Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Filosofía / En esta tesis, se indagará el enlace entre utilidad, libertad y democracia en la doctrina de John Stuart Mill. La hipótesis o juicio provisorio que guiará esta investigación es que una lectura rigurosa de “Utilitarismo”, “Sobre la libertad” y “Consideraciones sobre el Gobierno representativo”, permite apreciar la existencia de una teoría cualitativa del placer o, lo que es igual, un hedonismo ético (universal y solidario) que es inmune a las críticas que tradicionalmente se esgrimen contra toda teoría fundada en el placer. Esta investigación se desarrollará adoptando una perspectiva revisionista sobre la obra del autor, es decir, defendiendo la existencia de una tesis unívoca que enlaza de manera coherente los conceptos anteriormente mencionados. Tal tesis, en efecto, es la de los placeres superiores y se expresa en la declaración de ‘que es preferible ser un Sócrates insatisfecho que un necio satisfecho’. Esta imagen, postulo, se encuentra también en sus ideas sobre libertad y democracia y, es más, es la clave para comprender el sentido utilitarista de sus afirmaciones en estos ámbitos. En síntesis, la tesis a desarrollar postula que el hedonismo cualitativo, o tesis de los placeres superiores, enlaza la teoría ética y política de John Stuart Mill.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:57:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000793551.pdf: 682010 bytes, checksum: e6192188b33ef5d277c6eced07ad173e (MD5) / A proposta deste trabalho é realizar um estudo temático sobre o conceito de liberdade. O objeto em questão é muito caro para a filosofia, uma vez que é comum associálo com normas, padrões de condutas, investigações sobre regras morais e éticas, possibilidade de ações, escolhas, deliberações e etc. Assim, ao investigar a natureza da liberdade, muitos filósofos construíram argumentações de forma a projetar os aspectos acima mencionados somando-os com os planos sociais e individuais. Isto quer dizer que a liberdade teria regras ou limites referidos como fronteiras (no plano social) ou determinações (no caso individual) vinculados intimamente à liberdade em relação a um contexto ou particularidades de uma ação individual/coletiva. Este tipo de interpretação pressupõe o exame sobre liberdade em ações que serão executadas ou já finalizadas em um movimento de recortar a ação separando-a do indivíduo (e de tudo o que o constitui) e analisa metodicamente aquele fragmento de atividade em busca da liberdade. Esta forma de análise permite, por um lado, um ‘conforto intelectual’ assegurando que um indivíduo agiu livremente ou não; por outro, ignora diversos aspectos fundamentais que constituem a liberdade. Tais aspectos podem ser, por exemplo, o poder de mudar uma ação que já está em curso, costumes, opiniões, e, principalmente, falhas inerentes à natureza humana. Desta maneira, este trabalho tem como critério questionar (e por que não valorizar) estes aspectos com fim a observar a natureza da liberdade nas ações em curso ao passo que a argumentação a ser apresentada reforce a suspeita de que a liberdade é maior que sistemas ou conjunto de regras que orientem as ações. Neste sentido, John Stuart Mill, filósofo inglês do século XIX, pensa que a individualidade seria um elemento fundamental para o bem-estar social tal como expressa em sua... / The proposal of this work is manage a thematic study upon the concept of liberty. Such object is too dearly to the philosophy, since it is commonly associated it with norms, conduct patterns, inquiries upon moral and ethical rules, action possibilities, chooses, deliberations and etc. Therefore, to investigate the nature of the liberty, many philosophers has built with their arguments is the way to propel the aspects mentioned above adding with them the social and individual perspectives. This means that the liberty should have rules or limits treated as frontiers (in social perspective) or determinations (individual case) bounded tightly with liberty in relation to a context or particularities of an individual/social action. This kind of interpretation supposes the exam upon liberty in actions that will be or has already been done cutting off the action in a movement of separating it from the individual (and all of its aspects) and analyses carefully that fragment of activity seeking for liberty. This kind of analysis allows, in one hand, an ‘intellectual comfort’ assuring that the individual acted freely or not; in other hand, ignores many fundamental aspects that constitute the liberty. Such aspects can be, for example, the power to change an action which is already in course, customs, opinions and, mainly, fails inherent to the human nature. In this way, this work has as criteria questioning (and why not value) these aspects to observe the nature of liberty in actions within its course and it the meanwhile the arguments to be show here endorses the suspect that the liberty is larger in systems or group of rules that guide the actions. In this way, John Stuart Mill, English philosopher from 19th century, thinks that the individuality would be a fundamental element to the social well-being such as expressed in his book On liberty (1963). The individuality emerges through the opinions expressed in social context. Therefore, when...

