’empathie, et encourager les prises d’initiatives tout en minimisant l’utilisation d’un langage contrôlant (p. ex., Soenens et al., 2007). Les bénéfices d’un style parental qui soutient l’autonomie d’un enfant ont été bien documentés (p. ex., Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1997), toutefois, peu d’études ont été effectuées auprès des bambins. Or, cette thèse visait à enrichir la littérature sur le « parentage » en explorant les pratiques soutenantes qui sont utilisées par des parents de bambins dans un contexte de socialisation (étude 1), ainsi qu’en examinant les facteurs qui peuvent brimer leur mise en pratique (étude 2). La première étude a examiné un grand nombre de pratiques de socialisation que les parents qui favorisent davantage le soutien à l’autonomie (SA) pourraient utiliser plus fréquemment lorsqu’ils font des demandes à leurs bambins. Cette étude nous a permis d’explorer comment les parents manifestent leur SA et si le SA dans ce type de contexte est associé à un plus grand niveau d’internalisation des règles. Des parents (N = 182) de bambins (M âge = 27.08 mois) ont donc été invités à rapporter la fréquence avec laquelle ils utilisent 26 pratiques potentiellement soutenantes lorsqu’ils demandent à leurs bambins de compléter des tâches importantes mais non intéressantes et de rapporter à quel point ils valorisent le SA. Huit pratiques ont été identifiées comme étant soutenantes: quatre façons de communiquer de l’empathie, donner des explications courtes, expliquer pourquoi la tâche est importante, décrire le problème de façon informative et neutre, et mettre en pratique le comportement désiré soi-même. De plus, l’ensemble des huit pratiques corrélait positivement avec le niveau d’internalisation des bambins, suggérant aussi que celles-ci représentent bien le concept du SA. Des études futures pourraient tenter de répliquer ces résultats dans des contextes potentiellement plus chargés ou ébranlants (p. ex., réagir face à des méfaits, avec des enfants souffrant de retard de développement). La deuxième étude a poursuivi l’exploration du concept du SA parental en examinant les facteurs qui influencent la fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies soutenantes dans des contextes de socialisation. Puisque la littérature suggère que le stress parental et le tempérament difficile des bambins (c.-à-d., plus haut niveau d’affectivité négative, plus faible niveau de contrôle volontaire/autorégulation, plus faible niveau de surgency) comme étant des facteurs de risque potentiels, nous avons exploré de quelle façon ces variables étaient associées à la fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies soutenantes. Les buts de l’étude étaient: (1) d’examiner comment le tempérament des bambins et le stress parental influençaient le SA parental, et (2) de vérifier si le stress parental médiait la relation possible entre le tempérament des bambins et le SA parental. Le même échantillon de parents a été utilisé. Les parents ont été invités à répondre à des questions portant sur le tempérament de leur enfant ainsi que sur leur niveau de stress. Les résultats ont démontré qu’un plus grand niveau d’affectivité négative était associé à un plus grand niveau de stress parental, qui à son tour prédisait moins de SA parental. De plus, le stress parental médiait la relation positive entre l’autorégulation du bambin et le SA parental. Des recherches futures pourraient évaluer des interventions ayant pour but d’aider les parents à préserver leur attitude soutenante durant des contextes de socialisation plus difficiles malgré certaines caractéristiques tempéramentales exigeantes des bambins, en plus du stress qu’ils pourraient vivre au quotidien. / According to self-determination theory, psychological autonomy is a basic, universal need that, when supported, enables individuals to function more positively and experience greater psychological well-being (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2008). Parenting that supports the autonomy of a child is classically defined as the parental support for their self-determined functioning and includes practices such as providing rationales and choices for requests, communicating empathy, and encouraging initiatives while using non-controlling language (e.g., Soenens et al., 2007). The benefits of autonomy-supportive parenting have been well-documented (e.g., Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1997) however, few studies to date have been conducted with toddlers. The present thesis thus sought to enrich the parenting literature by exploring what autonomy-supportive parenting practices are used by parents of toddlers in a socialization context (Study 1) and by examining the factors that may hinder their use (Study 2). The first study examined a wide range of socialization practices that parents who favoured AS to a greater extent may use more frequently when making requests to their toddlers. The study allowed us to explore how parents manifest AS towards their toddlers and whether AS in this context is associated with greater rule internalization. Parents (N = 182) of toddlers (M age = 27.08 months) were thus asked to report the frequency at which they used 26 potentially autonomy-supportive practices when asking their toddlers to complete important yet uninteresting activities and the extent to which they valued AS. Eight practices were identified as being autonomy-supportive: four forms of communicating empathy, providing short rationales, explaining why the task is important, giving an informational and neutral description of the problem, and modeling the desired behaviour. The set of eight practices was positively associated with toddlers’ level of internalization, further suggesting that they embodied the concept of AS. Future studies may seek to replicate these findings in more potentially volatile or distressing contexts (e.g., reacting to misdeeds, with children with developmental delays). The second study extended the results further by examining what factors influenced the use of parental AS in socialization contexts. Since the literature points to parental stress and toddler difficult temperament (i.e., higher levels of negative affectivity, lower levels of effortful control, and lower levels of surgency) as possible risk factors, we explored how they related to the frequency of use of autonomy-supportive practices. The goals of the study were: (1) to examine how toddlers’ temperament and parental stress influenced parental AS, and (2) to verify if parental stress played a mediating role in the putative relationship between toddlers’ temperament and parental AS. Using the same sample, parents were asked to answer questions regarding their toddler’s temperament and their own stress levels. The results showed that greater child negative affectivity was associated with greater parental stress, which in turn predicted lower parental AS. Moreover, parental stress partially mediated the positive relationship between child effortful control and parental AS. Future research could investigate possible interventions that aim to help parents preserve their autonomy-supportive stance during challenging socialization contexts, in the face of exacting child temperamental characteristics, and in addition to the stress brought on by daily life.

