Au cours des vingt dernières années, les facettes céramiques sont devenues une solution esthétique très répandue en raison de leur conception de préparation peu invasive, de leurs propriétés biocompatibles, de leur similitude avec la couleur naturelle des dents, ainsi que de leur translucidité et de leur résistance mécanique aux forces occlusales et à l’usure [1]. La définition des facettes dentaires est celle de « coquilles » très minces, faites sur mesure de matériaux de la couleur de la dent, conçues pour recouvrir la face avant ou la face supérieure des dents afin d' en améliorer l'esthétique et/ou corriger des problèmes occlusaux. Elles sont collées aux dents et pourront en modifier la couleur la forme, et le volume [2].Elles trouvent ainsi de multiples indications à différents endroits sur les arcades dentaires sur les faces vestibulaires des dents antérieures ou plus récemment pour restaurer les surfaces occlusales corriger une occlusion déficiente [3, 4].Ces restaurations modernes se sont développées avec l'arrivée de nouveaux matériaux de reconstructions et de collages, ainsi que de nouveaux modes de conception et fabrication répondant à des exigences de simplicité, de rapidité et de précision.Pour préparer la dent à recevoir une facette, l'oscillation d’inserts ultrasonores a été proposée pour améliorer la finition des lignes marginales et optimiser l’état de surface [5].Pour leur fabrication, outre les méthodes prothétiques classiques, la CFAO (conception assistée par ordinateur - fabrication assistée par ordinateur) au développement exponentiel [6, 7 permet de réaliser une prothèse restauratrice en une seule visite en clinique avec la précision que permettent l’optique (empreintes) et la robotique (fabrication de la facette) ;[8-14]. D’autre part l’apparition de nouvelles céramiques a permis d'améliorer leur esthétique et d'augmenter leur durabilité, qu'elle soit antérieure ou occlusale.Notre première étude portait sur de nouveaux outils permettant d'optimiser la procédure de préparation des facettes. L'utilisation ou non d‘inserts oscillants sur la qualité de l'état de surface de la dent traitées pour une telle préparation. Cette question importante et récurrente, [15] pose le problème de la qualité de l'état de surface destiné à recevoir par collage une pellicule de céramique de faible épaisseur. La pérennité de ce type de prothèse dépend essentiellement du collage avec les tissus dentinaires préparés [16, 17]. La littérature, atteste d’une meilleure qualité de collage entre des surfaces dentaires rugueuses et les matériaux de restauration [18-22]. Toutefois, une question se pose concernant la qualité de cette rugosité lorsque / The first chapter of the thesis relieved the dentists from thinking a lot about the produced roughness regardless to the preparation tool. The roughness is a critical factor to the stability, to the retention, and eventually to the success of the ceramic veneers especially for the esthetic anterior veneers. This will speed up the procedure of achieving a fast treatment for the patients with the CAD-CAM systems. For the upcoming steps, an investigation is recommended to estimate the amount of the inquired roughness to achieve the minimum necessary adhesion value for the retention of the ceramic veneers, and vice versa, another investigation to evaluate the capability of the preparation tools in transferring the same roughness from the preparation tool grains to the target surface (dentin or enamel).152The second study had filled the gap of how to evaluate the IOS systems regardless to the recent common criteria, and the thesis created a novel measure (noise) to be used. The study asks the dentists to pay attention to other criteria to consider when buying an IOS system regardless to the criteria that already exists and had been directed by the producing companies. The thesis states that the noise increases when the direction of the IOS is changed. More attention should be paid at the transitional lines between the scanned surfaces while designing the digital model. An enhancement is demanded to compensate for (or if possible, to eliminate) this noise.

