Journalism education in China began early this century. However, the drastic changes in the Chinese society since the First World War have greatly hindered the development of journalism education. With the fall of the "gang of four" in 1976, China entered a new period in its history which is marked by a strong desire of the CPC and the people to modernize their country in the shortest possible time. This situation has produced an ever-increasing need for better journalists, especially international journalists who are able to use foreign language to promote mutual understanding and exchange between China and other countries. To meet this demand, the speciality of international journalism, a combination of journalism training and foreign language learning, has come into existence in many institutions. However, to teach Chinese students English journalism, particularly the skill of news writing in English, is not easy. Students constantly encounter difficulties in writing English news articles. They have problems in both language use and organisations. Their writing is very often unnatural and sometimes hard to comprehend for English-speaking readers. The reasons are mainly as follows. First, news writing, unlike any other form of writing, involves particular requirements which need to be carefully studied and analysed, such as the criteria for news value, the special structure of the article and the special choice of words. Secondly, as China's policy towards journalism is very different from that of the west, its approach towards news is also different. Therefore, what is included in a Chinese news article is not always of news value to western readers. Thirdly, Chinese and English are two very different languages. Many dissimilarities exist in all aspects of the two languages, linguistic and rhetorical. Chinese students often find it difficult to free themselves of mother tongue interference. To solve these problems, a comparative study of the news writing styles in both languages should be made by the teachers and students so that they can realise the similarities and dissimilarities between the two languages and their relative strengths and weaknesses in news writing. In addition, practice is also essential in the training of journalists. Extensive exposure to good English news writing styles and practices in producing them will surely benefit the students in their study of journalism.

This study is a first of its kind for New Zealand journalism education, following 20 students at two different schools throughout a year-long training programme. It used two methods to gain a deeper understanding: a discourse analysis of their news stories written at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the year, and retrospective protocol analysis, to provide insight into their thinking processes, through their taped reflections. The research found that journalism education controlled by the New Zealand Journalists Training Organisation still resembles that of 20 years ago, despite increasing numbers of students learning journalism as part of degree programmes. Students are trained for the media industry through learning by doing. They receive basic instruction and then are expected to perfect their skills by practising their writing and to learn the conventions and routines of the media industry through socialisation and work experience. In the first half of the year, the students developed some skills in writing the traditional inverted-pyramid news stories. However, by the end of the year, their news writing showed technical signs of regression. Firstly, they were not writing in a succinct, clear fashion, emphasising news values. Secondly, they had been inadequately trained to write outside of the inverted-pyramid news story or to use popular “soft” lead sentences, so that their writing tended towards being promotional. Thirdly, journalism institutions strongly favour subediting by tutors and this detracted from the students gaining understanding of their own writing and being able to self-monitor and evaluate it. Lastly, they failed to show the critical thinking skills and independence necessary for a professional journalist so that they could research thoroughly, reflect deeply and write entertaining, informative and important news stories with flair. Their reflections confirmed these findings, suggesting some stress and disillusionment. The students could “declare” what they knew about writing a news story but could not put it into practice. They blamed their failure to write high quality news stories on the pressures of the course, the deadlines and high volumes of stories. The gaps in their journalism education were also revealed through what was not mentioned in their taped reflections: in particular, they failed to mention the importance of news values in making their stories more appealing. The major influence at first was the students’ tutors, followed by work experience and the “real world” of the media industry. The concentration on job skills and gaining a job coupled with a lack of knowledge and discussion provided the students with an incomplete understanding of the pressures of the media industry they were entering. The study recommends more debate about journalism education and more research, as well as a change away from “learning by doing” to a more critical, reflective approach.

Teaching journalism in tertiary institutions presents challenges, including how students learn to work in teams under the sort of pressure that characterizes workplace journalism. This thesis is a case study of how a group of students at AUT University, in Auckland, experienced taking responsibility for producing four editions of a student newspaper as part of their journalism training. Based on a series of individual student interviews, before, during and after their experience, this research suggests that the key factor in their learning was their being allowed, to a large extent, the power to make their own decisions about the appearance and content of their product, while still being charged with the responsibility of ensuring it reached a highly professional standard. The realities of life as a journalist, including recognizing the frequent need to prune, tighten or re-angle stories - even to reject them - and the vital role of co-operative teamwork, unparalleled in their other journalism studies, were driven home.The two tutors, interviewed after the last edition, put some of the student observations into context and provided insights into the discipline involved, as teachers, in maintaining training as a priority, while ensuring production to deadline of a series of reputable and legally safe newspapers.This case study suggests that while there are contrived aspects that cannot replicate a "real" newsroom - such as the students' assignment to editorial roles without the status of real editors or chief reporters - the learning experience resulted not only in advances in the students' technological skills but significant development in their critical thinking about the profession they were due to enter.

