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nÃo hà / A traduÃÃo juramentada mostrou-se presente no Brasil desde o perÃodo colonial, mantendo estreita relaÃÃo com a interpretaÃÃo de lÃnguas orais, como aponta Wyler (2003). A partir dos anos 1950, a interpretaÃÃo passou a ser objeto de estudos e pesquisas na Ãrea de LinguÃstica e, posteriormente, de Estudos da TraduÃÃo. Para categorizar essa atividade, autores como Mikkelson (1999), Pagura (2002) e PÃchhacker (2004) lanÃam mÃo de diferentes critÃrios, tais como os contextos em que a interpretaÃÃo à realizada e o modo de trabalho a que recorrem os profissionais da Ãrea. Com base nessas premissas, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo delinear o perfil da formaÃÃo em interpretaÃÃo dos Tradutores PÃblicos e IntÃrpretes Comerciais (TPIC) no Estado do CearÃ, de modo a constatar possÃveis lacunas nesse campo e por que motivos ocorreriam. Para atingir este objetivo, primeiramente foi traÃado um breve panorama histÃrico do ofÃcio de TPIC no Brasil, seguido de um relato sobre as alteraÃÃes na legislaÃÃo referente à atuaÃÃo dos profissionais dessa Ãrea no paÃs. Para realizar o levantamento dos dados, foram aplicados questionÃrios on-line aos TPICs do Estado do Cearà com perguntas referentes especificamente à sua atuaÃÃo como intÃrpretes e à sua possÃvel formaÃÃo na Ãrea de interpretaÃÃo (consecutiva, simultÃnea, sussurrada etc.). Houve uma alta taxa de resposta, correspondendo a 62,26% dos respondentes. Mediante a anÃlise e a avaliaÃÃo dos dados obtidos, foi possÃvel observar, entre outros aspectos, que a maior parte dos TPICs do Cearà nÃo possuem formaÃÃo em intepretaÃÃo, correspondendo a 81,8% dos respondentes; 75,8% afirmaram jà ter exercido a funÃÃo de intÃrprete em uma das modalidades mencionadas anteriormente; e 51,5% julga a formaÃÃo na Ãrea relevante para o exercÃcio da profissÃo. Com relaÃÃo Ãs respostas dos informantes que responderam Ãs consideraÃÃes especÃficas, 12% indicaram falta de treinamento/formaÃÃo dos TPICs e 37% ressaltaram a necessidade de treinamento/formaÃÃo para esses profissionais. Duas formas de sanar essa situaÃÃo consistiriam na mudanÃa da estrutura das provas orais, que completassem as modalidades de interpretaÃÃo utilizadas pelo intÃrprete em sua prÃtica profissional, bem como na promoÃÃo de cursos voltados para este pÃblico alvo, promovidos por universidades pÃblicas ou pela prÃpria Junta Comercial. / Sworn translation was present in Brazil since the colonial period, keeping close relations with interpreting of oral languages, as Wyler (2003) points out. From the 1950s on, interpreting started to be the object of studies and research in the field of Linguistics and subsequently Translation Studies. In order to categorize this activity, authors such as Mikkelson (1999), Pagura (2002) and PÃchhacker (2004) made use of different criteria, for instance, the contexts in which interpreting is accomplished and the working mode the professionals in this area resort to. In light of this context, the present work aims at delineating the profile regarding the qualification in interpreting of the sworn translators in the state of CearÃ, as a way to determine deficiencies, if there are any, and for what reasons they would exist. In order to achieve this goal, a historical panorama of the profession in Brazil was outlined, followed by a report about the alterations in the legislation referring to the practice of the professionals from this area in the country. To accomplish the collecting of data, online questionnaires were applied with the translators with questions specifically related to their work as interpreters and to their qualification in the area of interpreting (consecutive, simultaneous, chuchotage, etc.). There was a high rate of answers, corresponding to 62,26% of the sworn translators in the state. The analysis and evaluation of the obtained data enabled to observe, among other aspects, that most of the sworn translators in Cearà do not have a professional training in interpreting, corresponding to 81,8% of the answers; 75,8% declared having already worked as an interpreter using one of the working modes previously mentioned; and 51,5% considers the qualification in the area a relevant factor to exercise the profession. When it comes to the answers of the interviewed translators who left additional comments at the questionnaire, 12% highlighted the lack of training/qualification of the sworn translators and 37% emphasized the necessity of training/qualification for these professionals. Two ways of improving this condition would consist in changing the structure of the oral exams, so that they would comprise the working modes used by interpreters in their professional practice and promoting courses directed to this target-audience, promoted by public universities or by the Commercial Board of Cearà itself.