O objetivo foi avaliar a influência de variações no formato da férula dada por núcleo estojado sobre as tensões desenvolvidas na raiz em um modelo tridimensional de um segundo pré-molar superior submetido a quatro condições de carregamentos: cunha, alavanca vestibular, alavanca proximal e torção. Seis modelos foram confeccionados a partir das dimensões médias obtidas na literatura. Um deles representou o dente hígido, e outros cinco dentes restaurados com coroa e retentor intra-radicular fundido: um simulou núcleo simples, sem férula (E2A0), e em quatro modelos variou-se o tamanho do espelho (E) em 1/3 da espessura da parede radicular (E1) ou 2/3 (E2) e a altura (A) da férula foi equivalente a E1 (A1) ou a E2 (A2); ou seja: os modelos E1A1 e E2A2 tiveram 45º de inclinação do bisel da férula. Todas as estruturas foram consideradas homogêneas, isotrópicas e lineares elásticas. Os resultados permitem afirmar que a férula não parece necessária para melhorar a distribuição de tensões e que, exceto para o caso de carregamento longitudinal (que demonstrou ser o menos danoso), o cimento ficou submetido a tensões que justificam sua fratura e a dentina apresentou tensões de tração compatíveis com fraturas longitudinais (com início na crista óssea), especialmente para a alavanca vestibular. / The aim was to evaluate the influence of variations in the radicular ferrule format given by the casing core on stress developed in the root in a three-dimensional model of one upper second premolar submitted to four load conditions: wedge, vestibular lever, proximal lever and torsion. Six models were built according the average dimensions obtained from the literature. One of them represented the sound tooth, and other five restored teeth with cast radicular retainer and crown: one simulated simple core, without ferrule (E2A0), and in four models the mirror (E) size was varied in 1/3 of the radicular wall thickness (E1) or 2/3 (E2) and the ferrule height (A) was equivalent to E1 (A1) or E2 (A2); or be: E1A1 and E2A2 had 45º inclination of the ferrule bisel. All the structures were considered homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic behavior. The results allow to affirm that the ferrule doesn\'t seem necessary to improve the stress distribution and that, except for the longitudinal load case (that demonstrated to be the least harmful), the cement was submitted to stress that justify his fracture and the dentine presented compatible tensile stress with longitudinal fractures (with beginning in the bone crest), especially for the vestibular lever.

Segundo dados da Organização Mundial de Saúde, até o ano de 2030 a diabetes será a sétima enfermidade causadora de morte no mundo. A diabetes se caracteriza pela variação do nível de glicose no sangue dada ingestão de alimentos ou realização de certas tarefas. Além disso, já é sabido pela comunidade científica atual que células cancerígenas possuem metabolismo diferente quando comparadas a células normais, consumindo uma maior quantidade de açúcar devido a essa anormalidade. No presente trabalho serão apresentados, basicamente, dois tipos de biossensores que possuem grande potencial para tornarem-se monitores contínuos de glicose. Ambos os biossensores utilizam a enzima glicose oxidase como catalisador específico da reação de oxidação do carboidrato. O primeiro apresenta estrutura em escala micrométrica, tem por objetivo a quantificação de glicose em solução em ambiente extracelular e se baseia no sistema EGFET (Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor) com substrato de Fluorine Tin Oxide (FTO). Além do mais, foram utilizados dois protocolos de imobilização da glicose oxidase: quitosana (com uma janela de detecção de 1 a 5mM de glicose) e glutaraldeído (com janela de detecção de 0 a 15 mM de glicose). O segundo apresenta estrutura em escala nanométrica, tem por objetivo a quantificação de glicose em ambiente intracelular e baseia-se no sistema de nanopipetas de quartzo. Com esse dispositivo foi possível estipular a concentração de glicose livre dentro de três linhas de células distintas: Fibroblastos humanos entre 0 e 2.8mM; MCF-7 maior que 4.7 mM; MDA-MB-231entre 3.6 e 4.5 mM. / According to the World Health Organization, until 2030 diabetes will be the 7th cause of death worldwide. This disease is characterized by variation on blood glucose levels due to ingestion of specific food and tasks performing. Moreover, it is already known that cancer cells have a different metabolism when compared to normal cells and these abnormal cells have a higher sugar intake due to this abnormality. This work will present, basically, two types of biosensors with great potential to become continuous glucose monitors. Both biosensors use the enzyme glucose oxidase as carbohydrate oxidation catalyzer. The first one presents a micro-metric structure and its goal is to quantify glucose concentration in an extracellular solution. This device is based in EGFET (Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor) system and uses FTO as substrate. Furthermore, two immobilization protocols were used to fix the enzyme to the FTO: chitosan (with final range of 1~5mM of glucose) and glutaraldehyde (with final range of 0~15mM of glucose). The second is a nano-structured biosensor based on nanopipette system and its goal is to quantify intracellular glucose concentration. With this device was possible to stipulate free glucose molecules inside different cell lines: between 0 and 2.8mM for human Fibroblasts; greater than 4.7 mM for MCF-7; and between 3.6 and 4.5 mM for MDA-MB-231.

