Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:26:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mineto_at_me_bauru.pdf: 1189778 bytes, checksum: 6d950fce04e9cbf0b24c319a7847ead4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No presente trabalho desenvolve-se um estudo de modelagem matemática e simulação numérica do escoamento gás-sólido em um leito fuidizado borbulhante. É apresentado o modelo hidrodinâmico, A, para escoamentos bifásicos gás-solido considerando a Teoria Cinética dos Escoamentos Granulares. É usado o modelo Euleriano de duas fases separadas considerando a modelagem do tensor das tensões da fase sólida através do atrito entre as partículas e da teoria cinética dos escoamentos granulares. O código fonte MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges) desenvolvido no NETL (National Energy Technology Laboratory) é utilizado para as simulações numéricas. Os resultados de simulação são obtidos resolvendo a temperatura granular algebricamente ou através de uma equação diferencial parcial. Obtêm-se resultados mais realísticos no uso da EDP com condição de contorno de deslizamento parcial na parede. Uma variação no diâmetro das partículas (partículas do grupo B e do grupo A/B) é investigada, concluindo-se que deve ser acrescentado ao código MFIX outros parâmetros físico para simulações com partículas do grupo A/B. / In the present work is described a mathematical model and numerical simulation of gas-solid flow in the bubbling fluidized bed. It is presented the hydrodynamic model, A, for gas-solid flow considering the Kinetic Theory of Granular Flows. It is used the two fluids Eulerian model where the solid phase stress tensor is modeled considering the friction between the particles and the kinetic theory of granular flows. The code MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges) developed in NETL (National Energy Tecnology Laboratory) is used for numerical simulations. The results are obtained with the compute of the granular temperature using a partial differential equation or an algebraic expression. It was obtained more realistic results when is used a PDE with boundary conditions of the partial slip. A variation in the diameter of the particles (particles in Group B and Group A/B) it is analyzed. It is also concluded that should be added to the code MFIX other physical parameters for simulations with particles of group A/B.

Ce travail présente une contribution à la modélisation numérique des systèmes de suspensions dans le cadre de la théorie cinétique. Cette description continue des systèmes de suspensions permet de prendre en compte l'influence de la structure à l'échelle microscopique sur la cinétique de l'écoulement macroscopique. Cependant elle présente l'inconvénient majeur d'être définie sur un espace à haute dimension et rend alors difficile la résolution de ces modèles avec des approches déterministes classiques. Afin de s'affranchir, ou du moins d'alléger, le poids du caractère micro-macro des approches en théorie cinétique, plusieurs techniques de réduction dimensionnelle s'appuyant sur l'utilisation de la Décomposition Généralisée en modes Propres (PGD) sont présentées. Une étude de différents algorithmes PGD est conduite, et dont l'efficacité en termes de vitesse de convergence et d'optimalité de la solution est illustrée. La simulation de mélanges de fluides immiscibles est conduite à l'aide du Tenseur d'aire qui est un puissant outil de caractérisation du mélange. Cependant celui-ci nécessite l'introduction d'une relation de fermeture dont l'impact est évalué avec le modèle de théorie cinétique équivalent et exact. Finalement, la simulation de systèmes de suspensions colloïdales décrits par l'équation de Smoluchowski présente une approche originale de la modélisation des suspensions solides. Cette approche permet de s'affranchir avantageusement du bruit statistique inhérent aux simulations stochastiques traditionnellement mises en œuvre. / This work is a contribution to the numerical modeling of suspension system in the kinetic theory framework. This continuum description of suspension system allows to account for the microstructure impact on the kinetic of the macroscopic flow. However, its main drawback is related to the high dimensional spaces in which kinetic theory models are defined and makes difficult for classical deterministic approaches to solve such systems. One possibility for circumventing, or at least alleviate, the weight of the micro-macro kinetic theory approaches lies in the use of separated representations strategies based on the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD). A study of different PGD algorithms is driven, illustrating the efficiency of these algorithms in terms of convergence speed and optimality of the solution obtained. The immiscible fluids blends modeling is driven using the area tensor which is a powerful numerical tool for characterizing blends. However it needs the introduction of closure relation of which impact is measured using equivalent and exact kinetic theory model. Finally, the numerical modeling of colloidal suspension system described by the Smoluchowski equation presents an original approach of the modeling of solid suspension system. This description allows to circumvent the statistical noise inherent to the stochastic approaches commonly used.

