Posição cirúrgica é a movimentação do corpo humano de forma a deixá-lo apoiado na mesa cirúrgica num ângulo que propicie ao cirurgião boa visão da área operatória, mas que garanta ao paciente conforto, segurança e respeito aos seus limites anatômicos e fisiológicos. A relevância deste estudo baseia-se no fato de se ter poucos profissionais na área de enfermagem, e em âmbito nacional, que estudem o tema com mais profundidade. O enfermeiro deve utilizar a Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem Perioperatória para direcioná-lo neste cuidado: prevendo e provendo recursos de proteção adequados e recursos humanos qualificados. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a assistência, incluindo as necessidades e dificuldades, da equipe de enfermagem frente ao posicionamento cirúrgico. Trata-se de um estudo de campo exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada no 8° Congresso Brasileiro de Enfermagem em Centro Cirúrgico, Recuperação Anestésica e Centro de Material e Esterilização, organizado pela SOBECC em Julho de 2007. O estudo contou com a participação de 235 profissionais de enfermagem. Três categorias profissionais foram representadas, com 200 enfermeiros (entre coordenadores, assistenciais e docentes universitários), 28 técnicos e 7 auxiliares de enfermagem (entre circulantes de sala e instrumentadores cirúrgicos). O estudo foi feito com um p significativo ( 0,05) frente aos testes estatísticos não-paramétricos. O profissional que executa o posicionamento possui idade mediana de 39 anos (p = 0,021) e tempo de trabalho em centro cirúrgico mediano de 10 anos (p = 0,004). O profissional que não executa o posicionamento possui idade de 33 anos e tempo de trabalho no setor de 5 anos. Protocolos e treinamentos sobre posicionamento vigoram, respectivamente, em 34,3% e 32,4% das instituições hospitalares segundo os pesquisados. O enfermeiro executa o posicionamento em 24,8% das vezes. Porém, quando ele participa ocorre uma diminuição significativa da participação dos técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem (p = 0,047). O registro da posição cirúrgica à qual ficou submetido o paciente é feito em 69,4% das vezes e dos recursos de proteção em 45,9% no relatório intra-operatório. Dados significantes (p = 0,007) apontam que os profissionais que mais posicionam o paciente possuem mais adaptações para fazer tal ação. As dificuldades levantadas pela equipe de enfermagem na realização do posicionamento são: falta de recursos materiais (39,5%), pouca cooperação entre a equipe multidisciplinar (27,5%), esforço físico (15,6%), déficit de recursos humanos (10,9%), despreparo assistencial ao paciente (10,4%), falta de treinamento (9,8%) e de informações técnico-científicas (7,8). A falta de cooperação entre a equipe de enfermagem e cirúrgica reduz, de forma significativa (p = 0,013), a participação do corpo de enfermagem na execução do posicionamento. Materiais e equipamentos adequados, protocolos, estratégias para a cooperação multidisciplinar e treinamento são os recursos que os profissionais mais gostariam de possuir para melhorar a assistência ao posicionamento do paciente. As informações levantadas neste trabalho poderão subsidiar propostas, como um protocolo futuro, que, de fato, norteiem a assistência de enfermagem no posicionamento, trazendo mais segurança e qualidade de cuidado ao paciente e maior preparo aos atuais e aos novos profissionais de enfermagem / Surgical positioning is the movement of the human body on the surgical table in such a way as to provide the best angle of vision to the surgeon, while at the same time guaranteeing the comfort and security of the patient with respect to his anatomical and physiological limits. The relevance of this study is based on the fact that there are few nursing professionals, nationally, who have studied this theme in depth. The nurse should make use of the Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem Perioperatória [Systemization of Perioperative Nursing Assistance] for guidelines, resources, and human resource qualifications. The goal of this study was to characterize the positioning task of the nursing team, including its requirements and difficulties. It is an exploratory, descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The data were collected at the 8th Brazilian Congress of Surgical Center Nursing, Anesthetic Recovery and Hospital Sterilization Units organized by SOBECC in July of 2007. 235 nursing professionals participated in the study in three categories: 200 Registered Nurses (as coordinators, practicing nurses, and university professors), 28 Licensed Practical Nurses [LPNs] and seven Certified Nursing Assistants [CNAs] (including operating room assistants and surgical instrument handlers). Significance was set at (p 0.05) for non-parametric statistical tests. Professionals who executed the positioning had a median age of 39 (p= 0.021) with a median surgical center experience of 10 years (p= 0.004). Professionals who did not execute the positioning had a median age of 33 and median work experience in the sector of five years. Protocols and training about patient positioning were in force in 34.3% and 32.4% of the represented institutions according to the respondents. The nurse executed the positioning in 24.8% of the surgeries. However, when the RN participated, there was a significant reduction in participation by the LPNs and CNAs (p = 0.047). Registry of the patients surgical position was made in 69.4% of the cases and registry of protection resources in 45.9% in the intra-operational reports. Significant data (p =0.007) point to the fact that the professionals who most frequently position the patient have the most experience and skill for that task. The most common difficulties confronting the nursing team with respect to positioning are: lack of material resources (39.5%), poor cooperation among the interdisciplinary team (27.5%), physical effort (15.6%), lack of human resources (10.9%), unpreparedness (10.4%), lack of training (9.8%), lack of technical/scientific information (7.8%). The lack of cooperation between the nursing and surgical teams significantly reduced (p = 0.013) participation by the nurses in the execution of positioning. Adequate materials and equipment, protocols, strategies for multidisciplinary cooperation and training are resources that the nursing professionals would most like to have in order to better serve patients. The information collected in this study could be foundational to proposals, such as a future protocol, which could direct nurses regarding positioning and thereby lead to greater security and quality of patient care as well as greater preparedness of current and future nursing professionals