O objetivo desta dissertação é compreender o processo de estruturação do espaço intra-urbano da área metropolitana de Curitiba, entendendo sua formação, o papel de cada elemento da estrutura intra-urbana centro, subcentros, bairros residenciais segundo classes sociais, áreas industriais e as relações entre eles, os processos socioespaciais mais significativos e os agentes e forças estruturadores do espaço. Para isso, tomou-se por base a abordagem teórico-metodológica desenvolvida por Flávio Villaça para análise da estrutura urbana básica das metrópoles brasileiras. Parte-se da hipótese de que o processo de estruturação do espaço intra-urbano das cidades brasileiras é fruto, fundamentalmente, de determinações de natureza social, econômica e ideológica, historicamente interagindo com o espaço material por meio do mercado imobiliário. O planejamento e mesmo a ação do Estado teria então um papel menor nessa estruturação. Nesse sentido, há um processo de apropriação diferenciada do espaço urbano, em que as melhores localizações e as vantagens espaciais são disputadas pelas classes sociais. Processo que se articula à segregação urbana que, por sua vez, possibilita o controle e o domínio do espaço intra-urbano pelas camadas de alta renda. A pesquisa analisou, em primeiro lugar, como o espaço intra-urbano da área metropolitana de Curitiba se constituiu historicamente, enfatizando a produção das localizações urbanas e sua relação com a acessibilidade e a valorização imobiliária. A partir dessa primeira aproximação foram destacados os processos socioespaciais mais significativos. Dessa forma, foram analisados: (i) o Centro de Curitiba: sua direção de crescimento e expansão, seu processo de verticalização, seu abandono pelas camadas de alta renda, sua popularização e a formação de um centro novo; (ii) os Setores Estruturais (ou eixos estruturais): seu processo de verticalização e sua relação com o espaço intra-urbano; e por fim, (iii) a segregação urbana, que possibilitou articular os elementos expostos ao longo da pesquisa e entendê-los como parte de um mesmo processo. Buscou-se evidenciar ao longo do texto as disputas entre os elementos do espaço intra-urbano e a articulação de interesses entre os agentes sociais, em especial entre as camadas de alta renda, o Estado e o setor imobiliário. / The purpose of this dissertation is to comprehend the intra-urban space structuring process of Curitibas metropolitan area, understanding its formation, the role of each intra-urban structure element center, subcenters, residential neighborhoods according to social classes, industrial areas and the relations among them, the most significant socio-spatial processes and space structuring agents and forces. Therefore, Flávio Villaças theoretical and methodological approach on the analysis of the basic urban structure of Brazilian metropolises was taken as base for this research. It starts from the hypothesis that the intra-urban space structuring process of Brazilian cities is fundamentally the result of determinations of social, economic and ideological nature, historically interacting with the material space through the real estate market. Planning - and even State\'s action - would consequently have a minor role in this structuring. Accordingly, there is a process of differentiated appropriation of the urban space, in which social classes dispute the best locations and spatial advantages. This process is linked to urban segregation, which, in turn, allows control and domination of the intra-urban space by the upper income classes. Firstly, the research analyzed how the intra-urban space of Curitibas metropolitan area was historically constituted, emphasizing the production of urban locations and its relation with accessibility and real-estate appreciation. Based on this first approach, the most significant socio-spatial processes were emphasized. Thus, the following have been analyzed: (i) the center of Curitiba: the direction of its growth and expansion, its verticalization process, its abandonment by the upper income classes, its popularization and formation of a new center; (ii) the Structural Sectors (or structural axes): the verticalization process and relation with the intra-urban space; and finally, (iii) urban segregation, that enabled the connection of the elements exposed along the research and the understanding that they are part of the same process. Along the text, the research sought to demonstrate the disputes among intra-urban space elements and the articulation of interests among social agents, especially the upper income classes, the State and the real estate market.