Apesar dos avanços na última metade de século na teoria de transporte em Física de Plasmas, muitos de seus aspectos ainda são pouco compreendidos. Grande parte dessa limitação se deve à carência de modelos de primeiros princípios minimamente capazes de reproduzir os resultados experimentais. De fato, sem o embasamento em hipóteses fundamentais, os modelos devem se restringir à descrição do comportamento observado nos diferentes regimes de transporte no plasma, sem necessariamente especificar por que ou quais são os mecanismos envolvidos; até mesmo a identificação dos elementos envolvidos no transporte, por exemplo, se partículas ou células convectivas, é prejudicada. Uma abordagem que vem ganhando destaque na comunidade de Física de Plasmas ao longo dos anos é a estatística não-extensiva. Em particular, o interesse na teoria de Tsallis está na sua capacidade de descrever sistemas distantes do equilíbrio termodinâmico, uma característica comum à maioria dos plasmas de laboratório e astrofísicos. De fato, nessas circunstâncias, é sabido que as funções de distribuição das partículas são distantes das distribuições Maxwellianas, com longas-caudas, especialmente para os elétrons. A capacidade da teoria de Tsallis em descrever fenômenos da Física de Plasmas é retratada nas suas diversas aplicações encontradas na literatura, por exemplo, o transporte anômalo, oscilações eletrostáticas, ventos solares, plasmas empoeirados, onde é sabido que as previsões dadas pela estatística de Maxwell-Boltzmann não são capazes de descrever corretamente os resultados experimentais. A proposta desta tese de doutoramento é utilizar a estatística não-extensiva para determinar o transporte colisional em plasmas intensamente magnetizados. O desenvolvimento completo do modelo de transporte no contexto não-extensivo é estabelecido rigorosamente: partindo da definição da entropia de Tsallis e da hipótese das interações fracas (a condição do transporte colisional), somos capazes de deduzir as equações de fluidos utilizando apenas métodos estatísticos genéricos, e sem hipóteses adicionais. Nesse percurso, apresentamos, sempre de maneira consistente com a estatística não-extensiva, a definição da temperatura; a dedução da equação cinética com o operador colisional para plasmas; a generalização do método utilizado por Braginskii para determinar as soluções aproximadas da equação cinética; e o cálculo dos coeficientes de transporte. Porém, também apresentamos a aplicação de nosso modelo no transporte de calor em ventos solares e no pulso frio em plasmas de laboratório. / Despite the advances in the last half century in the plasma transport theory, many aspects of such phenomena remain poorly understood. Most of this limitation is due to the lack o first principles models capable of reproducing experimental observations. In fact, without a fundamental hypothesis, the models are restricted to describing the behavior of the observed plasma transport in diferent regimes, without specifying why or which mechanisms take part in the process; even the determination of the elements involved in the transport, for instance, whether particles or convective cells, is impaired. One approach that has been attracting attention in Plasma Physics community over the years is the non-extensive statistics. In particular, the interest in the Tsallis\'s theory lies in its ability to describe systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium, a common feature in most laboratory and astrophysical plasmas. The capability of the non-extensive statistics in describing phenomena of Plasma Physics is portrayed in various applications, for example, the anomalous transport, electrostatic oscillations, solar winds, dusty plasmas, where it is know that the predictions given by Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics cannot describe the experimental results. Indeed, under such cases, it is well known that the particle distribution functions are quite distant from Maxwellian distributions, with long tails, especially for electrons. The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to use the non-extensive statistics in order to obtain a model for the collisional transport in strongly magnetized plasmas. The complete development of the model in the non-extensive context is strictly established; starting with the definition of the Tsallis entropy and the weak interactions hypothesis (the collisional transport condition), we are able to derive the fluid equations using only generic statistical methods, without additional hypotheses. For such task, we present, consistently with non-extensive statistics, the definition of temperature; the deduction of the kinetic equation with the collision operator for plasmas, which are also appropriated for the determination of the fluid equations; the generalization of the method used by Braginskii to approximate the solution of the kinetic equation for electrons; and the calculation of electron transport coeficients. Lastly, we present the application of our model in the heat transport in the solar winds and in the phenomena of the cold pulse in laboratory plasmas.