Segundo John Stuart Mill, a maximização da felicidade está intimamente relacionada ao desenvolvimento do caráter das pessoas. O filósofo defende que a educação e a opinião têm uma influência tão grande sobre o caráter humano que se este for desenvolvido a partir da filosofia utilitarista seria possível estabelecer na mente das pessoas uma associação indissolúvel entre a felicidade individual e a felicidade de todos. Com a finalidade de aprofundar o entendimento dessa relação o tema desse trabalho é o utilitarismo de Mill e a formação do caráter moral. Para alcançar esse objetivo foi utilizada a metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica, analisando a literatura já publicada sobre os conceitos que norteiam o tema proposto, observando e utilizando a abordagem metodológica analítico-interpretativa. A dissertação apresenta as principais ideias dos filósofos clássicos do utilitarismo, investiga a concepção de utilitarismo de Mill analisando a relação do princípio de utilidade e o princípio de liberdade e observa as noções de Mill acerca da constituição do caráter do moral. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem ponderar que Mill considera as noções de virtude, justiça, diversidade, tolerância e empatia valores inseparáveis da concepção de felicidade. Concluiu-se que hedonismo qualitativo de Mill configura-se em um utilitarismo indireto, oferecendo mais espaço para aceitação de máximas não utilitárias, sem abandonar o princípio da utilidade / According to John Stuart Mill, maximizing happiness is closely related to the development of people's character. The philosopher argues that education and opinion have such a great influence on human character that if it were developed from utilitarian philosophy it would be possible to establish in the minds of people an indissoluble association between individual happiness and the happiness of all. In order to deepen the understanding of this relation the theme of this work is the utilitarianism of Mill and the formation of the moral character. In order to reach this goal, a bibliographical research methodology was used, analyzing the already published literature on the concepts that guide the proposed theme, observing and using the analytical-interpretative methodological approach. The dissertation presents the main ideas of the classical philosophers of utilitarianism, investigates Mill conception of utilitarianism by analyzing the relation of the utility principle and the principle of freedom and observes Mill notions about the constitution of the character of morality. The results of the research allow us to consider that Mill considers the notions of virtue, justice, diversity, tolerance and empathy values inseparable from the conception of happiness. It was concluded that Mill qualitative hedonism is an indirect utilitarianism, offering more space for the acceptance of non-utilitarian maxims, without abandoning the principle of utility

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Ce travail examine le problème de l'intervention d'un État ou d'un peuple dans les affaires d'un autre tel qu'il fut formulé dans le libéralisme naissant et à partir de la conjoncture ouverte par la Révolution française de 1789. Après un détour par les auteurs du droit des gens, il examine les écrits de Burke et de Godwin afin de donner à voir la nature polémique et les origines révolutionnaires du concept d'intervention. Puis, prenant comme fil directeur l'œuvre de John Stuart Mill, qui s'est penché de manière récurrente sur ce problème, en lui apportant des réponses diverses et contradictoires, il s'efforce d'en montrer l'équivocité. Loin de pouvoir se ramener à un simple chapitre de la théorie de la guerre ou du droit international, la question de l'intervention militaire fut au contraire réfléchie en relation avec l'économie, la politique ou encore la morale - les penseurs libéraux, tels que John Stuart Mill, Benjamin Constant, ou encore Richard Cobden, s'efforçant, dans chacun de ces champs et en faisant circuler les concepts, les maximes et les raisons, d'élaborer un ou des principes de non-intervention. Il propose enfin une nouvelle traduction et une lecture des « Quelques mots sur la non-intervention » de John Stuart Mill, en exhumant la nature dialectique de cet article de 1859. / This study examines the issue of intervention from a State or a people within the affairs of another as formulated in the nascent Liberalism and from the situation brought about by the French Revolution of 1789. After considering the authors of the law of nations, the study examines the writings of Burke and Godwin in order to highlight the controversial nature and revolutionary origins of the concept of intervention. Then, following the work of John Stuart Mill as a guiding theme, a philosopher who has provided diverse and contradictory answers in his recurrent study of this issue, an attempt is made to demonstrate the equivocal nature of intervention. Far from being a simple matter of war theory or international law, the issue of military intervention has on the contrary been considered in relation to economies, politics, and even morals - liberal thinkers, such as John Stuart Mill, Benjamin Constant, and Richard Cobden, having endeavored, in each of these fields and by spreading concepts, maxims and reasons, to elaborate one or several principles of non-intervention. Lastly, a new translation and an interpretation of "A Few Words on Non-Intervention" by John Stuart Mill are proposed by highlighting the dialectical nature of this 1859 article.