Cirurgia conservadora de mama seguida de radioterapia é considerada como tratamento padrão para câncer de mama. A radioterapia intraoperatória (IORT) pode ser vantajosa, pois diminui o tempo de tratamento, geralmente de 4 a 6 semanas, para uma única fração, aplicada durante o procedimento cirúrgico. As distribuições de doses para tratamento por IORT não são bem conhecidas, pois o volume a ser irradiado é definido no momento da aplicação e não existe uma rotina de otimização do plano. Dessa forma as distribuições de dose não foram foco de estudos até o momento, de forma que torna-se interessante conhece-las. O objetivo do presente trabalho é simular e comparar as distribuições de doses para IORT com diferentes feixes e geometrias mamárias e compará-las com as distribuições obtidas para radioterapia 3D (3DR). Através do pacote de simulação Monte Carlo PENELOPE foram obtidas as distribuições de doses em técnicas radioterápicas 3DR e IORT por feixe de elétrons, gerados pelo acelerador NOVAC7, e por raios-X de baixa energia, gerado pelo acelerador Intrabeam. A validação dos feixes estudados, realizada através de comparação com dados da literatura, mostrou, para o feixe de 3DR, o perfil de dose esperado para os feixes com os filtros simulados. As maiores diferenças ocorreram nas regiões de horns, que aparecem subestimados na simulação. Para os feixes de IORT, as maiores diferenças entre simulação e literatura, de 7,79 e 8,6 pontos percentuais, respectivamente para NOVAC7 e Intrabeam, ocorrem em baixas profundidades. A simulação do tratamento para três diferentes volumes mamários gerou distribuições de doses que puderam ser usadas para comparação qualitativa entre as técnicas de tratamento. Para 3DR, as distribuições de doses mostram que parte considerável da dose é depositada no tórax. Embora as maiores doses sejam entregues dentro do volume da mama, ocorrem regiões frias dentro desse volume. As distribuições de dose obtidas para o Intrabeam mostraram que parte da dose pode ser entregue no tórax, dependendo do volume mamário e da posição do aplicador. O tratamento com NOVAC7 apresentou distribuições mais homogêneas dentro do volume alvo, em relação às outras técnicas. De forma geral, os resultados indicam que os tratamentos podem ser largamente influenciados pelo tamanho e posicionamento do campo para 3DR e posicionamento do aplicador para ambas as técnicas de IORT. O tratamento através do Intrabeam é comparável à 3DR. Segundo os parâmetros de avaliação do plano, IORT por feixe de elétrons proporcionaria o melhor tratamento, independentemente do volume mamário. / Conservative breast surgery followed by radiation therapy is considered the standart treatment for breast cancer. Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) has the advantage of decreasing the treatment duration, from the usual 4 to 6 weeks, to a single fraction, delivered during the surgical procedure. The dose distribution for treatment given through IORT are not well known, as the volume to be irradiated is defined at the moment of treatment deliver and there is not a plan optimization routine. Therefore the dose distributions were not, to the moment, the goal of any study, what makes interesting to know them. The goal of the present work is to simulate and compare the IORT dose distribution for different beams and breast geometries, and to compare to the 3D radiation therapy (3DR) dose distribution. The dose distributions for 3DR and for electron beam IORT, generated by the NOVAC7 dedicated accelerator, and for low energy x-ray IORT, generated by Intrabeam dedicated accelerator, were obtained using the Monte Carlo simulation package PENELOPE. The beams validation, performed through comparison with literature data, showed, for the 3DR beam, the dose profile expected for the simulated filters. The greatest differences occurred at the horns region, that appear sub estimated in the simulation. For IORT beams the greatest difference between simulation and literature, of 7.79 and 8.6 percentage points, respectively for the NOVAC7 and Intrabeam, occurred at low depths. The treatment simulation, with three different breast volumes, generated dose distributions that were used for a qualitative comparison of the techniques. 3DR dose distribution showed that a considerable fraction of the dose was delivered to the thorax. Although the highest doses were delivered inside the breast volume, cold regions occurred inside this volume also. Intrabeam dose distributions showed that part of the dose may be delivered to the thorax, given the breast volume and applicator position. The treatment through NOVAC7 presented more homogeneous dose distribution in relation to the other techniques. In general the results indicated that the treatment may be greatly affected by field size and position in 3DR and by the applicator position for both of the IORT techniques. Treatment through low energy x-ray IORT is comparable to 3DR treatment. According to the plan evaluation parameters electron beam IORT could give the best treatment for all the breast volumes evaluated.

