Bakgrund: Intraoperativ hypotermi definieras som en kärntemperatur <36°C och är vanligt förekommande i samband med generell anestesi. Hypotermi kan leda till komplikationer i form av svår sårläkning, koagulationsrubbning samt kardiovaskulära händelser. Anestesisjuksköterskan har en skyldighet att arbeta patientsäkert och förebygga vårdskada. Genom ökad kunskap kan intraoperativ hypotermi förebyggas. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva förebyggande åtgärder för att motverka intraoperativ hypotermi i samband med generell anestesi hos vuxna patienter. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med systematisk sökning. Litteratursökningen utfördes i tre databaser, PubMed, Cinahl samt Web of Science, och resulterade i att 18 kvantitativa artiklar inkluderades i resultatet. Resultat: Två huvudkategorier identifierades, passiva och aktiva åtgärder med fyra subkategorier. De subkategorier som framkom till passiva åtgärder var läkemedel och termisk dräkt och de subkategorier som framkom till aktiva åtgärder var aktivt forcerad luftvärme och värmefilt. Aktiva åtgärder framkom som den mest effektiva behandlingen mot intraoperativ hypotermi medan passiva åtgärder hade sämre effekt. Slutsats: Aktiva åtgärder minskade incidensen för intraoperativ hypotermi i större utsträckning jämfört med passiva åtgärder. En kombination av pre- och intraoperativ uppvärmning gav den mest optimala kärntemperaturen. Genom att implementera resultatet i den dagliga verksamheten inom anestesisjukvård kan intraoperativ hypotermi förebyggas och såldes öka patientsäkerheten. / Background: Intraoperative hypothermia is defined as core temperature <36°C and is commonly associated with general anesthesia. Hypothermia can lead to complications such as delayed wound healing, coagulation disturbances, and cardiovascular events. The anesthesia nurse has a responsibility to work safely for the patient and prevent harm. Increased knowledge can help prevent intraoperative hypothermia. Purpose: The aim was to describe preventive measures to counteract intraoperative hypothermia in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. Method: A Literature review with systematic search. The literature search was conducted in three databases, PubMed, Cinahl, and Web of Science, resulting in the inclusion of 18 quantitative articles in the findings. Results: Two main categories were identified, passive and active measures, each with four subcategories. The subcategories that emerged for passive measures were medication and thermal blanket, while the subcategories for active measures were actively forced air heating and warming blanket. Active measures emerged as the most effective treatment against intraoperative hypothermia, while passive measures had poorer efficacy. Conclusion: Active measures reduced the incidence of intraoperative hypothermia to a greater extent compared to passive measures. A combination of pre- and intraoperative warming achieved the most optimal core temperature. Implementing these findings into daily practice in anesthesia care can prevent intraoperative hypothermia, thus enhancing patient safety.

By observing these warning criteria, surgery can be safely carried out if changes of signal amplitudes are within the threshold boundary. Future studies should aim to validate and refine the "warning criteria" for intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring in different surgery. / During stable anesthesia, experiments were completed in 31 pigs. A decrease in SEP amplitude > 25% and / or TceMEP amplitude > 65% was associated with substantial risk of postoperative motor deficit. In addition, rapid deterioration of signal within 5 min of an event, and / or a lack of signal recovery within 30 min after the initial deterioration were also predictors of postoperative paraplegia or weakness. These findings also correlated well with radiological changes in the spinal cord. The sensitivity and specificity for TceMEP to predict adverse neurologic outcome were 100% and 90.5%, respectively. / In a porcine model of direct compression and distraction of the exposed spinal cord, we measured the perioperative changes in SEP and TceMEP. This was correlated with postoperative motor function using the modified Tarlov scale. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging of the spinal cord was also performed to assess the anatomical extent of injury three days after surgery. / The spinal cord is at risk of injury during complex operations of the spine or aorta, and may result in catastrophic long term disability. Intraoperative monitoring with somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and transcranial electric motor evoked potential (TceMEP) are commonly performed to assess the integrity of the sensory and motor pathways, respectively. The purpose of this study was to identify the minimum changes in signal amplitudes, beyond which postoperative neurologic deficit may occur. / Liu, Quanmeng. / Adviser: Matthew Tu Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-103). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