Comment rendre compte de la richesse syncrétique, souvent mésestimée, de la pensée politique de John Stuart Mill ? Nous soutenons que celle-ci est cohérente et que sa clé d'unification se trouve dans sa conception du Progrès, conçu à la fois comme nature et comme destination humaine, qui permet de subsumer la diversité de ses théories au sein d'une utopie d'un type nouveau, libérale et centrée sur les conditions de sa production et de son maintien. En ce sens, la Partie I s’attache à identifier les différents apports idéologiques qui nourrissent ses écrits, entre libéralisme, socialisme et conservatisme, ainsi que leurs limites respectives. La Partie II propose le concept de « libéralisme transcendantal » pour décrire la relation et la complémentarité de ces différentes influences au sein d’une doctrine unifiée sous l'hégémonie du libéralisme, promouvant avec exigence l’autonomie humaine à l’échelle individuelle comme à l'échelle collective en s'attachant toujours à ses conditions de possibilité, aux fins du Progrès. La Partie III s'intéresse alors aux ressorts matériels, moraux et politiques de ce Progrès : développement indéfini des individualités et de « l'art de vivre », c'est-à-dire bonheur dynamique, dans un état économique et démographique pourtant « stationnaire », et sous des institutions représentatives vouées à cultiver l'excellence dans le respect du pluralisme. Au terme de cette reconstitution théorique, les Perspectives proposent des éléments pour une refondation de la pensée progressiste, en particulier écologique et éducative, émancipée des clivages partisans contemporains, dans l'esprit de John Stuart Mill. / John Stuart Mill's syncretic political thought is too often misestimated. My work aims to demonstrate that it is though consistent and that its pivotal point lies in Mill's vision of Progress: this one is conceived at the same time as the human nature and the human telos and as such, it unifies his views on education, happiness, social justice, economic stability and the aims and means of the representative government. All these elements build a new kind of utopia, a liberal utopia focused on the conditions of its own advent and preservation. In this perspective, my First Part will sort out which influences nourish Mill's writings, between liberalism, socialism and conservatism – none of these ideologies being completely accurate. Part Two will then theorize “transcendantal liberalism” so as to describe his approach as a unified doctrine polarized by liberalism but always keeping in mind what “liberty” relies on, i.e. the preconditions of individual and collective autonomy. Part Three will stress on which material, moral and political devices are required by such a goal: a steady-state economy and demography, moral growth and the culture of an “Art of Living” and a “religion of Humanity”, and finally the flourishing of a truly pluralist representative government. To conclude, the Perspectives will highlight a few elements inspired by Mill and likely to be useful for the renewal of nowadays ideology of Progress, particularly from an ecological standpoint.

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Freedom of speech is under serious threat in the west, primarily in the US with policies and regulations infringing on this core value in democratic societies. Universities form policy in order to silence opinions they find contradictory to their values, causing students and teachers alike to risk academic punishment for statements which normally would be guarded within the First Amendment. The central argument behind these infringments are individuals subjective feelings towards, as one may put it, controversial opinions. The aim of this study is through an argument analysis, illustrate the values of freedom of speech in contrast to the demands of primarily minority groups and their advocates, using respectable philosophers and scientists such as John Stuart Mill to answer the question if infringements are applicable in democracies. The conclusions drawn in this essay based on all relevant arguments concludes the answer to be no; a democracy should not infringe on the freedom of speech to safeguard individuals from negative emotional reactions as a result of any legal speech.

Este trabalho investiga as relações entre a regra da maioria e o princípio do dano de John Stuart Mill. Em suma, seu objetivo é descobrir de que maneira o princípio do dano funciona como um limite à regra da maioria. Diante disso, ao longo desta dissertação, examinam-se as dificuldades enfrentadas por Mill para conciliar utilitarismo e democracia, liberdade e razão. Este trabalho analisa, também, algumas ideias permanentemente presentes na reflexão histórica sobre o liberalismo: os conceitos de liberdade positiva e liberdade negativa; os diversos conceitos de paternalismo; e as muitas críticas dirigidas à regra da maioria / This investigation studies the link between the majority rule and the harm principle by John Stuart Mill. To sum up, the purpose is to find out how the harm principle operates as a limit on majority rule. As a result, throughout this study, we examine the difficulties faced by Mill to reconcile utilitarianism and democracy, liberty and reason. This dissertation analyzes, still, some ideas that were constantly present in historical reflection about liberalism: the concept of the positive liberty and the concept of negative liberty; the various concepts of paternalism; and the many criticisms of the majority rule.

Este trabalho investiga as relações entre a regra da maioria e o princípio do dano de John Stuart Mill. Em suma, seu objetivo é descobrir de que maneira o princípio do dano funciona como um limite à regra da maioria. Diante disso, ao longo desta dissertação, examinam-se as dificuldades enfrentadas por Mill para conciliar utilitarismo e democracia, liberdade e razão. Este trabalho analisa, também, algumas ideias permanentemente presentes na reflexão histórica sobre o liberalismo: os conceitos de liberdade positiva e liberdade negativa; os diversos conceitos de paternalismo; e as muitas críticas dirigidas à regra da maioria / This investigation studies the link between the majority rule and the harm principle by John Stuart Mill. To sum up, the purpose is to find out how the harm principle operates as a limit on majority rule. As a result, throughout this study, we examine the difficulties faced by Mill to reconcile utilitarianism and democracy, liberty and reason. This dissertation analyzes, still, some ideas that were constantly present in historical reflection about liberalism: the concept of the positive liberty and the concept of negative liberty; the various concepts of paternalism; and the many criticisms of the majority rule.