A introdução dos endoscópios na otorrinolaringologia determinou um grande avanço tecnológico, permitindo a sistematização da cirurgia endoscópica nasossinusal funcional. A possibilidade de trabalhar nos limites das cavidades nasossinusais com boa iluminação e visibilidade permitiu a expansão dessa cirurgia para abordar lesões da base do crânio e no interior da cavidade craniana, ampliando consideravelmente as suas indicações e a gravidade das suas complicações. Dentre estas complicações as lesões vasculares e ou de nervos cranianos estão entre as principais causas de morbidade. A artéria frontobasilar medial (AFM) é o primeiro ramo cortical do segmento pós-comunicante da artéria cerebral anterior e possui percurso próximo a base anterior do crânio. Havendo penetração intracraniana através da base anterior do crânio, durante uma cirurgia endoscópica endonasal, a AFM pode ser lesionada causando graves complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as relações da AFM com a base anterior do crânio e reparos anatômicos utilizados em cirurgia endonasal, através de imagens obtidas por angiotomografia de crânio. E também identificar os locais de maior proximidade da AFM com a base anterior do crânio, sugerindo áreas de maior risco de lesão em cirurgia endonasal. Foram analisados 52 exames de angiotomografia de crânio, realizados no período de 2013 a 2015. O software OsiriXÒ foi utilizado para fazer as medições entre a AFM e os pontos de referência nos planos sagital e coronal, na ordem cronológica em que os exames foram coletados. A AFM descreveu um trajeto descendente, próximo a linha média (distancia média de 1,5 mm), se aproximando do plano esfenoidal (distancia média de 1,8 mm) e depois um trajeto ascendente à medida que se dirige para porção anterior do crânio, com distância média de 4,4mm na região da parede anterior do seio esfenoidal e de 12mm na região onde se encontra a artéria etmoidal anterior. Considerando o ângulo de trabalho na cirurgia endonasal e a os locais de maior proximidade da AFM com a base anterior do crânio, as regiões do etmoide posterior e plano esfenoidal foram as áreas de maior risco de sua lesão Study of the relations between medial orbitofrontal artery and anterior skull base performed by computed tomography angiography / The introduction of endoscopes in otolaryngology determined a great technological advance, allowing the systematization of the endoscopic endonasal sinus surgery. The possibility of working at the nasal cavity boundaries with good illumination and visibility allowed the expansion of this surgery to address lesions of the skull base and inside the cranial cavity, considerably broadening its indications and the severity of its complications. Among these complications, vascular lesions and cranial nerves are among the main causes of morbidity. The medial orbitofrontal artery (MOFA) the first cortical branch of the post-communicating segment of the anterior cerebral artery and has a path near the anterior skull base. If there is an intracranial penetration through the anterior skull base, during endonasal surgery, the MOFA can be injured causing serious complications. The objective of this study was to analyze the MOFA relations with the anterior skull base and anatomical repairs used in endonasal surgery, through images obtained by computed tomography angiography. And also identify the sites of greater proximity of the MOFA with the anterior skull base, suggesting areas of greater risk of injury in endonasal surgery. It was studied 52 examinations of skull computed tomography angiography performed between 2013 and 2015. The OsiriXÒ software was used to make the measurements between the MOFA and the reference points in the sagittal and coronal planes, in the chronological order in which the exams were collected. The MOFA described a descending path, close to the midline (average distance of 1.5 mm), approaching the sphenoid plane (average distance of 1.8 mm) and then an ascending path as it is directed towards the anterior portion of the skull, with an average distance of 4.4 mm in the region of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and 12 mm in the region where the anterior ethmoid artery is located. Considering the angle of work in endonasal surgery and the places of greater proximity of the MOFA with the anterior skull base, the regions of the posterior ethmoid and sphenoid plane were the areas of greatest risk of its lesion

Bakgrund: Operationssjukvården kännetecknas av en högteknologisk arbetsmiljö där operationssjuksköterskan har ett stort ansvar för patienten. Fokus är att se och skydda hela patienten för att förebygga vårdlidande till följd av vårdskada. Genom att ha ett vakande öga på omgivningen kan olika riskfaktorer förebyggas. Det finns omfattande forskning som berör området, men det är sparsamt studerat utifrån operationssjuksköterskans erfarenheter och hur hen anser att olika faktorer pre- och intraoperativt kan påverka patientsäkerheten. Syfte: Syftet var att utifrån operationssjuksköterskans erfarenheter synliggöra  faktorer som påverkar patientsäkerheten pre- och intraoperativt. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie genomfördes i enlighet med Bettany-Saltikov och McSherry (2016). För att få en djupare tolkning och förståelse av valt problemområde användes en induktiv och kvalitativ ansats. I analysen ingick tolv stycken vetenskapliga artiklar som sammanställdes till ett resultat. Resultat: Resultatet visade att det fanns många faktorer som spelade en betydande roll för patientsäkerheten, både pre- och intraoperativt. Fyra huvudkategorier framkom i resultatet; arbetsmiljöns betydelse, teamets betydelse, planering och förberedelse och yrkesspecifik kompetens. Slutsats: Att arbeta som operationssjuksköterska innebar att ha fullt fokus på både patienten och omgivningen för att på så vis förebygga riskfaktorer. Det fanns flera faktorer som påverkade patientsäkerheten pre- och intraoperativt, både positiva och negativa. En faktor var att arbetsmiljön speglades av hög arbetsbelastning och stress vilket var ett stort bekymmer. En annan faktor visade att samarbetet inom operationsteamet påverkades av hur vi bemöter varandra. Genom att bemöta varandra med respekt främjades ett gott samarbete och därmed en säkrare vård. / Background: The surgical care is characterized by a hich-tech work environment where the operating theatre nurse has a great responsibility for the patient. The focus is on seeing and protecting the entire patient in order to prevent suffering of the patient as a result of adverse event. By keeping a watchful eye on the environment various risk factors can be prevented. There is a lot of research that concerns the area, but it is very sparingly studied on the basis of the operating theatre nurse experiences and how they consider that different factors pre- and intraoperatively affect patient safety. Purpose: The purpose was to make visible factors that affect patient safety pre- and intraoperatively, based on operating theatre nurse experiences. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry (2016). In order to get a deeper interpretation and understanding of the chosen problem area, an inductive and qualitative approach was used. The analysis included twelve scientific articles that were compiled into a result. Result: The result showed that there were many different factors that played a considerable role in patient safety, both pre- and intraoperatively. Four main categories emerged from the result; the importance of the working environment, the importance of the team, planning and preparation and professional-specific skills. Conclusion: Working as an operating theatre nurse meant having full focus on both the patient and the environment in order to prevent risk factors. There were several factors that affect patient safety pre- and intraoperatively, both positive and negative. One factor was that the working environment was characterised by high workload and stress, wich was a major concern. Another factor showed that the cooperation within the operation team was influenced by how we respond to each other. By responding to each other with respect, good cooperation and thus a safer care was promoted.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os custos representam um problema crucial na formação e especialização do médico no mundo moderno. Conhecer os gastos relacionados ao ensino é importante para o planejamento financeiro das instituições de ensino. A cirurgia de catarata é um dos pontos centrais da formação do oftalmologista. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os custos e as complicações peroperatórias da cirurgia de catarata realizada por residentes com a cirurgia realizada por um cirurgião experiente. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo prospectivo, as cirurgias de facoemulsificação executadas por residentes durante os 3 primeiros meses de treinamento foram comparadas com cirurgias realizadas por um cirurgião experiente quanto aos custos e complicações. Foram incluídas 312 cirurgias, sendo 261 realizadas por residentes e 51 pelo cirurgião experiente. As cirurgias foram divididas, de acordo com a experiência cirúrgica do residente no momento da realização do procedimento (Grupo 1: 0 a 40 cirurgias; Grupo 2: 41 a 80 cirurgias; Grupo 3: mais de 80 cirurgias). RESULTADOS: O custo médio das cirurgias realizadas pelos residentes foi de R$ 802,74 ± 352,48 e pelo cirurgião experiente R$ 588,74 ± 44,68. No grupo 1, foram observados R$ 862,63 ± 382,17; no grupo 2 R$ 809,99 ± 377,92 e no grupo 3 R$ 702,16 ± 234,64. Quanto ao tempo de cirurgia, observou-se nas cirurgias dos residentes 54,2 ± 23,4 minutos e nas cirurgias do grupo controle (cirurgião experiente) 36,0 ± 15,3 minutos. O tempo observado no grupo 1 foi 57,6 ± 23,0 minutos; no grupo 2 foi 54,6 ± 24,7 minutos e no grupo 3 foi 49,0 ± 18,3 minutos. Todas as comparações foram estatisticamente significantes (P<0,05). A taxa de complicação encontrada nas cirurgias realizadas pelos residentes foi de 11,49% e nas cirurgias realizadas pelo cirurgião experiente foi de 1,92%. No grupo 1 observaram-se 9,65% de rotura de cápsula posterior e 8,77% de perda vítrea; no grupo 2, 7,37% de rotura de cápsula e 4,21% de perda vítrea e no grupo 3, 5,77% de rotura de cápsula e 3,85% de perda vítrea. Estas complicações não foram percebidas nas cirurgias do grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia de catarata realizada pelo residente representa um aumento dos gastos estatisticamente significante para o serviço e um aumento nos riscos de complicação aos pacientes. A diferença cai progressivamente com a realização de mais procedimentos, demonstrando os efeitos do treinamento / BACKGROUND: The costs represent crucial problem in medical training and specialization in the modern world. Meet the expenses related to education is important for the financial planning of educational institutions. Cataract surgery is one of the central points of the training of ophthalmologists. The aim of this study is to compare the costs and complications of cataract surgery performed by residents with the surgery performed by an experienced surgeon. METHODS: In this prospective study, the phacoemulsification performed by residents during the first 3 months of training was compared with surgery