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Hypotermi är en vanligt förekommande intraoperativ komplikation. Intraoperativ hypotermi är konstaterat i samband med såväl anestesiologiska som kirurgiska interventioner. Ett hypotermt tillstånd har stor inverkan både för patientens fysiska och psykiska status under hela det perioperativa förloppet. Komplikationerna vid intraoperativ hypotermi är många och välkända men intraoperativ hypotermi kan relativt enkelt förebyggas genom god planering och konkreta omvårdnadsåtgärder. Anestesisjuksköterskan har en grundläggande roll i detta arbete för att bedriva en säker vård. Syfte: Att kartlägga de rutiner och omvårdnadsåtgärder som tillämpas av anestesisjuksköterskor vid förebyggandet av intraoperativ hypotermi. Metod: Kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie. Data samlades in via en egenkonstruerad webbenkät och analyserades i Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Studien genomfördes på 14 utvalda operationsavdelningar. Resultat: Majoriteten av anestesisjuksköterskorna kände till de hypotermiförebyggande rutiner som fanns på arbetsplatsen. Det fanns vissa skillnader gällande de omvårdnadsåtgärder som användes för att förebygga hypotermi vid korta respektive långa ingrepp. Flera metoder tillämpades för att mäta temperaturen, den vanligaste metoden var örontermometer. Mätfrekvensen varierande, men oftast genomfördes temperaturmätning under pågående ingrepp. Mätning vid induktion förekom i något mindre utsträckning, majoriteten mätte temperaturen innan väckning. Inget signifikant samband fanns mellan upplevd följsamhet till rutiner på enheten och om deltagarna mätte temperaturen inför induktion eller väckning. Slutsats: Resultatet indikerar att det finns medvetenhet bland anestesisjuksköterskorna om rutiner och omvårdnadsåtgärder för att förebygga intraoperativ hypotermi på de studerade operationsavdelningarna. Vidare studier skulle behövas för att tydligare kartlägga faktorer för mätmetoder och mätintervaller. Även kartläggning för huruvida åtgärder varierar med den kirurgiska kontexten, samt om individuella bedömningar görs utifrån patientens riskfaktorer erfordras. Tydligare nationella riktlinjer skulle underlätta utformandet av standardiserade och evidensbaserade rutiner.

Objective The goal of this retrospective study is the evaluation of risk factors for postoperative neurological deficits after petroclival meningioma (PCM) surgery with special focus on standard craniotomies. Materials and methods One-hundred-fifty-eight patients were included in the study, of which 133 patients suffered from primary and 25 from recurrent PCM. All patients were operated on and evaluated concerning age, tumor size, histology, pre- and postoperative cranial nerve (CN) deficits, morbidity, mortality, and surgical complications. Tumor-specific features—e.g., consistency, surface, arachnoid cleavage, and location—were set in a four-grade classification system that was used to evaluate the risk of CN deficits and tumor resectability. Results After primary tumor resection, new CN deficits occurred in 27.3% of patients. Preoperative ataxia improved in 25%, whereas 10% developed new ataxia. Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 59.4%. The morbidity rate, including hemiparesis, shunt-dependence, postop-hemorrhage, and tracheostomy was 22.6% and the mortality rate was 2.3%. In recurrent PCM surgery, CN deficits occurred in 16%. GTR could be achieved in three cases. Minor complications occurred in 20%. By applying the proposed new classification system to patients operated via standard craniotomies, the best outcome was observed in type I tumor patients (soft tumor consistency, smooth surface, plane arachnoid cleavage, and unilateral localization) with GTR in 78.7% (p < 0.001) and 11.9% new CN deficits (p = 0.006). Conclusion Standard craniotomies as the retrosigmoid or subtemporal/pterional approaches are often used for the resection of PCMs. Whether these approaches are sufficient for GTR—and avoidance of new neurological deficits—depends mainly on the localization and intrinsic tumor-specific features.