Despite growing evidence of their prevalence, clinical and subclinical disordered eating behaviors among men continue to be understudied phenomena. When compared to females, predictors of male disordered eating vary across ethnic groups, suggesting cultural influences on disordered eating. Moreover, gay and bisexual men experience pronounced levels of body dissatisfaction, sensitivity to societal body image standards, and subsequent disordered eating when compared to straight men and gay women. This study investigated possible differences in prediction of disordered eating among intersections of male ethnicity and sexuality. We approached this question through a transtheoretical lens that integrated intersectionality and minority stress theories. Archival data from a sample of African American, Latino, and White college men were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. Predictors of emotional and binge eating behaviors differed across ethnicity, in that body dissatisfaction and media internalization for African American and Latino males exhibit the strongest unique associations with emotional and binge eating behaviors, while the strongest unique predictors of emotional and binge eating behaviors among White males are depressive symptoms and low self-esteem. Moreover, African American sexual identity and depressive symptoms interact, as gay or bisexual men report stronger unique associations between depression symptoms and emotional and binge eating. All predictors (i.e., body dissatisfaction, depression symptoms, low self-esteem, media internalization, and sexual minority identity) were unable to explain sufficient variance in over exercise behaviors in African American men. Results suggest ethnicity and sexual orientation are meaningful to the experience of disordered eating in men, and that underlying mechanisms may exhibit differing associative patterns across ethnic identity. Clinicians working with ethnically and sexually diverse male disordered eating populations may use the results to better inform treatment interventions and conceptualization. These findings also support the value of intersectional quantitative methodology and the limits of relying on single-axis identity as a predictive element.

Le mépliement et l'agrégation des protéines sont à l'origine de nombreuses maladies neurodégénératives, dont la maladie de Huntington (HD) et la maladie de Parkinson (PD). Même si l’agrégation de différentes protéines liées à des maladies est bien documentée, on en sait peu sur l'interaction entre les protéines mal repliées et les cellules neuronales, qui leur permettent de se propager et affecter différentes régions du cerveau. L'objectif de ma thèse était de générer des modèles cellulaires rapporteurs de la huntingtine et l’α-synucléine, protéines dont le mauvais repliement et l'agrégation sont à l'origine de HD et PD respectivement, et utiliser ces modèles cellulaires pour étudier les interactions entre les agrégats et des lignées cellulaires de mammifères. Notre but c’était de documenter les propriétés de liaison et d’absorption de ces agrégats par les cellules rapporteuses, et les conséquences de leur internalisation pour les cellules. Deux modèles cellulaires de neuroblastome (SH-SY5Y et Neuro2A) et un modèle de cellules d’ostéoblastome (U2OS) exprimant la protéine fluorescente ChFP ont été générés pour HD. Pour simuler ce qui se passe au sein de neurones réels, des cellules de neuroblastome ont été induites à se différencier. Des différences de fixation, internalisation, nucléation de la protéine endogène et localisation finale des agrégats de polyglutamine internalisés ont été observées entre les cellules différenciées et non différenciées. Des cellules rapporteuses U2OS ont été utilisées pour déterminer les différences d’infectiosité entre des fibres de HttExon1 assemblés en présence ou en l’absence de la protéine de choc thermique constitutivement exprimée chez l'Homme Hsc70. Hsc70 a un effet protecteur car il rend les fibres moins infectieuses pour les cellules de mammifères en culture. Enfin, un modèle cellulaire de neuroblastome (Neuro2A) rapporteur pour PD exprimant l’α-synucléine fusionnée à la protéine ChFP a été utilisé pour déterminer des différences de liaison, pénétration, absorption, nucléation de la protéine endogène et persistance entre deux polymorphismes d’α-synucléine générés par notre équipe. L'hétérogénéité observée dans différents patients souffrant de synucléinopaties pourrait s'expliquer par différents polymorphes d’assemblages protéiques d’α-synucléine présents dans les cerveaux des malades, ce qui doit être pris en compte pour les développements thérapeutiques futurs.Ces modèles cellulaires rapporteurs pour différentes maladies sont un système valable pour l'étude de différents processus cellulaires liés à l'interaction entre les protéines agrégées exogènes et des cellules de mammifères en culture. Nos résultats indiquent un mécanisme commun par lequel les différentes protéines agrégées peuvent interagir avec des cellules en culture: les protéines mal repliées exogènes sont capables de se lier à des membranes cellulaires, les pénétrer, entrer dans l'espace intracellulaire et recruter des protéines endogènes solubles. Même si cela semble être un mécanisme générique pour des protéines infectieuses telles que la α-synucléine ou la huntingtine, des