performed by an experienced surgeon about the costs and complications. There were included 312 surgeries; residents performed 261 and an experienced surgeon performed 51. The surgeries were divided according to resident surgical experience at the time of performing the procedure (Group 1: 00-40 surgery, Group 2: 41-80 surgeries and group 3: more than 80 surgeries). RESULTS: The mean cost of surgeries performed by residents was R$ 802.74 ± 352.48 and by the surgeon was R$ 588.74 ± 44.68. In group 1, was observed a mean cost of R$ 862.63 ± 382.17; in group 2 R$ 809.99 ± 377.92 and in group 3 R$ 702.16 ± 234.64. Regarding the time of surgery, was observed in surgeries performed by residents 54.2 ± 23.4 minutes and in the surgery control group (surgeon) 36.0 ± 15.3 minutes. The time observed in group 1 was 57.6 ± 23.0 minutes; in group 2 was 54.6 ± 24.7 minutes and in group 3 was 49.0 ± 18.3 minutes. All comparisons were statistically significant (P <0.05). The complication rate found in surgeries performed by residents was 11.49% and the surgery performed by experienced surgeons was 1.92%. In group 1 we observed rates of 9.65% of posterior capsule rupture and 8.77% of vitreous loss; in group 2 was observed rate of 7.37% of capsule rupture and 4.21% of vitreous loss and in group 3 was observed rate of 5.77% of capsule rupture and 3.85% of vitreous loss. These complications were not observed in the surgery control group. CONCLUSION: Cataract surgery performed by the resident is a statistically significant increase in spending for the service and an increased risk of complications for patients. This difference progressively decreases with the completion of more procedures, demonstrating the effect of training

Bakgrund: Awareness, oavsiktlig vakenhet, är en ovanlig men allvarlig komplikation vid generell anestesi. Awarenessupplevelsen kan vara traumatisk för patienterna och resultera i långvarig ohälsa. Patienterna har rätt till god vård och anestesisjuksköterskan är ansvarig för att patienterna är adekvat sövda under hela sin anestesi. Syfte: Att belysa patientens upplevelse av awareness under generell anestesi samt vilka konsekvenser det kan resultera i för patienten  Metod: En systematisk integrativ litteraturstudie genomfördes. Litteratursökningar gjordes i databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och PsycINFO. 36 kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier identifierades och analyserades med tematisk syntes. Resultat: Fyra övergripande analytiska teman framkom. Dessa var sensoriska intryck, existentiella känslor, påkalla uppmärksamhet och psykisk ohälsa. De tre första temana berör patientens upplevelse i samband med awareness och det sista temat berör vilka konsekvenser denna upplevelse kunde få för patienterna.  I samband med awareness kunde patienterna uppleva olika sensoriska intryck som hörsel, syn, känsel, smärta och paralys. Dessa upplevelser kunde medföra existentiella känslor som rädsla, oro, ångest, panik och hjälplöshet. Flera patienter beskrev hur de försökte påkalla personalens uppmärksamhet. Upplevelsen av awareness var för en del patienter en traumatisk upplevelse som kunde medföra kortvarig eller långvarig psykisk ohälsa av varierande omfattning. Det kunde även medföra psykosociala konsekvenser med försämrade relationer till närstående och hälso- och sjukvården med följden att patienten ej kunde genomföra rekommenderad behandling. Slutsats: Att uppleva awareness kan innebära ett lidande för patienten. En ökad kunskap om awareness medvetandegör behovet av att förebygga awareness och ökar anestesisjuksköterskans möjlighet att identifiera och stötta patienter som drabbats. / Background: Awareness, (e.g. unintentional wakefullness) is an unusual but serious complication during general anesthesia. The awareness experience can be traumatic for the patients and result in long-term illness. The patients are entitled to good care and the anesthetist nurse is responsible for ensuring that the patients are adequately anesthetized throughout their anesthesia. Aim: The aim was to illustrate the patient’s perception of awareness during general anesthesia and the consequences this may have for the patient.   Method: A systematic integrative literature study was conducted. Literature searches were made in the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO. 36 qualitative and quantitative studies were identified and analyzed with thematic synthesis. Result: Four comprehensive analytical themes emerged. These were Sensory impressions, existential feelings, calling for attention and mental illness. The first three themes concern the patient’s experience in relation to awareness and the last theme concerns what consequences this experience could have for the patients. In conjunction with awareness patients could experience different sensory impressions such as hearing, sight, feeling, pain and paralysis. These experiences could cause existential feelings such as fear, anxiety, panic and helplessness. Several patients described how they tried to call on the staff’s attention. The experience of awareness was for some patients a traumatic experience that could cause short-term or longterm psychological sequele of varying degrees. It could also result in psychosocial consequences with deteriorated relationships with both relatives and health care, with the result that the patient could not carry out recommended treatment.  Conclusion: Experiencing awareness may mean a suffering for the patient. An increased knowledge about awareness acknowledges the need to prevent it and increases the ability of the nurse to identify and support patients who are affected.

