The legal status of corporate codes of conduct, whereby a corporation promises to behave in an ethical manner, is uncertain. Such codes are often claimed to be legally unenforceable. But even if codes per se are not regulated by a legal system, there are still numerous rules governing the making and keeping of promises. Contracts, constitutions and advertising are examples of promises recognized in many legal systems. This thesis will show, using general principles found in several legal systems, that codes of conduct can indeed be enforceable. Firstly, a contract is an agreement between two or more parties. According to different theories, it derives its legal validity from either the ethics of promise-keeping or the reliance of one party. Codes of conduct may, in some cases be considered enforceable contracts. Secondly, corporations, like states have constitutions, which outline the basic principles of the organization in a way recognized by the law. A code of conduct can be made enforceable by incorporation into this constitution. Finally, promises made in advertising can also be binding for the corporation. If the code is regarded as advertising, it can become enforceable. / Genom etiska policyer (uppförandekoder) kan företag lova att bete sig på et etiskt sätt. Dessa koders rättsliga status är emellertid osäker, och ofta hävdas att sådana de inte är rättsligt bindande. Men även om etikpolicyer i sig inte regleras av rättssystemet, finns det flertaliga regler om att ge och hålla löften. Avtal, författningar och marknadsföring är alla exempel på löften som erkänns som bindande av många rättssystem. Denna uppsats visar, genom att åberopa allmänna principer som finns i flera rättssystem, att uppförandekoder faktiskt är bindande. Ett avtal är en överenskommelse mellan två eller flera parter. Enligt olika teorier blir det bindande på grund av antingen etiska normer om löften eller en parts tilltro till avtalet. Uppförandekoder kan, under vissa förutsättningar, anses vara avtal. Företag, likt stater har författningar som reglerar organisationens mest grundläggande principer på ett sätt som av lagen tillmäts betydelse. En uppförandekod kan göras bindande genom att inkorporeras i denna författning. Löften som ges i marknadsföring kan också skapa rättsliga plikter för företaget. Om koden ses som reklam kan den vara bindande.

Universiẗat, Diss.--Göttingen, 2006.

In modernen Entwicklungsmodellen wird definiert, dass Entwicklung durch Erbanlagen und Umweltfaktoren bestimmt ist. Ebenso können Athleten durch Üben und Lernen bzw. Training ihre Entwicklung selbst gestalten. Hier stellt sich die Frage, welche körperlichen Voraussetzungen, welche Umweltbedingungen und welche Trainingskennziffern des Athleten besonders günstig auf die Möglichkeiten der Leistungsausbildung und Motivation wirken und somit die Wettkampfleistung beeinflussen. Dazu werden ausgewählte Faktoren bei erstplatzierten Triathleten der Deutschen Nachwuchs-meisterschaft genauer untersucht. Hier wird deutlich, dass die weiblichen erfolgreichen Probanden einen niedrigen BMI-Wert sowie ein retardiertes Alter aufweisen. Im Vergleich mit den DTU-Vorgaben trainieren im Mittel die jüngeren Probanden zu viel, die Junioren zu wenig. Ausgenommen davon ist das Athletiktraining, welches im Mittel deutliche Defizite in allen Altersklassen aufweist. Nachwuchsstützpunktgruppen und Unterstützungsleistungen des Umfeldes der Athleten, erweisen sich als leistungsförderlich. Die Ergebnisse bilden das Fundament für weitere Forschung in diesem Bereich.

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Habilitationsschrift--Münster, 1973. / Includes indexes. Bibliography: p. [171]-177.

The purpose of this essay is to examinate the statements and verbal attributions of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in the early 2000’s. More exactly I’ve got two question formulations: Which statements does king Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden make during the early 2000’s and are these statements, in line with the king’s attributions, non-political, party-politically neutral and noncontroversial according to different perspectives? Question number two is if there are to find any boundaries for where the verbal attributions of Carl XVI Gustaf seem to go when he expresses himself in the role as the king of Sweden and the chief of state in the early 2000’s. My procedure is to read the Christmas speeches of Carl XVI Gustaf during the 2000’s and use former beheld statements of Carl XVI Gustaf to seek answers to the research questions. My conclusions are that the king does make political as well as party-political statements according to different perspectives. The king sometimes speaks fondly about EU, advocates multiculturalism, praises the family as a social building block and embellishes the Swedish monarchy. According to different perspectives these notions cannot be seen as nonpolitical nor party-politically neutral because in some questions different opinions are prevailed among parliament parties and other bigger parties in Sweden. However, the statements of the king can hardly be seen as controversial since his statements often rest upon strong common values and national unity. The verbal boundary of Carl XVI Gustaf is floating and cannot be unravelled, but it’s possible to approach the truth with three cores: 1. The king can encourage, although not tell how something is to be done. 2. The king shall keep within the national unity and common values. 3. It’s not always enough with Swedish national unity, nor shall Carl XVI Gustaf butt in discussions that undermines the relations with other countries.

This study deals with Swedish newspapers' portrayals of the Treaty which establishes a Constitution for Europe, which then influenced Swedish newspaper readers. This study connects the areas of both media and politics. What the media states can be expected to shape public opinion, especially when it comes to foreign policy issues. In order to fullfill the aim of the study, I have constructed two problems which I have answered to in accordance with my data, theoretical framework and research method. My data consists of articles from the largest Swedish morning newspaper Dagens Nyheter. The theoretical framework of this study is a combination of political science, media- and communication science and behaviour science. I have utilized two research methods in this study; a qualitative analysis of content, which transcends into different categories, and a method of quantification of the main actors in the articles. One of the results that I have discovered in this study is that the image of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe offered to the readers is a fairly positive one.

ABSTRACT University: Växjö University, school of social science, department of political science Level: Bachelor’s thesis in political science Title: SHIFTING BALANCE OF POWER? – an analyze of the new EU-treaty’s consequences for the EC-court. Academic adviser: Associate professor Stefan Höjelid Author: Magnus Nordahl This study focuses on the increased role of the European Court of Justice through the establishment of a Constitution for Europe and its impact on the balance of power, both horizontal and vertical. To do this, the study takes its aims from the research problem, formulated as follows: Does the establishment of a constitution for Europe contribute to an increased role for the European Court of Justice and does it create a more legible horizontal and vertical division of power? To reach the relevant analyses and conclusions two precise questions are presented as well as an analytical model. The precise questions are: • Which are the relevant contributions for the balance of power from a perspective of juridification in the new EU-treaty? • What impacts do those contributions have on the so called ‘European federalism’? The theoretical perspective of this study is rooted in the concept of federalism with special emphasizes on constitution and sovereignty as well as a part about the process of juridification. Along with the presented analytical model consisting of a horizontal and vertical division of power, the empirical material is presented with focus on the new EU-treaty about a constitution for Europe and the European Court of Justice. By doing this, analyses are made about the changing power of the ECJ and the new EU-treaty from a perspective of division of power, federalism and juridification. Through the establishment of the EU-treaty about the creation of a constitution the ECJ receive a clearer platform to act upon which contributes to a more legible division of power, both horizontal and vertical. This due to the fact that the new EU-treaty will take place as the highest law within the EU, something that the ECJ have the right to interpret. The whole process is also a broader recognition of the process of juridification where judicial power increases on the cost of politics. Keywords: Constitution, Division of power, EU, ECJ, Federalism, Juridification, and Sovereignty.

In order for a state to be considered ‘civilized’ the UN Declaration of human rights must be conceptualized in the national legislation. Iran are among states which are isolated from the international community partly on the basis of human rights violations. The human rights violations symbolize a political barrier between West and Iran, confirmed by economic sanctions from UN, EU and the United States. In this study the assumption is that whether basic constitutional conditions exist or do not exist could/could not lead to changing domestic practices, and possibly towards political integration for Iran. Thus the purpose of the study is to investigate the Islamic republic of Iran’s basic constitutional conditions for implementing human rights. The method used is a qualitative document study with content analysis on Iran’s constitution. The theoretical approach is founded on the UN Declaration of human rights which is a historic document. Furthermore, previous research on the subject is also presented as part of the theoretical background. The findings of the study suggest crucial shortcomings in Iran’s constitution according to UN standards, although the majority of the UN criteria for human rights are respected. However, the key conclusion of the study is that human rights are not neglected by Iran, rather the historical, cultural and religious traditions of Iran differentiates the country from the so called universal values currently dominated in the international community.