lignées cellulaires avec différents phénotypes montrent différences de vulnérabilité à la présence de protéines agrégées. Ceci suggère la présence de récepteurs spécifiques à la surface de la cellule capables de reconnaître des structures de type amyloïde. D'autres études sont nécessaires pour déterminer la nature de ces récepteurs et si sa modulation pourrait être utile pour contrôler la propagation des ces maladies dans le cerveau. / Protein misfolding and aggregation are at the origin of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s disease (HD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Even if the aggregation of different disease-related proteins is well documented, little is known about the interaction between those misfolded proteins and neuronal cells that allow them to spread and affect several regions of the brain. The objective of my thesis was to generate reporter cellular models of huntingtin and α-synuclein, proteins whose misfolding and aggregation are at the origin of HD and PD respectively, and use these cell models for studying the interactions between misfolded protein aggregates and mammalian cell lines. We aimed to document the binding and uptake properties of those aggregates by reporter cells and the consequences of their internalization for the cells. Two neuroblastoma cell models (SH-SY5Y and Neuro2A) and an osteoblastoma cell model (U2OS) expressing the fluorescent protein ChFP were generated as mammalian reporter cell lines for HD. To mimic what happens in real neurons, neuroblastoma reporter cells were induced to differentiate. Differences in binding, internalization, nucleation of the endogenous protein and final localization of the internalized polyglutamine aggregates were observed between differentiated and undifferentiated cells. U2OS reporter cells were used for determining differences in the infectivity of HttExon1 fibrils assembled in the presence or in the absence of the constitutively expressed heat shock protein Hsc70, suggesting a protective effect of Hsc70, since it renders the fibrils less infectious to mammalian cells. Finally, a neuroblastoma reporter cell model (Neuro2A) of PD expressing α-synuclein fused to the fluorescent and reporter protein ChFP was used to determine the different binding, penetration, uptake, nucleation of the endogenous protein and persistence properties of two α-synuclein polymorphs generated by our team. The heterogeneity observed in different patients suffering from synucleinopathies could be explained due to different α-synuclein assemblies present in diseased brains, what needs to be taken into account for future therapeutic developments. These reporter cellular models for different diseases are a valid system for the study of different cellular processes related with the interaction between exogenous aggregated proteins and mammalian cells in culture. Our results indicate a common mechanism by which different aggregated proteins can interact with cells in culture: exogenous misfolded proteins are able to bind cell membranes, penetrate them, enter the intracellular space and recruit endogenous soluble proteins. Even if this seems to be a generic mechanism for infectious proteins such as α-synuclein or huntingtin, different cell lines or cell phenotypes show distinct vulnerability to the presence of aggregated proteins. This strongly suggests the presence of specific receptors at the surface of the cell able to recognize amyloid-like structures. Further investigations are needed to determine the nature of these receptors and whether their modulation might be helpful for controlling the spread of these diseases within the brain.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_luciana_fajardo_vidigal.pdf: 2051742 bytes, checksum: 6a8b1116a719dd2cb08296dd423fb55e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-18 / The aim of this research was to investigate the knowledge mobilized by those students who have studied Integral, a subject that permeates a major part of the Integral and Differential Calculus (IDC) course and is a source of difficulties for the students. The goal was to analyze the explicit knowledge of those who have studied this concept in a regular IDC course in terms of the integration techniques as well as the meaning and the concept utilization. It has also been researched whether this knowledge reflected operational and structural conceptions in the sense applied by Anna Sfard (1991), whose theory this paper is based on. In her studies, the author postulates that abstract notions are conceivable in two completely different ways: structurally (as objects) and operationally (as processes). As an investigation means, it has been used a questionnaire containing nine questions and applied to two groups of a private school s math course in São Paulo city. One of the groups was constituted by students who have recently studied the notion of Integral, and the other group by students who went through the same studies one year before. In terms of the first group, the conclusion drawn up was that the students have incurred in several kinds of operational calculus mistakes, also the processes involving integral notion showed up but only sometimes, indicating a clear structural conception failure. These characteristics were not observed in the second group. It has been noticed that all researched