Le traitement sémantique est le processus mental par lequel nous accédons au sens. Il occupe donc une place centrale dans la compréhension et la production du langage, mais également dans le fonctionnement humain en général, puisqu'il permet de conceptualiser le monde qui nous entoure et de lui donner un sens, en le confrontant en pleine conscience aux connaissances que nous emmagasinons au fil de nos expériences. Si les bases neurales corticales du traitement sémantique sont bien documentées par de nombreuses études basées sur les données de l'imagerie fonctionnelle notamment, l'analyse de la connectivité sous-corticale impliquée dans ce traitement a jusqu'ici reçu moins d'attention. Les auteurs s'accordent néanmoins sur l'existence d'une voie ventrale sémantique, parallèle à une voie dorsale dédiée au traitement phonologique. Le présent ouvrage se propose d'apporter un nouvel éclairage à la connaissance des bases neurales du traitement sémantique du mot isolé, en lien avec le cadre plus large du traitement sémantique non-verbal, par l'étude des habiletés sémantiques de patients présentant un gliome de grade 2 OMS et pour lequel ils bénéficient d'une prise en charge chirurgicale en condition éveillée, avec cartographie cortico-sous-corticale peropératoire. Il met ainsi en évidence l'importance cruciale du faisceau fronto-occipital inférieur gauche dans cette voie ventrale sémantique, au sein d'une organisation cérébrale fonctionnelle en réseaux parallèles et distribués de zones corticales interconnectées par des faisceaux d'association de substance blanche. Il souligne également le caractère interactif du fonctionnement cognitif, ainsi que l'importance des mécanismes de contrôle dans le traitement du langage, et de la mesure de la chronométrie mentale lors son évaluation. Ces différentes considérations nous amènent à proposer un modèle hodotopique général d'organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle du langage. Les résultats présentés dans cet ouvrage peuvent donc avoir des implications cliniques et scientifiques majeures, quant à la compréhension de l'organisation cérébrale fonctionnelle du langage, de ses dysfonctionnements, des mécanismes de réorganisation fonctionnelle en cas de lésion et à l'élaboration de programmes de réhabilitation. / Semantic processing is the mental process by which we access to meaning. Therefore, it takes a central place in language comprehension and production, but also in the whole human functioning, since it allows conceptualizing and giving a meaning to the world, by confronting it consciously with the knowledge we store over our experiences. If the neural bases of semantic processing are well known at the cortical level, thanks to numerous studies based particularly on functional neuroimaging data, the analysis of the subcortical connectivity underlying this processing received so far less attention. Nevertheless, the authors agree on the existence of a semantic ventral stream, parallel to a phonological dorsal stream.The present work mean to bring a new highlight on the knowledge of the neural bases of semantic processing at the level of the single word, in connection with the wider setting of non verbal semantic processing, by the study of semantic skills in patients presenting with WHO grade 2 glioma, and for which they undergo a surgery in awaken conditions, with cortico-subcortical intraoperative mapping. Thus, this work highlights the crucial role of the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle, in this ventral semantic route, within a functional brain organization in parallel and distributed networks of cortical areas interconnected by white matter association fibers.it underlines also the interactive feature of cognitive functioning, and the significance of control mechanisms in language processing, as well as the measuring of mental chronometry when assessing it. These considerations lead us to propose a general hodotopical model of language anatomo-functional organization.The results presented in this work may thus have important clinical and scientific implications, regarding the comprehension of language brain functional organization, of its dysfunctioning, of functional reorganization mechanisms in case of brain lesion, and the elaboration of rehabilitation programs.

Bakgrund: Aktuell forskning visar hur användning av intraoperativ kommunikation kan medföra positiva effekter för både patienter och operationssjuksköterskor. Dock saknas forskning om hur användningen ser ut i praxis. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att med stöd i yrkets kompetensbeskrivning observera hur operationssjuksköterskor använder sig av intraoperativ kommunikation med patienter i det kliniska arbetet samt orsaker till att kommunikation eventuellt inte används. Metod: Studien utfördes som en kvalitativ, etnografisk observationsstudie. 20 observationer av operationssjuksköterskor på ett sjukhus i norra Sverige genomfördes och materialet analyserades genom innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen av materialet utmynnande i tre kategorier: Att kommunicera, Att ge personcentrerad vård samt Att påverkas av arbetsmiljön, och åtta underkategorier: Att ge information, Att föra en intraoperativ dialog, Att bygga en tillfällig relation, Att identifiera omvårdnadsbehov, Att vara engagerad, Att vara frånvarande, Att ha andra arbetsuppgifter och Att påverkas av tid. Slutsats: Resultatet av denna studie tyder på att intraoperativ kommunikation knappt används i klinisk verksamhet idag och att operationssjuksköterskor av olika anledningar oftast backar undan och låter andra teammedlemmar ansvara för det nära omvårdnadsarbetet. / Background: Current research shows how the use of intraoperative communication can lead to positive effects for both patients and operating theatre nurses. However, research is missing regarding the use in practice. Aim: The aim of this study was to observe, with the support of the competence description of the profession, how operating theatre nurses use intraoperative communication with patients in their clinical work, and reasons why communication possibly is not used. Method: The study was performed as a qualitative, ethnographic, observational study. 20 observations of operating theatre nurses at a hospital in northern Sweden were made, and the material was analyzed through content analysis. Findings: The analysis of the material led to three categories: To communicate, To perform person-centered care and To be influenced by the working environment, and eight sub-categories: To provide information, To conduct an intraoperative dialogue, To build a temporary relationship, To identify caring needs, To be committed, To be absent, To have other duties and To be affected by time Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that intraoperative communication is rarely used in clinical work today, and that operating theatre nurses, for different reasons, usually take a step back and let the other team members take responsibility for the intraoperative nursing.

Background and Objective In stereotactic brain tumor biopsies, the combination of real-time fluorescence spectroscopy with the detection of microvascular perfusion using laser Doppler flowmetry provides an improved localization of the brain tumor while decreasing the risk of intra-cranial hemorrhage. The surgeon using the measurement probe is required to view signal values on a screen or usually, when her or his visual focus is directed at the patient, the verbal feedback of a biomedical engineer who is monitoring the measurement signals is needed. In this process possible important information can be overlooked and time is lost. The aim of the thesis was the development a visual and auditory user interface (UI) for use in stereotactic brain tumor biopsies. Materials and Methods The system translates the fluorescence intensity of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) into sound and visual indicators that are easy and fast to recognize and transmits warning signals in case of signal error or the detection of microvascular perfusion. The increasing and de-creasing fluorescence values at tumor margins were reproduced to improve the precision of de-tecting varying fluorescence intensities when entering tumor tissue with color gradient models. The algorithm produced five signal values when specific fluorescence intensities were measured and compared at different wavelengths.For the development of the UI, a user-centered design was implemented. The user-, operating room- and safety requirements were gathered by communicating with the biomedical engineers and neurosurgeons who had experience in working with fluorescence guided brain tumor biop-sies. The requirements were considered when designing the UI’s features in LabVIEW and the auditory feedback was generated using OSC (Open Sound Control). The user interface intended to deliver measurement data to the user that triggered a high response accuracy by being easy to understand while inducing high user acceptance. The user interaction and function response accuracy of the visual and auditory interface were evaluated in statistical tests where operating room situations were mimicked. The user acceptance of the UI was evaluated. Results Signals for no, low (increasing and decreasing) and high fluorescence indicators, as well as two warning indicators for a blocked signal and vessel occurrence were represented visually and auditorially by the user interface. An intensity/time graph and intensity/wavelength graph, along with the option of recording measurement files and opening saved files allowed the inspec-tion of detailed measurement values. The user study exhibited auditory response accuracy of 95 ± 3% in the intuition test and 91±16% in a memory test. The testing of the response accuracy of the individual signal values displayed accurate responses in 84% to 100% of times a signal was played back. The user acceptance rating of the auditory and visual interface showed no negative results. Conclusion A UI was developed to visually and auditorially represent measurement values to a neurosurgeon performing a stereotactic brain tumor biopsy procedure and biomedical engineers monitoring the measurement signals. The visual display was successful in representing data in a way that was easy to understand. The auditory interface showed high response accuracies for the individual tones representing measurement values. The majority of the test subjects per-ceived the signals to be intuitive, easy to understand and easy to remember. The auditory and visual UI showed high user acceptance ratings, indicating that the user interface was useful and satisfactory in its application.

Intracavitary high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy is a form of radiation therapy generally in which a post-surgical tissue margin is treated. The dose gradient of HDR brachytherapy is very steep, and thus small displacements of the applicator, even as small as 1 mm, could potentially cause significant variations of dose which could result in undesired side effects such as overdose of a critical organ. In this retrospective dosimetric study, the variation of dose due to various small range motions of gynecological applicators is investigated. The results show that the implementation of additional immobilization and localization devices along with other safety measures needs to be further investigated. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015 / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

A introdução dos endoscópios na otorrinolaringologia determinou um grande avanço tecnológico, permitindo a sistematização da cirurgia endoscópica nasossinusal funcional. A possibilidade de trabalhar nos limites das cavidades nasossinusais com boa iluminação e visibilidade permitiu a expansão dessa cirurgia para abordar lesões da base do crânio e no interior da cavidade craniana, ampliando consideravelmente as suas indicações e a gravidade das suas complicações. Dentre estas complicações as lesões vasculares e ou de nervos cranianos estão entre as principais causas de morbidade. A artéria frontobasilar medial (AFM) é o primeiro ramo cortical do segmento pós-comunicante da artéria cerebral anterior e possui percurso próximo a base anterior do crânio. Havendo penetração intracraniana através da base anterior do crânio, durante uma cirurgia endoscópica endonasal, a AFM pode ser lesionada causando graves complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as relações da AFM com a base anterior do crânio e reparos anatômicos utilizados em cirurgia endonasal, através de imagens obtidas por angiotomografia de crânio. E também identificar os locais de maior proximidade da AFM com a base anterior do crânio, sugerindo áreas de maior risco de lesão em cirurgia endonasal. Foram analisados 52 exames de angiotomografia de crânio, realizados no período de 2013 a 2015. O software OsiriXÒ foi utilizado para fazer as medições entre a AFM e os pontos de referência nos planos sagital e coronal, na ordem cronológica em que os exames foram coletados. A AFM descreveu um trajeto descendente, próximo a linha média (distancia média de 1,5 mm), se aproximando do plano esfenoidal (distancia média de 1,8 mm) e depois um trajeto ascendente à medida que se dirige para porção anterior do crânio, com distância média de 4,4mm na região da parede anterior do seio esfenoidal e de 12mm na região onde se encontra a artéria etmoidal anterior. Considerando o ângulo de trabalho na cirurgia endonasal e a os locais de maior proximidade da AFM com a base anterior do crânio, as regiões do etmoide posterior e plano esfenoidal foram as áreas de maior risco de sua lesão Study of the relations between medial orbitofrontal artery and anterior skull base performed by computed tomography angiography / The introduction of endoscopes in otolaryngology determined a great technological advance, allowing the systematization of the endoscopic endonasal sinus surgery. The possibility of working at the nasal cavity boundaries with good illumination and visibility allowed the expansion of this surgery to address lesions of the skull base and inside the cranial cavity, considerably broadening its indications and the severity of its complications. Among these complications, vascular lesions and cranial nerves are among the main causes of morbidity. The medial orbitofrontal artery (MOFA) the first cortical branch of the post-communicating segment of the anterior cerebral artery and has a path near the anterior skull base. If there is an intracranial penetration through the anterior skull base, during endonasal surgery, the MOFA can be injured causing serious complications. The objective of this study was to analyze the MOFA relations with the anterior skull base and anatomical repairs used in endonasal surgery, through images obtained by computed tomography angiography. And also identify the sites of greater proximity of the MOFA with the anterior skull base, suggesting areas of greater risk of injury in endonasal surgery. It was studied 52 examinations of skull computed tomography angiography performed between 2013 and 2015. The OsiriXÒ software was used to make the measurements between the MOFA and the reference points in the sagittal and coronal planes, in the chronological order in which the exams were collected. The MOFA described a descending path, close to the midline (average distance of 1.5 mm), approaching the sphenoid plane (average distance of 1.8 mm) and then an ascending path as it is directed towards the anterior portion of the skull, with an average distance of 4.4 mm in the region of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and 12 mm in the region where the anterior ethmoid artery is located. Considering the angle of work in endonasal surgery and the places of greater proximity of the MOFA with the anterior skull base, the regions of the posterior ethmoid and sphenoid plane were the areas of greatest risk of its lesion