A artroscopia tem função diagnóstica e terapêutica na doença articular. Mesmo com as modalidades de imagem mais modernas, ainda é considerada como padrão ouro no diagnóstico de problemas articulares em equinos. Sabe-se que as características físico-químicas das diferentes soluções de infusão podem determinar alterações estruturais na superfície da cartilagem. Apesar da existência de estudos baseados na busca de um fluido ideal para irrigação durante a artroscopia, com principal foco nas características bioquímicas do líquido, poucos trabalhos testaram características físicas destes fluidos, como a temperatura. Na primeira etapa deste trabalho foram avaliadas 24 articulações de ovinos submetidas à irrigação articular com solução de Ringer com lactato condicionado a quatro diferentes temperaturas (5, 12, 25 e 38 ºC). Para avaliação de cada grupo foram coletadas biopsias comparativas de membrana sinovial e de cartilagem com osso subcondral da articulação femoropatelar visando análise histológica e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, respectivamente, imediatamente antes do início da infusão do líquido e após uma hora de infusão. Apesar de alterações na ultraestrutura da superfície articular terem sido observadas após lavagem das articulações, nenhuma diferença estatística entre os grupos foi identificada. Na segunda etapa do experimento foram testadas as temperaturas 5, 25 e 38 °C do Ringer com lactato utilizado para irrigação articular durante procedimentos artroscópicos em 12 articulações radiocárpicas de seis equinos. As articulações foram divididas em três grupos de quatro, sendo avaliados, além da membrana sinovial e cartilagem, o líquido sinovial previamente ao início da infusão com fluido condicionado e 12, 24 e 48 horas após o término da irrigação, visando análise comparativa das concentrações de IL-1β, PGE2, TNF-α, condroitim sulfato (CS) e ácido hialurônico (AH). As alterações da superfície articular dos equinos decorrentes da irrigação também foram independentes da temperatura utilizada. Houve um aumento significativo das concentrações de PGE2 e IL-1β no líquido sinovial às 12 horas em todos os grupos, exceto para IL-1β no grupo de articulações irrigadas com fluido a 38 °C, que não apresentou alteração nas concentrações. A análise de TNF-α não revelou diferença significativa entre os grupos. As concentrações de CS aumentaram às 24 horas nos três grupos e foi estatisticamente maior no grupo irrigado a 38 °C. Não houve diferença significativa das concentrações de AH no líquido sinovial do grupo de articulações irrigadas a 25 °C, o que não ocorreu nos grupos 5 e 38 °C, havendo diminuição às 24 e 12 horas, respectivamente, retornando aos valores basais na coleta subsequente. As biopsias de membrana sinovial coletadas em ambas as etapas do experimento não demonstraram alteração estrutural ou migração celular que inferissem em resposta inflamatória ao insulto. As alterações da ultraestrutura da superfície da cartilagem estão mais relacionada ao fator mecânico da passagem do líquido que à temperatura de acondicionamento. Apesar de mais análises serem necessárias para definição da melhor temperatura a ser utilizada durante as artroscopias, a detecção de menores concentrações de IL-1β nas articulações de equinos irrigadas com Ringer com lactato a 38 °C sugerem de que essa seja a temperatura menos deletéria para o ambiente articular. / Arthroscopy has a diagnostic and a therapeutic function in joint disease. Even with modern imaging modalities, it is still considered the gold standard for diagnosing equine joint problems. It is known that the physicochemical characteristics of different infusion solutions could influence structural modifications on cartilage surface. A number of studies have described the search for the ideal fluid to be used for irrigation during arthroscopy, focusing on the biochemical characteristics of the various liquids. However, few works have taken temperature into consideration when studying the physical characteristics of these fluids. Therefore, in the first phase of this study four different temperatures of Ringer lactate used for articular irrigation were assessed into four groups of six ovine joints each (5, 12, 25 and 38 ºC). To evaluate each group, comparative synovial membrane and osteochondral samples were collected from the patellofemoral joints for histological analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy, respectively, immediately before and 1 hour after starting fluid infusion. Ultrastructural changes of the joint surfaces after irrigation were observed, but no statistical differences between groups were identified. In the second phase of this study, lactated Ringers solution was assessed at three different temperatures: 5, 25 and 38°C, for