students apparently had mobilized the structural concept considering they have applied the mathematical object to determine the area of even spaces in the function graph, but when facing those circumstances in which they had to reason to be able to apply the concept as an object they did not have enough assurance in terms of structural conception, and tried to take refuge in the algebra processes / Esta pesquisa buscou investigar os conhecimentos mobilizados por alunos, que estudaram o conceito de Integral, que permeia grande parte da disciplina Cálculo Diferencial e Integral (CDI) e que é fonte de dificuldades para os alunos. Buscouse analisar os conhecimentos explicitados por alunos que estudaram o conceito num curso regular de CDI, tanto no aspecto das técnicas de integração como no significado e na aplicação do conceito. Pesquisou-se, igualmente, se estes conhecimentos refletiam concepções operacionais e estruturais no sentido atribuído por Anna Sfard (1991), que fundamentou teoricamente este estudo. Em seu estudo, a autora postula que noções abstratas podem ser concebidas e duas maneiras fundamentalmente diferentes: estruturalmente (como objeto) e operacionalmente (como processo). Como instrumento de investigação foi utilizado um questionário com nove questões que foi aplicado a dois grupos de alunos do Curso de Matemática de uma instituição particular de São Paulo. Um deles constituídos por alunos que haviam estudado recentemente a noção de Integral e o outro, por estudantes que o fizera há cerca de um ano. Concluiu-se que, no caso do primeiro grupo, os alunos, além de terem apresentado variados tipos de equívocos em cálculos operatórios, os processos que envolvem a noção integral ora manifestam concebidos ora não, concorrendo para o prejuízo da concepção estrutural, o que não ocorreu no segundo grupo. Observou-se que a totalidade dos alunos pesquisados, aparentemente mobilizara a concepção estrutural, uma vez que aplicaram o objeto matemático para determinar a área de regiões planas sob o gráfico de funções, mas quando colocados numa situação particular em que se exigia uma reflexão para o emprego do conceito como objeto, eles não exibiram suficiente segurança em sua concepção estrutural, procurando refúgio em processos algébricos

Na presente pesquisa foram contempladas intersecções entre os discursos de dois pares de gêmeos, seus responsáveis e dois de seus professores sobre os modos desses gêmeos agirem, pensarem e se comportarem no mundo. Procurou-se identificar se a construção das narrativas dos gêmeos sobre os significados que atribuem à vida familiar, à vida escolar, a si próprios e à relação com seu co-gêmeo é permeada pelos discursos e práticas educativas dos pais e professores e se as práticas educativas nas quais os gêmeos se inserem e os discursos que eles escutam a respeito de si próprios podem se configurar como profecias auto-realizadoras. O discurso a respeito dos processos de desenvolvimento humano, especialmente do desenvolvimento de gêmeos, costuma seguir forte tradição determinista. A fim de romper com tradições deterministas forjadas por pressupostos endógenos ou exógenos, utilizou-se referencial teórico bakhtiniano (BAKTHIN, 2003, 2009), da psicologia histórico-cultural de Vygotsky (1984, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004) e de autores que seguem essa linha teórica - como Oliveira (1990, 1993, 1997, 2002), Pino (2000, 2005), Rossetti-Ferreira et al. (2004, 2008, 2010), Smolka (1993, 2002, 2004), Rego (1994, 1996, 1998, 2004) - além de estabelecer debates com autores da sociologia (LAHIRE, 1997, 2002; ELIAS, 1994). O referencial teórico adotado privilegia as relações situadas social e historicamente, as significações que o indivíduo faz de si próprio e de seu mundo e a noção de sujeito discursivo e da importância das narrativas. Esta investigação visa compreender o lugar do outro nas narrativas e nas versões que os gêmeos construíram sobre si. Conhecer as expectativas de importantes agentes do processo educativo e as maneiras de apropriação desses discursos pelos gêmeos pode ajudar a reorientar modos de agir e de educar essa parcela da população. Apesar de a pesquisa ser feita especificamente com gêmeos, sua contribuição se dá também num campo mais amplo, do desenvolvimento em geral. Isso ocorre porque gêmeos são tratados como casos emblemáticos do estudo do desenvolvimento ao evidenciarem o caráter de construção da subjetividade, possibilitando o estudo de questões que acabam sendo postas para todos os indivíduos. Num âmbito maior, a pesquisa possibilita entender como as pessoas constroem versões de si próprias atravessadas pelos discursos que os outros constroem a respeito delas. A análise aponta para a importância de práticas sócio-discursivas dos outros para a constituição das versões que as pessoas fazem sobre si. A conclusão também incide sobre a necessária reflexão, por parte de pais e de professores, a respeito de seus papéis como mediadores entre seus filhos/alunos e o mundo cultural e simbólico que eles vivem, uma vez que as práticas discursivas e educativas utilizadas por eles são internalizadas por seus filhos/alunos. Constata-se, também, que os gêmeos fazem uma atualização dos lugares e dos significados sociais estabelecidos pelos pais e professores sobre seus modos de ser, de agir e de pensar e que as práticas sócio-discursivas podem, portanto, se configurar, muitas vezes, como fortes circunscritores dos processos de desenvolvimento desses jovens. / In the present study were covered intersections between discourses of two pairs of twins, their parents and two of their teachers about the ways these twins act, think and behave in the world. We sought to identify whether the construction of narratives of the twins on the meanings they attach to family life, school life, themselves and the relationship with their cotwin is permeated by the discourses and educational practices of parents and teachers and practices education in which the twins are in and the discourses they hear about themselves can be configured as self-fulfilling prophecies. Speaking about the processes of human development and especially the twin development typically follows a strong tradition of determinism. In order to break with tradition forged by deterministic assumptions endogenous or exogenous, we used theoretical Bakhtinian (BAKTHIN, 2003, 2009) and cultural-historical psychology of Vygotsky (1984, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004) and authors who follow this theoretical line, as Oliveira (1990, 1993, 1997, 2002), Pino (2000, 2005), Rossetti-Ferreira et al. (2004, 2008, 2010), Smolka (1993, 2002, 2004), Rego (1994, 1996, 1998, 2004) and to establish discussions with authors in sociology (LAHIRE, 1997, 2002; ELIAS, 1994) theoretical framework capable of focusing on links situated socially and historically, the meanings that the individual makes of himself and his world and the notion of subject and the importance of discursive narratives. This research aims to understand the other\'s place in the narratives and versions built on the twins themselves. Knowing the expectations of important stakeholders in the educational process and ways of appropriation of these discourses by the twins can help to reorient ways and to educate this segment of the population. Although the research was done specifically with twins, its contribution is made also in a broader field of development in general. This is because twins are treated as emblematic cases of the development study which show the character of subjectivity construction, allowing the study of questions that are put to all individuals. On a wider scale, the research allows to understand how people construct versions of themselves traversed by the speeches that others built about them. The analysis points to the importance of socio-discursive practices of others to the formation of the versions that people have about themselves. The conclusion also relates to the necessary reflection of parents and teachers about their roles as mediators between their children / students and the cultural and symbolic world that they live, as the discursive practices and practices used by them are internalized by their children / students. There is relevant that the twins make an update of the \"places\" and social meanings established by parents and teachers about their ways of being, acting and thinking and that the sociodiscursive practices can therefore be set often as strong constraints of development processes of these young people.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-08-23T14:21:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Aparecida Pedrosa dos Santos.pdf: 1808232 bytes, checksum: 9e374f7b8e348ba9f488e574e1da67d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T14:21:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Aparecida Pedrosa dos Santos.pdf: 1808232 bytes, checksum: 9e374f7b8e348ba9f488e574e1da67d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This is a case study with a qualitative approach, whose phenomenon is the participation of two (02) programs, the Program of Valorization of the Professional of Basic Attention (PROVAB) and the More Doctors Program (MDP) as Public Health Policies (PHP) focused on medical training for the Primary Health Care (PHC), starting from a ¿paulista¿ context. It aims to analyze the experience and understandings of physicians, management professionals, and Resident Medical (RM) participants about PROVAB and MDP, and to identify the effectiveness of these programs as policy tools for medical training. PROVAB was implemented in 2012 and the MDP in 2013, being the most recent devices for the provision and medical training for the PHC in Brazil, considered the gateway to SUS. Data were collected through semi-structured recorded interviews being later transcribed and applied to 31 key informants (physicians, management professionals, and Medical Residents) involved with PROVAB and MDP, PHC and Medical Education. To provide theoretical support, the databases obtained in consultation with the VHL through LILACS, SCIELO and MEDLINE, as well as books, journalistic informations and theses, among others, were used as a bibliographic research resource. It is worth noting that despite the MDP being implemented in 2013, PROVAB had not been extinguished, and both Programs coexisted in parallel until the beginning of 2015, when the Ministry of Health joined PROVAB to MDP, so that the form of access from here on has become the same. However, the physician with professional registration in Brazil can choose whether or not to obtain the additional 10% points of the RM test if he or she stays for a period of one year working in the