In this thesis, we investigate the emergence of kinetic processes in finite quantum systems. We first generalize the Redfield theory to describe the dynamics of a small quantum system weakly interacting with an environment of finite heat capacity. We then study in detail the spin-GORM model, a model made of a two-level system interacting with a random matrix environment. By doing this, we verify our new theory and find a critical size of the environment over which kinetic processes occur. We finally study the emergence of a diffusive transport process, on a finite tight-binding subsystem interacting with a fast environment, when the size of subsystem exceeds a critical value. / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation chimie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dans cette thèse, on étudie principalement l’équation de Boltzmann homogène 3D pour les potentiels durs et les potentiels modérément mous et l’équivalence entre une EDS à sauts et l’EDP correspondante. En particulier, on calcule le spectre multifractal de certains processus stochastiques, on étudie le caractère bien-posé et la propagation du chaos pour l’équation de Boltzmann. Dans le premier chapitre, on étudie les propriétés trajectorielle pathologiques du processus stochastique (Vt)t_0 représentant l’évolution de la vitesse d’une particule typique dans un gaz modélisé par l’équation de Boltzmann pour les potentiels durs ou modérément mous. Nous montrons que ce processus est multifractal et qu’il a un spectre déterministe. Pour les potentiels durs, nous donnons aussi le spectre multifractal du processus $X_t =\int_0^t V_s ds$, représentant l’évolution de la position de la particule typique. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions l’unicité de la solution faible à l’équation de Boltzmann dans la classe de toutes les solutions mesures, pour les potentiels modérément mous. Ceci nous permet aussi d’obtenir un taux quantitatif de propagation du chaos pour le système de particules de Nanbu. / This thesis mainly studies the 3D homogeneous Boltzmann equation for hard potentials and moderately soft potentials and the equivalence between some jumping SDE and the corresponding PDE. In particular, we compute the multifractal spectrum of some stochastic processes, study the well-posedness and the propagation of chaos for the Boltzmann equation. The purpose of the first chapter is to study the pathwise properties of the stochastic process $(V_t)_{t\geq0}, representing the time-evolution of the velocity of a typical particle in a gas modeled by the Boltzmann equation for hard or moderately potentials. We show that this process is multifractal and has a deterministic spectrum. For hard potentials, we also give the multifractal spectrum of the process $X_t =\int_0^t V_s ds$, representing the time-evolution of the position of the typical particle. The second chapter is devoted to study the uniqueness of the weak solution to the Boltzmann equation in the class of all measure solutions, in the case of moderately soft potentials. This allows us to obtain a quantitive rate of propagation of chaos for Nanbu particle system for this singular interaction. Finally in the third chapter, we extend Figalli’s work [19] to study the relation between some jumping SDE and the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation. We prove that for any weak solution $(ft)_{t\in[0,T]}$ of the PDE, there exists a weak solution to the SDE of which the time-marginals are given by the family $(f_t)_{t\in[0,T]$

En ce qui concerne les gaz polyatomiques, nous proposons deux hiérarchies distinctes formées d'équations de moments, qui permettent d'obtenir des lois de conservation de la densité de masse, de la quantité de mouvement et de l'énergie totale du gaz. Ces hiérarchies sont généralement coupées à un certain ordre. Une méthode qui fournit une solution appropriée au problème de fermeture est la méthode de la maximisation d'entropie. Nous formulons un problème variationnel et nous explorons en détail le cas physique de 14 moments. On étudie un mélange de gaz polyatomiques dans lequel la fonction de distribution de chaque espèce converge vers une Maxwellienne, chacune avec sa propre vitesse moyenne et température. Les lois pour la densité de masse, de quantité de mouvement et d'énergie peuvent être obtenues. En particulier, les coefficients phénoménologiques de la thermodynamique étendue peuvent être déterminés à partir des termes sources. On présente pour les mélanges de gaz monoatomiques l'asymptotique diffusive des équations de Boltzmann. Le développement de Hilbert de chaque fonction de distribution donne deux équations. La première équation permet d'affirmer que le mélange est proche de l'équilibre. La deuxième équation est une équation fonctionnelle linéaire en la variable de vitesse. Nous prouvons l'existence d'une solution de cette équation. D'une part, lorsque les masses moléculaires sont égales, les techniques introduites par Grad peuvent être utilisés. D'autre part, nous proposons une nouvelle approche qui est valable lorsque les masses moléculaires sont différentes. / Considering polyatomic gases, we first propose two independent hierarchies of the moment equations, which allow to obtain conservation laws for mass density, momentum and total energy of a gas. Such hierarchies are usually truncated at some order. A method which provides an appropriate solution to the closure problem is the maximization of entropy method. We formulate a variational problem and explore in detail the physical case of 14 moments. We study mixtures of polyatomic gases in which the distribution function of each species converges towards a Maxwellian distribution function, each with its own bulk velocity and temperature. Balance laws for mass density, momentum and energy can be obtained. In particular, the phenomenological coefficients of extended thermodynamics can be determined from the source terms. Regarding mixtures of monatomic gases, we discuss the diffusion asymptotics of the Boltzmann equations. The Hilbert expansion yields two equations. The first equation allows to state that the mixture is close to equilibrium. The second equation is a linear functional equation in the velocity variable. We prove the existence of a solution to this equation. On the one hand, when molecular masses are equal, the techniques introduced by Grad can be used. On the other hand, we propose a new approach, which only holds when molecular masses are different.

Cette thèse porte sur le problème de transport optimal incompressible, un problème introduit par Brenier à la fin des années 80 dans le but de décrire l’évolution d’un fluide incompressible et non-visqueux de façon lagrangienne, ou autrement dit en fixant l’état initial et l’état final de ce fluide, et en minimisant une certaine fonctionnelle sur un ensemble de dynamiques admissibles. Ce manuscrit contient deux parties.Dans la première, on étudie la dépendance du problème de transport optimal incompressible par rapport aux données. Plus précisément, on étudie la dépendance du champ de pression (le multiplicateur de Lagrange associé à la contrainte d’incompressibilité) par rapport à la mesure γ prescrivant l’état initial et l’état final du fluide. On montre au Chapitre 2 par des méthodes variationnelles que le gradient de la pression, en tant qu’élément d’un espace proche du dual des fonctions C^1, dépend de γ de façon hölderienne pour la distance de Monge-Kantorovic. En contrepartie, on montre au Chapitre 4 que pour tout r > 1, le champ de pression dans l'espace de Lebesgue L^r_t L^1_x ne peut pas être une fonction lipschitzienne de γ. Ce résultat est lié au caractère mal-posé de l’équation d’Euler cinétique, une équation cinétique s’interprétant comme l’équation d’optimalité dans le problème de transport optimal incompressible, à laquelle le Chapitre 3 de cette thèse est dédié.Dans une seconde partie, on s’intéresse à la régularisation entropique du problème de transport optimal incompressible, introduit par Arnaudon, Cruzeiro, Léonard et Zambrini en 2017 sous le nom de problème de Brödinger. On prouve au Chapitre 5 que comme dans le cas du transport optimal incompressible, on peut associer à toute solution un champ scalaire de pression agissant comme multiplicateur de Lagrange pour la contrainte d’incompressibilité. On montre ensuite au Chapitre 6 que lorsque le paramètre de régularisation tend vers zéro, le problème de Brödinger converge vers le problème de transport optimal incompressible au sens de la Γ-convergence, et avec convergence des champs de pression. Ce dernier chapitre est issu d'un travail effectué en collaboration avec L. Monsaingeon. / This thesis focuses on Incompressible Optimal Transport, a minimization problem introduced by Brenier in the late 80's, aiming at describing the evolution of an incompressible and inviscid fluid in a Lagrangian way , i.e. by prescribing the state of the fluid at the initial and final times and by minimizing some functional among the set of admissible dynamics. This text is divided into two parts.In the first part, we study the dependence of this optimization problem with respect to the data. More precisely, we analyse the dependence of the pressure field, the Lagrange multiplier corresponding to the incompressibility constraint, with respect to the endpoint conditions, described by a probability measure γ determining the state of the fluid at the initial and final times. We show in Chapter 2 by purely variational methods that the gradient of the pressure field, as an element of a space that is close to the dual of C^1, is a Hölder continuous function of γ for the Monge-Kantorovic distance. On the other hand, we prove in Chapter 4 that for all r>1 the pressure field, as an element of L^r_t L^1_x, cannot be a Lipschitz continuous function of γ for the Monge-Kantorovic distance. This last statement is linked to an ill-posedness result proved in Chapter 3 for the so-called kinetic Euler equation, a kinetic PDE interpreted as the optimality equation of the Incompressible Optimal Transport problem.In the second part, we are interested in the entropic regularization of the Incompressible Optimal Transport problem: the so-called Brödinger problem, introduced by Arnaudon, Cruzeiro, Léonard and Zambrini in 2017. On the one hand, we prove in Chapter 5 that similarly to what happens in the Incompressible Optimal Transport case, to a solution always corresponds a scalar pressure field acting as the Lagrange multiplier for the incompressibility constraint. On the other hand, we prove in Chapter 6 that when the diffusivity coefficient tends to zero, the Brödinger problem converges towards the Incompressible Optimal Transport problem in the sense of Gamma-convergence, and with convergence of the pressure fields. The results of Chapter 6 come from a joint work with L. Monsaingeon.

Convection in a layer of fluid with a free surface due to a combination of thermocapillary stresses and buoyancy is a classic problem of fluid mechanics. It has attracted increasing attentions recently due to its relevance for two-phase cooling. Many of the modern thermal management technologies exploit the large latent heats associated with phase change at the interface of volatile liquids, allowing compact devices to handle very high heat fluxes. To enhance phase change, such cooling devices usually employ a sealed cavity from which almost all noncondensable gases, such as air, have been evacuated. Heating one end of the cavity, and cooling the other, establishes a horizontal temperature gradient that drives the flow of the coolant. Although such flows have been studied extensively at atmospheric conditions, our fundamental understanding of the heat and mass transport for volatile fluids at reduced pressures remains limited. A comprehensive and quantitative numerical model of two-phase buoyancy-thermocapillary convection of confined volatile fluids subject to a horizontal temperature gradient has been developed, implemented, and validated against experiments as a part of this thesis research. Unlike previous simplified models used in the field, this new model incorporates a complete description of the momentum, mass, and heat transport in both the liquid and the gas phase, as well as phase change across the entire liquid-gas interface. Numerical simulations were used to improve our fundamental understanding of the importance of various physical effects (buoyancy, thermocapillary stresses, wetting properties of the liquid, etc.) on confined two-phase flows. In particular, the effect of noncondensables (air) was investigated by varying their average concentration from that corresponding to ambient conditions to zero, in which case the gas phase becomes a pure vapor. It was found that the composition of the gas phase has a crucial impact on heat and mass transport as well as on the flow stability. A simplified theoretical description of the flow and its stability was developed and used to explain many features of the numerical solutions and experimental observations that were not well understood previously. In particular, an analytical solution for the base return flow in the liquid layer was extended to the gas phase, justifying the previous ad-hoc assumption of the linear interfacial temperature profile. Linear stability analysis of this two-layer solution was also performed. It was found that as the concentration of noncondensables decreases, the instability responsible for the emergence of a convective pattern is delayed, which is mainly due to the enhancement of phase change. Finally, a simplified transport model was developed for heat pipes with wicks or microchannels that gives a closed-form analytical prediction for the heat transfer coefficient and the optimal size of the pores of the wick (or the width of the microchannels).

A numerical model for inductive plasma wind tunnels is developed. This model provides the flow conditions at the edge of a boundary layer in front of a thermal protection material placed in the plasma jet stream at the outlet of an inductive torch. The governing equations for the hydrodynamic field are derided from the kinetic theory. The electromagnetic field is deduced from the Maxwell equations. The transport properties of partially ionized and unmagnetized plasma in weak thermal nonequilibrium are derived from the Boltzmann equation. A kinetic data base of transport collision integrals is given for the Martian atmosphere. Multicomponent transport algorithms based upon Krylov subspaces are compared to mixture rules in terms of accuracy and computational cost. The composition and thermodynamic properties in local thermodynamic equilibrium are computed from the semi-classical statistical mechanics. The electromagnetic and hydrodynamic fields of an inductive wind tunnel is presented. A total pressure measurement technique is thoroughly investigated by means of numerical simulations.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar um estudo teórico e desenvolver simulações computacionais envolvendo a dinâmica de sistemas gás-sólido. O foco principal do trabalho é a modelagem do particulado através da análise das forças de contato entre partículas de materiais granulares utilizando modelos contínuos baseados na mecânica dos solos e na teoria cinética dos escoamentos granulares (sistemas grandes com muitas partículas, formulação Euleriana - Volumes Finitos) e modelos discretos baseados nas características físicas dos materiais (sistemas intermediários e número limitado de partículas, formulação Lagrangeana - Método dos Elementos Discretos). Investigam-se os modelos existentes na literatura com intuito de melhorar os modelos contínuos e discretos baseados na interação entre as partículas que caracterizam a dinâmica do particulado em sistemas gás-sólido. Propõe-se uma nova abordagem para a determinação do coeficiente de rigidez da mola baseada em uma equivalência entre os modelos lineares e não-lineares. Utiliza-se o código fonte MFIX para realizar simulações computacionais da dinâmica de sistemas gás-sólido, analisando o processo de fluidização, mistura e segregação de partículas, influência das correlações de arrasto, e análise das forças de contato entre as partículas através do novo método para a determinação do coeficiente de rigidez da mola . Os resultados obtidos são comparados com dados numéricos e experimentais da literatura. / The purpose of the present study is to perform a theoretical study and develop numerical simulations involving dynamic in gas-solid systems. The focus of the work is the modeling of particulate matter using continuous models based on soil mechanics and the kinetic theory of granular flows (large systems with many particles, Eulerian formulation - Finite Volume) and discrete models based on physical characteristics of the particles (intermediate systems and limited number of particles, Lagrangian formulation - Discrete Element Method). It is proposed a new approach to determine the normal spring stiffness coefficient of the linear model through the numerical solution for the overlap between particles in non-linear models. The linear spring stiffness is determined using an equivalence between the linear and the non-linear models. It is used the MFIX computational code to perform numerical simulations of the dynamics of gas-solid systems. It is analyzed the processes of fluidization, mixing and particle segregation and the influence of drag correlations. The proposed approach for normal spring stiffness coefficient is applied in the numerical simulations of two problems: single freely falling particle and bubbling fluidized bed. The results were compared with numerical and experimental data from literature.