irrigation of 12 radiocarpal joints of six horses during arthroscopy. Three groups of four joints were studied to evaluate synovial membrane, cartilage and synovial liquid immediately before and 12, 24 and 48 hours after joint irrigation. These samples were subjected to comparative analysis of IL-1&beta, PGE2, TNF-&alpha, condroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) concentrations. Changes of equine joint surfaces were also independent of temperature. There was a significant increase in the PGE2 and IL-1β concentrations in the synovial liquid at 12 hours in all groups except for IL-1β on the joints irrigated with fluid at 38°C, which did not show concentrations changes. There was no statistical difference of TNF-&alpha between groups. CS concentrations had a significant increase at 24 hours in all groups, meanwhile in the 38 °C group this increased was statistically greater. There was no statistical difference for HA concentrations on synovial liquid of the irrigated joints at 25 °C. In the 5 and 38 °C groups there were synovial fluid HA decrease at 24 and 12 hours, respectively, returning to basal values at the subsequent collect. The synovial membrane biopsies collected in the both steps of this study did not show any structural alterations or cellular migration that might interfere in response to inflammatory insult. Ultrastructural changes in articular most superficial zone are more related to mechanic action of fluid lavage than irrigation solutions temperature. Although more tests needs to be done, the lowest concentrations of IL-1β in equine joints irrigated with Ringer lactate at 38 °C give some evidence that this is the less deleterious temperature to articular environment.

O objetivo desta dissertação é compreender o processo de estruturação do espaço intra-urbano da área metropolitana de Curitiba, entendendo sua formação, o papel de cada elemento da estrutura intra-urbana centro, subcentros, bairros residenciais segundo classes sociais, áreas industriais e as relações entre eles, os processos socioespaciais mais significativos e os agentes e forças estruturadores do espaço. Para isso, tomou-se por base a abordagem teórico-metodológica desenvolvida por Flávio Villaça para análise da estrutura urbana básica das metrópoles brasileiras. Parte-se da hipótese de que o processo de estruturação do espaço intra-urbano das cidades brasileiras é fruto, fundamentalmente, de determinações de natureza social, econômica e ideológica, historicamente interagindo com o espaço material por meio do mercado imobiliário. O planejamento e mesmo a ação do Estado teria então um papel menor nessa estruturação. Nesse sentido, há um processo de apropriação diferenciada do espaço urbano, em que as melhores localizações e as vantagens espaciais são disputadas pelas classes sociais. Processo que se articula à segregação urbana que, por sua vez, possibilita o controle e o domínio do espaço intra-urbano pelas camadas de alta renda. A pesquisa analisou, em primeiro lugar, como o espaço intra-urbano da área metropolitana de Curitiba se constituiu historicamente, enfatizando a produção das localizações urbanas e sua relação com a acessibilidade e a valorização imobiliária. A partir dessa primeira aproximação foram destacados os processos socioespaciais mais significativos. Dessa forma, foram analisados: (i) o Centro de Curitiba: sua direção de crescimento e expansão, seu processo de verticalização, seu abandono pelas camadas de alta renda, sua popularização e a formação de um centro novo; (ii) os Setores Estruturais (ou eixos estruturais): seu processo de verticalização e sua relação com o espaço intra-urbano; e por fim, (iii) a segregação urbana, que possibilitou articular os elementos expostos ao longo da pesquisa e entendê-los como parte de um mesmo processo. Buscou-se evidenciar ao longo do texto as disputas entre os elementos do espaço intra-urbano e a articulação de interesses entre os agentes sociais, em especial entre as camadas de alta renda, o Estado e o setor imobiliário. / The purpose of this dissertation is to comprehend the intra-urban space structuring process of Curitibas metropolitan area, understanding its formation, the role of each intra-urban structure element center, subcenters, residential neighborhoods according to social classes, industrial areas and the relations among them, the most significant socio-spatial processes and space structuring agents and forces. Therefore, Flávio Villaças theoretical and methodological approach on the analysis of the basic urban structure of Brazilian metropolises was taken as base for this research. It starts from the hypothesis that the intra-urban space structuring process of Brazilian cities is fundamentally the result of determinations of social, economic and