family health strategy (FHS) in regions prioritized by the MDP. For the analysis of the data the techniques of Bardin Content Analysis and Data Based Theory were used demonstrating with the messages of the subjects that the implementation of these programs enables the improvement of PHC, and is currently the PHP that understands and favors the medical training directed to work in this primary level of health. / Trata-se de um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa, cujo fenômeno é a participação de dois (02) programas, o Programa de Valorização do Profissional da Atenção Básica (PROVAB) e o Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) como Políticas Públicas de Saúde (PPS) voltadas à formação médica para a Assistência Primária da Saúde (APS), a partir de um contexto paulista. Tem como objetivo analisar a experiência e entendimentos de médicos, profissionais de gestão, e participantes de Residência Médica (RM) sobre o PROVAB e PMM, e identificar a efetividade desses programas como ferramentas de políticas de formação médica. O PROVAB foi implantado em 2012 e o PMM em 2013, sendo os mais recentes dispositivos destinados ao provimento e formação médica para a APS no Brasil, considerada a porta de entrada para o SUS. A coleta dos dados foi realizada através de entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas e posteriormente transcritas, aplicadas a 32 informantes chaves (médicos, profissionais da gestão, e integrantes de RM) envolvidos com o PROVAB e PMMB, APS e Educação Médica. Para dar sustentação teórica, as bases de dados obtidas em consulta na BVS através do LILACS, SCIELO e MEDLINE, além de livros, informações jornalísticas e teses dentre outras, foram utilizadas como recurso de pesquisa bibliográfica. Vale observar que, apesar do PMM ter sido implantado em 2013, o PROVAB não havia sido extinto, e ambos os Programas coexistiram paralelamente até o princípio do ano de 2015, quando o Ministério da Saúde, integrou o PROVAB ao PMM, de modo que a forma de entrada a partir dai tornou-se única, mas o médico com registro profissional no Brasil pode optar se quer ou não obter a pontuação adicional de 10% da prova de RM, caso permaneça por um período de um ano atuando na ESF nas regiões prioritárias definidas pelo PMM. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizadas as técnicas de Análise do Conteúdo de Bardin e Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, demonstrando com as mensagens dos sujeitos que a implementação desses programas viabiliza a melhoria da APS, e atualmente é a PPS que entende e favorece a formação médica direcionada para atuar nesse nível primário de saúde.

Offentliga organisationer implementerar nya arbetssätt i allt högre utsträckning. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att förstå hur individens inneboende motivation påverkas av företagets samhällsansvar, CSR (Corporate social responsibility). För att uppnå syftet studeras den statliga myndigheten Trafikverket. Examensarbetet utgår från en hermeneutisk kunskapssyn där en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi används för att tolka vilka faktorer som påverkar individens inneboende motivation inom organisationen. Två urvalsgrupper intervjuas där en av urvalsgrupperna har en starkare relation till CSR i form av CSR-verktyget SUNRA. Dataanalysen utförs med inslag från grundad teori. Examensarbetet kommer fram till att ett samband mellan inneboende motivation och CSR inte kan fastslås, vilket delvis motsäger den tidigare forskningen. Resultaten antas bero på att individernas internalisering av SUNRA som arbetssätt inte har fullbordats. Tolkningen görs att individerna använder SUNRA, eftersom det ingår i deras arbetsroll och som en följd av självpålagd press. Dessutom visar examensarbetets resultat att individerna tenderar att hålla isär sitt arbete och privatliv. Trots detta antyder examensarbetet att det finns utrymme för inneboende motivation på Trafikverket om förbättringsåtgärder vidtas för att höja individens upplevda kompetens och autonomi inom organisationen. / Public sector organizations increasingly implement working processes such as corporate social responsibility (CSR). The aim of this study is to understand how intrinsic motivation is affected by this specific working process. To achieve this aim, this thesis studies Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket). A hermeneutic approach is used to interpret which factors affect the intrinsic motivation of individuals. Two sample groups are interviewed, where one of the groups has a stronger connection to CSR through the use of the CSR-tool SUNRA. The data is analysed with elements from grounded theory. Previous literature states that intrinsic motivation and CSR are related, but the results of the thesis cannot confirm such a relation. The results are assumed to be affected by the individuals’ failed internalization of SUNRA. The results indicate that the individuals use SUNRA because it is a part of their work role and as a result of self-imposed pressure. Furthermore, the individuals seem to distinguish between work and personal life. It is shown that the possibilities to be driven by intrinsic motivation is decent at the Swedish Transport Administration. However, it is suggested that improvement actions are necessary in order to increase perceived autonomy and competence.