Bakgrund: I en operationssal arbetar ett multiprofessionellt team. För att effektivt kunna bedöma och utvärdera kvaliteten på det intraoperativa teamarbetet, samt stärka patientsäkerheten, är det av stor betydelse att få en djupare förståelse för operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser kring begreppet teamarbete. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa operationssjuksköterskors uppfattningar om det intraoperativa teamarbetet. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med 14 operationssjuksköterskor från två sjukhus i mellersta Norrland. Insamlad data analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Utifrån analysen framkom tre kategorier och tio underkategorier. De tre kategorierna var: Operationssjuksköterskans upplevelser av sin roll i teamet, Interaktionen mellan de olika yrkeskategorierna i teamet och Betydelsen av att utveckla och förbättra teamet. Att planera arbetet och ligga steget före beskrevs som att ha kontroll över situationen. Ett väl fungerande teamarbete präglades av tydlig kommunikation och att bekräfta varandra stärkte teamkänslan. Slutsats: Studien belyser en rad faktorer kring operationssjuksköterskornas uppfattningar om vad som kan bidra till ett väl fungerande intraoperativt teamarbete. Mer forskning av kvalitativ ansats behövs för att tydliggöra och få en större förståelse av operationssjuksköterskans upplevelser i samband med detta. / Background: The operating room is a place where multidisciplinary teamwork is carried out. In order to effectively assess and evaluate the quality of intraoperative teamwork, and enhance patient safety, it is of great importance to gain a deeper understanding of operating room nurses’ perceptions around the concept of teamwork. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe operating room nurses’ perceptions of the intraoperative teamwork. Method: Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 14 operating room nurses at two hospitals in north central Sweden. Collected data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Result: Three categories and ten sub-categories emerged from the analysis. The three categories were: Operating room nurses’ perceptions of their professional role in the team, Interaction between professionals in the team and, The importance of building and improving the team. To plan work and stay ahead were described as achieving control of the situation. Effective teamwork was characterized by clear communication and, team spirit was strengthened by acknowledging each other. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a number of factors surrounding the operating room nurses’ perceptions of what may contribute to a high functioning intraoperative teamwork. Further research with a qualitative approach is needed to clarify and gain a greater understanding of operating room nurses’ perceptions in the context of teamwork.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Rolle der intraoperativen transösophagealen Echokardiografie während herzchirurgischer Eingriffe mit Schwerpunkt Mitralklappenrekonstruktion. Ziel ist die Beschreibung der Aufgaben und Möglichkeiten dieses Verfahrens im klinischen Alltag und das Aufzeigen möglicher neuer Einsatzgebiete, wie die bildgestützte Größenbestimmung der Annuloplastieringe. Die intraoperative Echokardiografie hat sich seit den Anfängen in den achtziger Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts zu einem Standardverfahren während herzchirurgischer Eingriffe entwickelt. Sie dient zum einen zur kardialen Diagnostik und zum anderen als Monitorverfahren. Trotz in der Regel gut vordiagnostizierter Patienten führt die intraoperativ durchgeführte transösophageale Echokardiografie während herzchirurgischer Eingriffe nicht selten zur Diagnose vorher nicht bekannter Pathologien und somit zu einer Änderung im chirurgischen Vorgehen. Speziell während der Mitralklappenrekonstruktion ermöglicht diese Methode die Diagnostik und Lokalisation der pathologischen Segmente, die Bestätigung des Schweregrades und dem Erkennen möglicher Risikofaktoren. Hierfür ist jedoch eine umfassende, standardisierte Untersuchung notwendig. Der Einsatz moderner Operationstechniken, wie z.B. der kathetergestützten Implantation der Aortenklappe ohne Einsatz der Herz-Lungen-Maschine, ohne Eröffnung des Sternums, macht eine direkte visuelle Einschätzung der Herzfunktion unmöglich. Sowohl zur Evaluierung der Herzfunktion als auch zur Größenbestimmung der zu implantierenden Klappenprothesen ist ein bildgebendes Verfahren unabdingbar. Die dreidimensionale transösophageale Echokardiografie ermöglicht nun in Echtzeit die komplette Darstellung z.B. der Mitralklappe. Dies erleichtert nicht nur die Verständigung zwischen Echokardiographeur und Chirurgen bei der Darstellung der Befunde, sondern ermöglicht nun erstmals auch die bildgestützte Planung des operativen Vorgehens, wie, z.B. die Visualisierung und Größenbestimmung der zu implantierenden Annuloplastieringe, die als Computermodelle auf die dreidimensionale Darstellung der Mitralklappe projiziert werden können. In der postoperativen TEE-Untersuchung ist die Evaluierung des rekonstruierten Mitralklappenapparates, die Quantifizierung einer eventuell bestehenden residualen Mitralinsuffizienz, sowie deren genaue Lokalisation primäres Ziel. Weiterhin sollten iatrogen aufgetretene Komplikationen in einer umfassenden postoperativen TEE-Untersuchung diagnostiziert werden wie z.B. der Verschluss des Ramus circumflexus, Aortendissektion, etc. Zusammenfassend wird in dieser Habilitationsarbeit die Rolle der intraoperativen Echokardiografie bei herzchirurgischen Eingriffen dargestellt. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt in dieser Arbeit ist die transösophageale Echokardiographie bei Mitralklappenoperationen im Hinblick auf die Darstellung der bestehenden Pathologie, der Quantifizierung der Mitralinsuffizienz und dem Erkennen bestehender Risikofaktoren präoperativ bzw das Erkennen der Komplikation postoperativ.

Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to describe the experiences of awake patients during surgery under regional anesthesia. In addition, the aim was to develop a model for intraoperative care that can support and enhance patients’ well-being during the intraoperative period.   Methods: Study I was a patient interview study guided by a reflective lifeworld approach. In study II a philosophical reflection of the findings from study I was carried out. In study III a hermeneutic approach inspired by Ricoeur and Gadamer was used in order to interpret video recorded material. In study IV a hermeneutic approach inspired by Gadamer was used to synthesize the findings in studies I-III transformed into an intraoperative caring model.  Overall main findings: The analysis shows that being awake during surgery can be compared with walking a tightrope because of ambiguous feelings. The proximity and presence of the nurse anesthetist (NA) anchors the patient in the present and strengthens the patient’s feeling of trust. The temporary disruption in the relationship between the body and the world due to regional anesthesia means that the patient’s being in the world is exposed to revolutionary experiences. Gaps between the patient’s experiences and the situation can be bridged over when the NA acts as the patient’s bodily extension and links the patient as a subject to the world in the intraoperative situation. From the patient’s perspective this calls for the NA’s proximity and genuine presence in the ‘intraoperative caring space’. When the NA’s performance of his/her professional duties clashes with the patient’s existential being in the intraoperative situation the need of present presence from the NA is crucial. Conclusions: The findings contribute to knowledge development about intraoperative care and raise awareness that care for the awake patient cannot be performed on formal routines that might disregard the uniqueness of each patient’s situation. The model can be used as a tool to encounter awake patients’ existential needs in the intraoperative situation and to further enlighten NAs about the possible impact of their proximity, interaction and communication behavior in the delivery of intraoperative nursing care.

Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre o exame anatomopatológico transoperatório de congelação (TO) e o diagnóstico histológico no exame anatomopatológico convencional (AP-conv) nas massas anexiais, divididas em grupos conforme seu tamanho e suas características morfológicas na ultrassonografia da pelve, para especificar fatores ultrassonográficos preditores de erro no TO. Os diagnósticos do TO nos grupos foram comparados com os AP-conv de tumores benignos, borderline e malignos. Métodos: Estudo transversal com avaliação retrospectiva em 302 pacientes com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de massas anexiais, submetidas a procedimento cirúrgico no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Estas foram divididas em oito grupos, conforme as características morfológicas ultrassonográficas e o tamanho tumoral. Grupo 1: tumores uniloculares ≤ 10 cm; grupo 2: tumores líquidos septados ≤ 10 cm; grupo 3: tumores heterogêneos ≤ 10 cm; grupo 4: tumores sólidos ≤ 10 cm; grupo 5: uniloculares > 10 cm; grupo 6: líquidos septados > 10 cm; grupo 7: heterogêneos > 10 cm; e grupo 8: sólidos > 10 cm. O resultado diagnóstico do TO foi então comparado com o diagnóstico histológico final no AP-conv. Resultados: A concordância diagnóstica variou entre os grupos. Nos 33 casos do grupo 1, houve 100% de concordância (Kappa 1) entre o TO e o AP-conv. No grupo 2, com 32 casos, também houve 100% de concordância, assim como nos seis casos do grupo 8 (Kappa 1). No grupo 3, com 90 casos, a concordância diagnóstica também foi ótima (Kappa 0,898), com dois casos discordantes (2,22%): um diagnóstico benigno no TO que se confirmou borderline no AP-conv e outro benigno no TO que se confirmou maligno no AP-conv. O grupo 4, com 24 casos, apresentou uma discordância (4,17%) de benigna no TO e maligna no AP-conv (Kappa 0,869). No grupo 5, houve concordância em 93% dos 15 casos, com uma discordância (6,67%) no diagnóstico: benigno no TO e maligno no AP-conv; não foi possível calcular o Kappa neste grupo. Dos 39 casos do grupo 6, 89,74% tiveram o diagnóstico concordante, com duas discordâncias (5,13%): benignos no TO foram borderline no AP-conv; uma discordância (2,57%): borderline no TO foi benigno no AP-conv; e outra discordância (2,57%): borderline no TO foi maligno no AP-conv (Kappa 0,591). O grupo 7, com 63 pacientes, teve concordância em 55 casos (87,30%), com oito casos discordantes (12,70%): dos seis benignos (9,52%) no TO, três foram borderline (4,76%) e três malignos (4,76%) no AP-conv; dos dois borderline (3,18%) no TO, um foi benigno (1,59%) e um maligno (1,59%) no AP-conv (Kappa 0,776). Conclusão: O TO tem uma concordância com o AP-conv que varia de ótima em tumores císticos a moderada em tumores multiloculados com mais de 10 cm. Nosso estudo apresenta limitações por ser um estudo retrospectivo, além de não haver sido o mesmo patologista quem avaliou todas as peças. Mas a estratificação das massas anexiais em grupos, de acordo com seu tamanho e características morfológicas na ultrassonografia, é um bom método para avaliação pré-operatória de massa anexiais, sabendo-se que, nas lesões císticas septadas ou com componentes sólidos maiores que 10 cm, a concordância do TO com o AP-conv é moderada. Portanto, devemos estar cientes que, em tumores maiores de 10 cm com componente sólido, o erro diagnóstico do TO aumenta. Assim, nesses casos, o patologista e o cirurgião deverão estar atentos para um correto diagnóstico e um planejamento adequado do tratamento, evitando, com isso, o subtratamento ou o sobretratamento da paciente. / Objective: To assess agreement between intraoperative frozen section (IFS) and final histopathology (HPE) for anatomic pathology examination of adnexal masses stratified according to size and morphological characteristics on pelvic ultrasonography and define sonographic predictors of diagnostic error of IFS. IFS classification of masses as benign, borderline, or malignant was compared to final diagnoses after HPE. Methods: Cross-sectional study with retrospective assessment of 302 patients with a sonographic diagnosis of adnexal masses that underwent surgical treatment at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Patients were divided into eight groups according to mass size and sonographic morphology as follows: Group 1, unilocular tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 2, septated cystic tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 3, heterogeneous tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 4, solid tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 5, unilocular tumors >10 cm in size; Group 6, septated cystic tumors >10 cm in size; Group 7, heterogeneous tumors >10 cm in size; and Group 8, solid tumors >10 cm in size. The diagnostic findings of IFS were then compared with the final histopathologic diagnosis. Results: Diagnostic agreement varied among groups. In Groups 1 (33 cases), 2 (32 cases), and 8 (6 cases), there was 100% agreement between IFS and HPE (Kappa = 1.0). In Group 3 (90 cases), agreement was excellent (Kappa = 0.898), with only two divergences (2.22%): one mass classified as benign on IFS that was borderline on HPE and another initially classified as benign that later proved malignant on HPE. In Group 4 (24 cases), Kappa was 0.869, with one divergence (4.17%), again a mass classified as benign on IFS which proved malignant on HPE. In Group 5, there was agreement in 93% of 15 cases, with one divergence (6.67%) in diagnosis: benign on IFS and malignant on HPE. Kappa could not be calculated for this group. Of the 39 cases in Group 6, there was agreement in 89.74%, with two masses classified as benign on IFS later deemed malignant on HPE (5.13%); one borderline on IFS diagnosed as benign on HPE (2.57%); and one borderline on IFS and diagnosed as malignant on HPE (2.57%) (Kappa = 0.591). In Group 7 (63 patients), there was agreement in 55 cases (87.30%), with eight divergences (12.70%): of six masses deemed benign on IFS (9.52%), three (4.76%) were diagnosed as borderline and three (4.76%) as malignant on HPE; of two masses deemed borderline on IFS (3.18%), one was later deemed benign (1.59%) and one diagnosed as malignant (1.59%) on HPE (Kappa = 0.776). Conclusion: Agreement between IFS and HPE ranged from excellent (for cystic masses) to moderate (for multilocular tumors larger than 10 cm). Limitations of this study include its retrospective design and the fact that not all surgical specimens were examined by the same pathologist. Nevertheless, stratification of adnexal masses by sonographic morphology and size is a good method for preoperative assessment, with the knowledge that agreement between IFS and HPE is only moderate for septated cystic or heterogeneous lesions larger than 10 cm. Therefore, clinicians should bear in mind that the diagnostic error of IFS is higher for adnexal masses >10 cm in size with a solid component. In these cases, particular care is required from both the pathologist and surgeon for proper diagnosis and treatment planning, thus avoiding undertreatment or overtreatment.