A national mail survey of 117 journalists and 127 PR practitioners in 2008 shows that a majority of journalists and PR practitioners are familiar with at least one mass communication theory; a majority perceive that at least one mass communication theory influences their work; a majority think it is important to teach mass communication theories to students; and a majority think it is important to conduct research on mass communication theories. Compared to journalists, PR practitioners perceive more influence on their work from mass communication theories. The results also show that familiarity with mass communication theories is a strong predictor of journalists' and PR practitioners' perceived theoretical influence on their work, and their perceived importance of teaching and conducting research on mass communication theories. Education has indirect influence on journalism and PR: those who have learned theories in school are more familiar with mass communication theories; the more familiar people are with mass communication theories, the more theoretical influence they perceive and the more important they think it is to teach and conduct research on mass communication theories.

O ensino de Jornalismo é objeto freqüente de reflexão, principalmente no que diz respeito à aquisição e compreensão de ferramentas e conhecimentos necessários para a formação de um profissional com múltiplas habilidades e competências. A implantação dos Projetos Experimentais no currículo da Habilitação Jornalismo nos cursos de Comunicação Social no Brasil ocorreu em 12 de abril de 1978, recebendo posteriormente, a partir da Resolução do CFE nº 002/84, o tratamento de disciplina regida por normas específicas de acordo com os projetos pedagógicos das instituições de ensino superior. A pesquisa investiga o papel exercido pelos Projetos Experimentais em universidades paulistas, que possibilitam, por meio de diferentes experiências adotadas, a vivência, a aquisição e o domínio de técnicas importantes da produção jornalística para a formação ética e profissional dos graduandos em Jornalismo. Por meio de estudo de casos múltiplos e tendo como referência principal as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais dos cursos de Comunicação Social (Parecer CNE/CES nº 492/2001), verifica-se que os Projetos Experimentais têm importante papel no exercício de cidadania frente aos desafios e responsabilidades da profissão, especialmente quanto à contribuição para a sociedade, à formação do bem comum e à consciência do papel do Jornalismo na realidade. / The education of Journalism is a frequent object of reflection, mainly in what concerns the acquisition and understanding of tools and necessary knowledge for the formation of a professional with multiple skills and abilities. The implementation of the Experimental Projects in the curriculum of the competence Journalism in the courses of Social Communication in Brazil occurred on April 12, 1978, receiving subsequently, from the Resolution of the CFE number 002/84, the handling of discipline governed by specific standards according to the pedagogical projects of the institutions of higher education. The research investigates the paper exerted by the Experimental Projects in universities of the state of São Paulo that enable through different adopted experiences, the knowledge, the acquisition and the domain of important techniques of the journalistic output for the ethical and professional formation of the graduating students in Journalism. Through multiple case studies and having as main reference the National Curricular Directives of the courses of Social Communication (CNE/CES Study number 492/2001), are verified that the Experimental Projects have important paper in the exercise of citizenship facing the challenges and responsibilities of the profession, specially as regards the contribution for the society, to the formation of the welfare and to the conscience of the paper of the Journalism nowadays.

Vi har i arbetet med denna uppsats studerat hur och i vilken utsträckning före detta studenter från Södertörns högskolas fyra journalistprogram etablerar sig på den journalistiska arbetsmarknaden.  Med hjälp av en enkät har vi intervjuat 149 personer två respektive fem år efter att de avslutat sina studier. Snarlika undersökningar har genomförts vid tre tidigare tillfällen, och vi har även kunnat använda resultaten av dessa i vår analys. Vi har undersökt många olika faktorer, till exempel vilket program respondenterna gått, hur gamla de är, och i fall de studerat något annat utöver journalistik. Vi har också ställt frågor om vilka kompetenser respondenterna själva upplever sig ha nytta av i sitt journalistiska arbete, och huruvida de önskar att utbildningen hade innehållit mer eller mindre undervisning inom dessa områden. Vi har även studerat vilka elever som etablerar sig inom de till journalistik närliggande branscherna PR och kommunikation. Vi har kunnat konstatera ett antal olika samband. De tillfrågade som gått programmet Journalistik och multimedia (förkortat JMM) har journalistiskt arbete i betydligt högre utsträckning än övriga. Allra lägst etableringsgrad har de som vid intervjutillfället var äldre än 35 år. En annan faktor som påverkar är ifall respondenten har erfarenhet av andra eftergymnasiala studier än de som ingår i utbildningsprogrammet. Är så fallet är sannolikheten mindre att personen arbetar journalistiskt. / In this thesis we have studied how and in what extent former students at Södertörn University’s four journalism programs establish themselves in the journalistic labor market. This is accomplished through a survey of 149 students that graduated from these programs two respectively five years ago. Similar studies have been done three times before and we have also been able to use those in our analysis. Many factors have been studied, e.g. what program the students attended, the age of the students and if they have studied any subjects other than those at their journalistic program. In our survey the respondents have answered what kind of knowledge they think is most useful to them and what knowledge they feel they would like to have acquired more or less of from the journalistic program. We have also studied which of the students who establish themselves in the labor markets of public relations and communication. Several correlations between these variables are established in this thesis. Those who have attended the program Journalism and multimedia establish themselves in the journalistic labor market in a higher extent than students in the other programs. The students who are over 35 years of age at the moment of the survey are established at a considerably lower extent than younger students. Another factor that affects in what extent the students establish themselves is if they have studied any subjects other than those at their journalistic program. In those cases, the probability of those people working with journalism is considerably lower.