Lo studio 1 indaga l’autocategorizzazione dell’identità religiosa in diverse culture, analizzando le differenze tra livello individuale e sociale e tra identità religiosa centrale e periferica, mettendo così in discussione la distinzione tra orientamento religioso intrinseco e estrinseco (Allport & Ross, 1967). I risultati indicano che l’identità religiosa viene categorizzata a un livello sociale dai partecipanti europei e a un livello individuale dai partecipanti non occidentali e che entrambi i livelli sono centrali nell’identità personale. Lo studio 2 esamina gli antecedenti familiari e di gruppo dell’internalizzazione religiosa (Ryan, Rigby, & King, 1993; Assor, 2012). I risultati indicano che la promozione dell’autonomia e la testimonianza di fede data dai genitori predicono l’identificazione religiosa dei figli, mentre l’introiezione viene predetta dall’affetto condizionato dei genitori; i leader religiosi e il gruppo religioso hanno anch’essi un’influenza sull’internalizzazione religiosa. Lo studio 3 indaga la relazione tra internalizzazione religiosa e pregiudizio verso i musulmani, analizzando il ruolo di mediazione dei valori. I risultati indicano che l’identità religiosa identificata è associata a livelli più bassi di pregiudizio rispetto all’identità religiosa introiettata; i valori prosociali mediano la relazione tra identificazione e pregiudizio, mentre i valori di conformismo mediano la relazione tra introiezione e pregiudizio. / Study1 investigated the self-categorization of religious identity in different cultures, analyzing the difference between an individual and a social level and between a central versus a peripheral religious identity, thus questioning the distinction between and intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation (Allport & Ross, 1967). Results indicated that religious identity is mainly categorized at a social level by European respondents and at an individual level by nonwestern respondents, and that both levels are central in personal identity. Study 2 addressed the familiar and group antecedents of religious internalization (Ryan, Rigby, & King, 1993; Assor, 2012). Findings showed that parental autonomy support and intrinsic value demonstration predicted children religious identification, whereas conditional regard predicted introjection; religious leaders and groups also influenced religious internalization. Study 3 investigated the relationship between religious internalization and prejudice towards Muslims, analyzing the mediating role of values. Results indicated that identificated religious identity is associated with lower levels of prejudice than introjected religious identity; prosocial values mediated between identification and prejudice, whereas conformity values mediated between introjection and prejudice.

本研究針對2007年至2011年的非金融產業之上市櫃公司，分析股權結構、公司特性是否為公司內部監察人設置比率及是否設置外部監察人之影響因素，並進一步探討公司監察人內部化比率與外部監察人之存在對公司之經營績效、盈餘品質及財務報導強制重編次數的影響。 實證結果顯示，若公司型態為電子公司、家族企業或集團企業、公司之企業規模、內部人持股比率越大，則該公司內部監察人席次比率越高，且不傾向設置外部監察人。而就公司監察人內部化對公司之經營績效及財務報導品質的影響，實證結果顯示，監察人內部化比率越高之公司，其公司經營績效越差，且被要求強制重編財務報表的次數也較多。但只要存在一位外部監察人，即有助於改善公司之經營績效並降低公司被要求強制重編財務報表的可能性。惟本研究並未發現監察人內部化比率或外部監察人之存在與公司盈餘品質間存在顯著關係。 整體而言，本研究之實證結果顯示公司監察人內部化將使法制上監察人制度所應有之公司治理機能無法發揮，無法提升公司經營績效及財務報導品質。故為讓公司監察人能發揮其制度上應有之功能，公司之監察人，宜由外部人擔任。 / Based on a sample of listed non-financial companies over the period of 2007 to 2011 in Taiwan, this study first investigates the impact of ownership structure and firm characteristics on the internalization of supervisors. A step further, this study examines the effect of internalization of supervisors on firm performance, earnings quality and the frequency of restatement of financial reports. The empirical evidence shows that firms operate in electronic industries, or belong to business groups or owned by families, or with greater shares held by insiders or with larger firm size, are significantly and positively (negatively) associated with the internalization of supervisors (the presence of outside supervisors). The study also finds that firms with higher degree of internalization of supervisors are associated with poorer performance and higher frequency of restating their financial reports. On contrary, we find that firms with at least one outside supervisor are associated with better performance and lower frequency of restating financial reports. However, this study fails to report any association between the internalization of supervisors (or the presence of outside supervisors) and earnings quality measured by accruals. Based on the findings, this study therefore suggests that firms should appoint outsiders to be supervisors in order to better serve the function of the institution of supervisors.

This thesis provides a study of an open source software project that focuses on the software development of an e-service in a municipal context. The focus is on environmental factors that either limit or promote the motivation to participate in the open source project, the "Parent-Teacher Meeting" project, a web-based communication and information channel whose purpose is to enhance the contacts between schools and parents. The empirical context is situated at the point where traditional information systems (IS) development meets new perspectives regarding organizational structures and boundaries and, as such, provides example of ongoing cross-organizational activities that break current local organizational standards. The objective of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of motivational factors for participation and adopts a sociocultural view on the topic motivation to participate. The empirical material was collected through interviews, conversations, and meetings. Being a subproject (i.e. an initiative to develop an open source software application) within a triple helix project I found an extensive number of stakeholders. The choice was made to focus on the application development; thereby a central group of participants within the development project team was found and these became the focus within the study. Moreover, I have, in this thesis, chosen to conduct a contextual description of the participants and the course of events that lead to the start of the project of study. This has been done so as to present the context, which is the focus for this study, to the reader and to be able to use these descriptions within the analysis. I have, methodologically, approached the problem from a descriptive angle with an interpretative character using a qualitative case study design. Within the thesis, the means by which the case study has been conducted is presented; i.e. the decision regarding research focus, design, and my role as researcher. In relation to the data collection, the main source has been semi-structured interviews, which is consistent with an interpretive case study character and in which my intent is to highlight conditions and events that are important to both groups within the development team. To support the investigation of those factors that can explain and assist with the interpretation of my empirical data, my description and interpretations are built on a theoretical framework based on concepts from IS theories and theories relating to human motivation. The framework, self-determination theory (SDT), is used as a lens to direct the focus onto the situated conditions that influence how individuals experience their participation within the software development project. Given the theoretical basis of an analytical comparison of ideal types of software development constructs, together with influences from motivational theories, the analytical framework used for collecting occurrences of motivational behavior and sociocultural conditions has been constructed. After the findings and my interpretation of them with the assistance of my analytical framework have been presented, a discussion and conclusions are then detailed. The conclusions of the study are argued as being relevant as an explanation for the understanding of intrinsic and internalized extrinsic motivation to participate in a hybrid open source projects. The study contributes to our understanding of some of the challenges that are to be considered when putting together and managing systems or software development processes. In this way, the study may provide some basis for improving and meeting new demands regarding how development is adopted in a mixed scenario and this provides valuable knowledge to both practice and IS research. / Grunden för denna avhandling är en studie av ett öppen källkodsutvecklingsprojekt av en kommunal e-tjänst. Fokus ligger på ett sociokulturellt perspektiv på kontextuella faktorer vilka endera hindrar eller främjar motivation för deltagande. Öppen källkodsprojektet ”Föräldramötet” är en webbaserad kommunikations- och informationskanal vars syfte är att öka och förbättra kontakten mellan hem och skola. Denna empiriska kontext är situerad i en punkt där traditionell IS-utveckling möter nya perspektiv på organisationsstrukturer och gränser samt därigenom ger exempel på pågående tvärorganisatoriska aktiviteter vilka bryter mot nuvarande interna organisationsstandarder. Målet för denna studie är att nå en djupare förståelse för deltagandets motivationsfaktorer och anammar ett sociokulturellt perspektiv på ämnet deltagandemotivation. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom intervjuer, konversationer samt möten. Då Föräldramötetprojektet är ett underprojekt i ett trippelhelixsammanhang visade det sig initialt finnas ett stort antal intressenter. Det gjordes ett val att fokusera på applikationsutvecklingen; genom vilket en central grupp av deltagare inom utvecklingsprojektet identifierades vilka kom att komma i fokus för denna studie. Vidare har jag i denna avhandling valt att göra en kontextuell beskrivning av deltagarna och den händelsekedja som lett fram till bildandet av det studerade projektet. Detta gjordes för att i enlighet med denna studies fokus belysa sammanhanget för läsaren samt för att använda den inom min analys. Jag har närmat mig problemet från en deskriptiv synvinkel med en tolkande karaktär användande mig av en kvalitativ fallstudiemetod. Inom avhandlingen beskrivs tillvägagångssättet för fallstudiens utförande, t.ex. hur beslut fattats angående forskningsfokus, fallstudiedesign och vad min roll som forskare inneburit. I relation till datainsamlingen, har den huvudsakliga källan varit halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Dessa har varit i konsekvens med en uttolkande fallstudiemetod och har i enlighet med min avsikt utformats för att belysa villkor och händelser som har varit betydande för bägge grupperingarna inom projektgruppen. För att stödja undersökningen av de faktorer som kan förklara och hjälpa med tolkningen av mina empiriska data, har jag byggt mina beskrivningar och tolkningar på ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på koncept från IS-teorier och teorier relaterade till mänsklig motivation. Det teoretiska ramverket ”self-determination theory” (SDT), används som en lins för att rikta brännpunkten mot de villkor som styr hur individer upplever deras deltagande inom det studerade mjukvaruutvecklingsprojektet. Givet den teoretiska bas, som bygger på analytisk karaktärisering av idealtyper av mjukvaruutvecklingsmodeller sammantaget med influenser från motivationsteorier, har ett analytiskt ramverk, för att inhämta instanser av motiverat beteende och sociokulturella villkor, utvecklats. Efter att ha redogjort för upptäckterna och mina tolkningar av dem, med hjälp av mitt analytiska ramverk, presenteras en detaljerad diskussion med slutsatser. Jag argumenterar för att dessa slutsatser är relevanta som en förklaring för förståelsen av inre samt internaliserad yttre motivation för deltagande inom detta öppen källkodsprojekt av hybridnatur. Studien bidrar till vår förståelse för vissa av de utmaningar som måste beaktas när man ska hantera system eller utvecklingsprocesser. På detta sätt kan studien bidra med en bas för att förbättra och möta nya krav på hur utveckling bedrivs i blandade miljöer och även med kunskap för både praktik och IS-forskning. / PECOI