ideological nature, historically interacting with the material space through the real estate market. Planning - and even State\'s action - would consequently have a minor role in this structuring. Accordingly, there is a process of differentiated appropriation of the urban space, in which social classes dispute the best locations and spatial advantages. This process is linked to urban segregation, which, in turn, allows control and domination of the intra-urban space by the upper income classes. Firstly, the research analyzed how the intra-urban space of Curitibas metropolitan area was historically constituted, emphasizing the production of urban locations and its relation with accessibility and real-estate appreciation. Based on this first approach, the most significant socio-spatial processes were emphasized. Thus, the following have been analyzed: (i) the center of Curitiba: the direction of its growth and expansion, its verticalization process, its abandonment by the upper income classes, its popularization and formation of a new center; (ii) the Structural Sectors (or structural axes): the verticalization process and relation with the intra-urban space; and finally, (iii) urban segregation, that enabled the connection of the elements exposed along the research and the understanding that they are part of the same process. Along the text, the research sought to demonstrate the disputes among intra-urban space elements and the articulation of interests among social agents, especially the upper income classes, the State and the real estate market.

L’étude des conséquences du réchauffement climatique sur les écosystèmes aquatiques est devenue un enjeu majeur pour la recherche. Nous avons mesuré l’impact de la température des eaux douces et du changement de végétation riparienne associé au climat sur six populations de Gammarus pulex (Amphipode) vivant au nord ou au sud de la vallée du Rhône (France). Ce crustacé, largement répandu dans les eaux douces européennes, est considéré comme une espèce clé pour le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques, car, en dégradant la litière de feuilles provenant de la ripisylve, il favorise son utilisation par d’autres invertébrés. Nos résultats sur l’effet de la température sur les réserves énergétiques, la consommation d’oxygène et la survie, suggèrent que la fenêtre thermique optimale est décalée de 2-3°C entre les gammares du nord et ceux du sud. L’investissement reproducteur varie saisonnièrement, avec des stratégies différentes selon l’origine des femelles. La provenance des feuilles (méditerranéenne/continentale) influence moins leur conditionnement et la vitesse de décomposition que leur dureté initiale. Une hausse de température accélère le conditionnement et la digestion des feuilles mais influence peu leur dégradation. Nos résultats montrent que des adaptations en bordure d’aire de distribution peuvent modifier la réponse des organismes aquatiques face aux changements climatiques. De plus, un changement de la nature des litières lié au réchauffement pourrait modifier la disponibilitédes ressources trophiques au cours des saisons et ainsi le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. / The study of global warming consequences on aquatic ecosystems has become amajor issue in current scientific research. We measured the impact of water temperature and the climate-related change in riparian vegetation on six populations of Gammarus pulex (Amphipoda) living in the North and in the South of the Rhône River valley (France). This crustacean, widely distributed in European freshwaters, is considered as a key species for the freshwater ecosystems functioning as it degrades the leaf litter from the riparian area, thus favouring its subsequent use by other invertebrates. Our results of temperature effect onenergy stores, oxygen consumption, and survival suggest that the optimal thermal window shifts from 2-3°C between northern and southern gammarids. Females’ investment into reproduction changes through seasons, with different strategies according to their geographical origins. Concerning the functional point of view, the leaf litter origin(Mediterranean/continental) less influences the conditioning of leaves and the decomposition rate than their initial toughness. An increase in water temperature accelerates the conditioning and the enzymatic digestion of leaves (in gammarids guts) but slightly influences their degradation by this crustacean. Our results show that adaptations at the limit of the species geographical distribution area can change the response to climate change in aquatic organisms. Moreover, a change in the type of the leaf litter could modify the availability of trophic resource through seasons and hence the ecosystem functioning.

This master thesis examines the issues surrounding the pricing of intra-group loans. The main focus of the thesis is the process of establishing an interest rate and the assessment of the credit risk in an intra-group context.  In order to expose the common problems associated with the pricing of intra-group loans the thesis has examined case law from two different jurisdictions, Canada and Sweden, which have been put in relation to the OECD guidelines and Swedish national legislation. The purpose of the master thesis has been to determine whether the establishing of an interest rate and the assessment of the credit risk of an intra-group loan should be made taking into account the parent-subsidiary affiliation or relationship and whether or not this is a deviation of the arm’s length principle. A general assumption is that, if a transaction is carried out between related parties, the price could be different from a price deriving from negotiations between two unrelated parties on the open market, due to their commercial or financial relations. A common feature in case law, regarding the establishing of an appropriate interest rate on intra-group loan, has been whether or not the parent-subsidiary should be included in the assessment of the credit risk. Much of the support available to taxpayers in resolving transfer pricing issues are relating to goods and services and not financing transactions. The main reason is the unique economic profile of financial transactions. Financial transactions are affected by different factors why it is difficult to develop usable transfer pricing policies. Establishing economically justifiable transfer pricing policies while attempting to properly reflect taxable income and prevent penalties from international tax authorities, has resulted in transfer pricing challenges that are unique to intra-group financing. According to Swedish law, interest is regarded as a deductable cost within corporate tax. However, in recent cases, the Swedish tax authorities have been questioning, the deduction right as well as the level of interest on intra-group loans. As of today, there are few national and international guidelines on this area thus it is of interest to examine and address the issues surrounding intra –group loans.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Les objectifs de ce travail étaient d’évaluer qualitativement et quantitativement l’effet d’antipaludiques « classiques » (primaquine, Malarone®, amino-4-quinoléines) et « d’avenir » (artésunate, ferroquine, seuls ou associés) sur les formes hépatiques et les stades sexués du parasite responsable de la transmission du paludisme. Le modèle expérimental comprend des souris swiss femelle infestées par Plasmodium yoelii et Anopheles stephensi comme moustique vecteur. L’action de la Malarone® (proguanil-atovaquuone) sur les stades hépatiques est quasi totale et plus importante que celle, incomplète, de la primaquine, de la ferroquine ou de l’artésunate. Si les molécules précédentes (ferroquine, artésunate), prescrites à doses subcuratives, entraînent souvent une augmentation de la gamétocytogénèse, elles altèrent certains stades de gamétocytes et inhibent statistiquement chez le moustique la formation d’oocystes et leur nombre et, par là même, interviennent négativement dans la transmission du parasite. / The objective of this study is to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the effect of "classic" (primaquine, Malarone®, amino-4-quinoline) and "future" (artesunate, ferroquine, alone or associated) antimalarials on the liver forms and sexual stages of the parasite responsible for malaria transmission. The experimental model was : swiss mouse female infected with Plasmodium yoelii and Anophelesstephensi as the vector. The action of Malarone® (proguanil-atovaquuone) on liver stages is almost complete and more than that, incomplete, primaquine, the ferroquine or artesunate. If the previous molecules (ferroquine, artesunate), prescribed at subcurative doses, often lead to an increase in gametocytogenesis, they alter certain stages of gametocytes and statistically inhibit the formation of oocysts in the mosquito; hence, their number involve negatively in the transmission of the parasite.