O ensino de Jornalismo é objeto freqüente de reflexão, principalmente no que diz respeito à aquisição e compreensão de ferramentas e conhecimentos necessários para a formação de um profissional com múltiplas habilidades e competências. A implantação dos Projetos Experimentais no currículo da Habilitação Jornalismo nos cursos de Comunicação Social no Brasil ocorreu em 12 de abril de 1978, recebendo posteriormente, a partir da Resolução do CFE nº 002/84, o tratamento de disciplina regida por normas específicas de acordo com os projetos pedagógicos das instituições de ensino superior. A pesquisa investiga o papel exercido pelos Projetos Experimentais em universidades paulistas, que possibilitam, por meio de diferentes experiências adotadas, a vivência, a aquisição e o domínio de técnicas importantes da produção jornalística para a formação ética e profissional dos graduandos em Jornalismo. Por meio de estudo de casos múltiplos e tendo como referência principal as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais dos cursos de Comunicação Social (Parecer CNE/CES nº 492/2001), verifica-se que os Projetos Experimentais têm importante papel no exercício de cidadania frente aos desafios e responsabilidades da profissão, especialmente quanto à contribuição para a sociedade, à formação do bem comum e à consciência do papel do Jornalismo na realidade. / The education of Journalism is a frequent object of reflection, mainly in what concerns the acquisition and understanding of tools and necessary knowledge for the formation of a professional with multiple skills and abilities. The implementation of the Experimental Projects in the curriculum of the competence Journalism in the courses of Social Communication in Brazil occurred on April 12, 1978, receiving subsequently, from the Resolution of the CFE number 002/84, the handling of discipline governed by specific standards according to the pedagogical projects of the institutions of higher education. The research investigates the paper exerted by the Experimental Projects in universities of the state of São Paulo that enable through different adopted experiences, the knowledge, the acquisition and the domain of important techniques of the journalistic output for the ethical and professional formation of the graduating students in Journalism. Through multiple case studies and having as main reference the National Curricular Directives of the courses of Social Communication (CNE/CES Study number 492/2001), are verified that the Experimental Projects have important paper in the exercise of citizenship facing the challenges and responsibilities of the profession, specially as regards the contribution for the society, to the formation of the welfare and to the conscience of the paper of the Journalism nowadays.

The article starts with observations about an increasing marginalization of professional journalism in public communication. This development is mainly driven by two factors, decreasing interest in the public sphere and increasing selective exposure. Based on these observations, the author develops a definition of the core societal functions of journalism, that is, validation and shared reality. Assigning to professional journalism the role of the ‘new knowledge profession’ he looks for areas of competence that would need to be taught in academic programs to furnish the profession with the necessary skills and make journalism a ‘de facto profession’. Finally, he discusses constraints on such a strategy in educational philosophies, the trade, and the changing demand of professional news.

Columbia University's Summer Program, created by Fred Friendly, was the first enduring effort to prepare non-whites for jobs in the news media. It operated from 1968 to 1974 at the Graduate School of Journalism, training 223 journalists for print and broadcast jobs. Three decades after the closing of this elite program, 110 graduates responded to a telephone survey on attitudes toward first employers, careers, and their experiences at Columbia. Results from this exploratory study show respondents spent an average 17.6 years in news media after the Summer Program, and 30.9 percent of respondents spent thirty years or more in journalism. Nearly 42 percent of respondents said they were promoted in their first jobs, and 29.1 percent became managers or supervisors in mainstream media news. Those who left news media cited reasons that seem to contradict results of earlier retention studies on people of color. Graduates rated the training highly.

Since the 1960s, the United States has experienced steady declines in news consumption and commensurate attrition in civic engagement and political participation. Americans read newspapers at less than one fourth the rate of 60 years ago; voter turnout has fallen to the point where the U.S. ranks 23 out of 24 established democracies; signing petitions, volunteering for a civic organization like the PTA and political party affiliation are all at contemporary lows. But these indicators only tell half the story…the younger half. Because among Americans over age 50, attrition in all these areas is much milder; among those under age 30 they are much steeper. So do young adults get news? If so, how do they get news? If not, how do they find out about things? A 21-year old journalism student reported that: “I usually just hear it from friends, when I talk to friends.” The present study employed four methods: Secondary analysis of longitudinal Pew data; interviews and focus groups about news consumption and media use habits, including social media and wireless devices; a survey on social media use and its relationship to news and news knowledge; and an experiment testing a novel game as a way to convey news and civics knowledge, all involving students at three large state universities. Findings include the following: students often rank social media use, like Facebook, as their most important and most-used media; social media are negatively related with traditional news use and with news knowledge; students draw clear and important distinctions between news and information; one method of teaching (direct instruction) works well while another (a news game) works, but not as well. Of particular interest is the role of opinion leaders in the two-step flow of news, and the role of relevance and need for orientation in agenda setting. Novel contributions include a clearer definition of students’ distinction between news and important information as they define it, a framework by which to experiment with creating an interactive game using news to promote news seeking, and some provocative recommendations for future research. / text