Considerando a pouca quantidade de dados e o tempo limitado para a preparação do intérprete de conferência, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor uma metodologia para a elaboração de glossários bilíngues, inglês/português, voltados às necessidades de preparação deste profissional, no modo de Interpretação Simultânea, utilizando as ferramentas da Linguística de Corpus. Apesar do crescente número de publicações sobre Estudos de Interpretação, ainda não existe uma extensa bibliografia, em português, que apresente material de suporte para a preparação do intérprete. O modelo de glossário proposto tem como objetivo incluir não apenas termos técnicos e acrônimos, mas também colocados de termos, nomes próprios e paráfrases, e até mesmo pronúncia, quando relevante, pois o acesso a tais informações não somente permite que a Interpretação siga as normas da convencionalidade da língua de chegada, como também poupa o intérprete de depender tanto de um conhecimento intuitivo da língua, reduzindo, dessa forma, a carga cognitiva. Devido ao pouco tempo para a preparação do intérprete, é impraticável fazer uma leitura detalhada de grande quantidade de material de estudo. A Linguística de Corpus, por permitir o estudo de grandes coletâneas de textos e possibilitar a análise dos padrões de linguagem em textos naturais, foi utilizada na elaboração dos glossários. A metodologia descreve a elaboração de glossários para quatro trabalhos com tópicos distintos, sendo que os corpora coletados têm como base as informações enviadas pelo contratante do serviço, biografias de palestrantes, resumos de palestras e outros documentos relacionados aos eventos. Os corpora foram explorados com o programa WordSmith Tools, e, ao final, os glossários foram avaliados em relação a sua eficácia para o evento de Interpretação estudado, tendo como base a transcrição das palestras proferidas. / Given the lack of data and the limited time available for the preparation of Conference Interpreters, this research aims to propose a methodology for the preparation of English/Portuguese bilingual glossaries, based on the preparation needs of professionals in the simultaneous interpreting mode, using Corpus Linguistics tools. In spite of the growing number of publications on Interpreting Studies, there is still no extensive bibliography in Portuguese that can provide support material for the preparation of interpreters. The proposed glossary model aims to include not only technical terms and acronyms, but also collocates of terms, proper names and paraphrases, including their correct pronunciation, whenever relevant. By having access to this information, Interpreters can follow the norms of language use of the target text, while depending less on their intuitive knowledge of the language, thus reducing the cognitive load. Interpreters have little time to prepare and, therefore, are unable to read large quantities of studying material. Corpus Linguistics enables the analysis of a large number of documents and language patterns in natural texts, which makes it very useful for the preparation of glossaries. The methodology describes the preparation of glossaries on four different topics and the collected corpora were based on information sent by the parties contracting Interpreting services, such as speakers biographies, lecture summaries and other documents related to the events. The corpora were explored with WordSmith Tools software and assessed with regard to their efficacy for the Interpreting event studied, based on the transcription of the lectures given.

Thesis (M.A. (African languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The aim of this study was to investigate the problems encountered by translators when translating medical terms from English into Tshivenda. It has been revealed in this study that the major problem that the translators are confronted with is lack of terminology in the specialized field such as Health. This problem is caused by the fact that different languages entail a variety of culture. The study revealed that most translators and lexicographers resort to transliteration and borrowing when confronted with zero-equivalence. They regard transliteration and borrowing as the quickest possible strategies. The study discovered that transliteration should not be opted as an alternative strategy to deal with zero-equivalence as users will be led to a state of confusion. The study revealed that communicative translation is regarded as the most fruitful method of translation as it conveys the exact message of the original in a best possible manner. Both the source and the target users get the same message. KEY CONCEPTS Translation, Culture, Source Language (SL), Target Language (TL), Translation equivalence and Zero-equivalence.

Thesis (M.A. (Translation Studies and Linguistics )) -- University of Limpopo, 2012 / Refer to the document

Thesis (M.A. (Translation and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2008 / Refer to the document

What are the difficulties involved in transferring a work of literature from one language to another, and what contributions might an analysis of the translation of a literary work make to the field of translation studies? These questions are explored in this thesis through the exploration of translation theories in general, and the analysis of one particular case with consideration of the theoretical implications it presents. The case study involves the comparison of the novel Gouverneurs de la rosee, written in 1944 by Haitian author Jacques Roumain, with Masters of the Dew, the translation by Mercer Cook and Langston Hughes which was published in 194 7. This novel and its translation were chosen because of the additional layer of complexities presented by the original text's portrayal of the Haitian culture and the attempt by the translator to render it accessible to the target audience, which was America in the 1940's. As an introduction, the importance and the complexities of translation are highlighted: an examination of the possibilities and shortcomings of . machine translation provides ample evidence of both. Chapter II outlines a brief history of the practice known as translation including its origins and evolution, as well as an overview of some of the controversy surrounding translation theory. In Chapter III the lives and works of the author and translator, Jacques Roumain and Langston Hughes, are presented in order to show that, in spite of their significantly different cultures and upbringings, the two men developed similar political and social views. This gave each an especially keen understanding of the beauty and importance of the other's work, and thus a similar theoretical standpoint. It is shown that, for these reasons, Langston Hughes was exceptionally well qualified to translate the extraordinary work of Jacques Roumain. Jacques Roumain's Gouverneurs de la rosee is a principal work of Haitian literature in that - in words and spirit - it embodies the Haitian experience. For this reason, it provides an especially interesting subject for the study of translation. In order to better appreciate the scope of the task undertaken by Hughes and Cook, an overview of the origins and features of Gouverneurs de la rosee is presented in Chapter IV: the plot, images and messages of the novel are outlined, and the techniques used by Roumain to create its distinctly Haitian "flavor" are highlighted. The social significance of the work is considered, an appreciation of which is essential to accurately assess the success of its translation. Chapters V and VI examine the similarities and dissimilarities between Roumain's novel and Hughes' and Cook's translation. In Chapter V, the emphasis is on the form and structure of the texts (i.e. narrative style, syntax, foreign words, etc.), whereas in Chapter VI, the focus is on poetic language (i.e. metaphors, alliterations, and rhythms). In both chapters, the effects of the choices made by the translators are analyzed. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding the lessons to be learned from this case in particular which might be applied to the art of translation in general.

Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / This study is a comparative analysis of two English monolingual dictionaries and two Northern Sotho – English bilingual dictionaries, namely Concise Oxford English Dictionary(2006), Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2006), Pharos Popular Northern Sotho Dictionary (1995) and Sesotho Sa Leboa – English Pukuntšu Dictionary (2006). The above four dictionaries are compared in terms of cross – referencing, pronunciation and parts of speech. The microstructure of certain dictionaries does not address most problems that dictionary users have. It is in the microstructure, where dictionary users learn that certain lemmata are synonymous, polysemous in sense, antonyms or that a lemma has two alternative spellings, and that both spelling are acceptable. This is done through cross –referencing. Dictionary users need to be guided on how lemmata are pronounced, otherwise the meaning of lemmata become distorted. The other problem which the microstructure has to deal with, is to indicate the type of parts of speech lemmata are. This research is an attempt to make lexicographers aware of the importance of including the above aspects in the microstructure of their dictionaries.

Thesis (MA. (Translation Studies and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2012 / A critical analysis of The Treatment of Technological and Scientific terms in Xitsonga Bilingual Dictionaries has revealed that the role of equivalence in translation cannot be taken for granted. In the study, various types of translation equivalence problems are examined. Different strategies and procedures for dealing with non-equivalence are also discussed. The study investigates the problems encountered; the impact of transliteration when dealing with the translation of technological and scientific terms in Xitsonga bilingual dictionaries and how lexical engineering contributes towards language change; language shift; language evolution and sometimes language death. This study also reveals that technological terms should be translated by a descriptive term.

Orientador: Sandra Mari Kaneko-Marques / Banca: Ana Cristina Biondo Salomão / Banca: Daniela Nogueira de Moraes Garcia / Resumo: Considerando o cenário atual de ensino e aprendizagem de inglês como língua estrangeira, nota-se que dentre os muitos métodos de ensino e livros didáticos especializados poucos apresentam a tradução como um recurso para favorecer a aprendizagem de uma língua-alvo. Essa escassez é, possivelmente, decorrente da prática adotada por abordagens de ensino tradicionais, como a Gramática e Tradução, que partia da visão pouco condizente com as abordagens atuais de que haveria equivalência entre línguas diferentes e que tinha o uso da tradução de palavras e frases descontextualizadas como exercício mais frequente, além do trabalho com glossários e listas de palavras a serem decoradas (SOUZA CORRÊA, 2014, p. 54). Sendo assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar e verificar os tipos de tradução observados em uma sala de aula no ensino de inglês, buscando analisar se e como a tradução pedagógica, concebendo-a como o uso de atividades e exercícios que envolvem tradução, é desenvolvida nesse ambiente. Além disso, pretende-se verificar quais as visões de alunos e do professor sobre tradução no ensino e na aprendizagem de línguas. A pesquisa foi realizada no Centro de Ensino de Línguas da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Araraquara (CEL/FCLAr), projeto de extensão em que tutores-bolsistas, ou seja, professores em formação inicial, ministram aulas de línguas estrangeiras para a comunidade. Com este estudo, buscamos discutir as opiniões de alunos e da tutora-bolsista sobre o uso da trad... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Considering the current scenario of teaching and learning of foreign languages, there are many teaching methods and specialized textbooks for teaching English, as a foreign language, but few present translation as a resource to teach the target language. This lack is possibly due to the practice adopted by traditional teaching approaches such as Grammar and Translation, which started from the view that there would be equivalence between different languages and decontextualized words and phrases were translated more frequently as an exercise, besides working with glossaries and lists of words to be memorized (CORRÊA, 2014, 54). Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze if and how the types of translation is developed in an English classroom and to verify the visions of the students and the teacher about translation in the teaching and learning of languages. The research was carried out at the Language Teaching Center of the Faculty of Sciences and Letters of Araraquara (CEL/FCLAr), a community engagement project in which future teachers, in initial formation, teach classes of foreign languages to the community. With this study, we sought to discuss the opinions of students and teacher on the use of translation in the classroom, collected through semi-structured questionnaires and interviews recorded in audio. Through the questionnaire, it was possible to verify the students' views regarding the use of the translation. The students recognize the use of translation to solve dou... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre