Orientador: José Júlio Gavião de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patatas_JacquelineMartins_M.pdf: 1134548 bytes, checksum: 25bf80645d816fb83f6e457d61f5568c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O fenômeno Lutas nos remete a um conjunto de modalidades, cada uma com sua história, filosofia e características específicas. Considerando o Taekwondo e suas características como o objeto deste estudo, observamos suas manifestações como esporte para pessoas com deficiência. Então, o presente estudo desenvolve-se sob as bases de uma pesquisa do tipo qualitativa e teve como objetivos gerais apresentar aos profissionais da área da Educação Física conhecimentos sobre o Para-Taekwondo em nível nacional e internacional e tecer considerações sobre os caminhos que ainda necessitam ser percorridos. Este estudo foi organizado na forma de capítulos-artigos, sendo ao todo três capítulos-artigos e um capítulo final com considerações finais do trabalho. Os capítulos-artigos vinculam com o objetivo central desse estudo, porém, cada um possui seu objetivo e desenvolvimento específico. Dessa forma, buscamos com este trabalho apresentar algumas reflexões a respeito do Para-Taekwondo, que surge como a adaptação do Taekwondo convencional para a participação de pessoas com amputação de membros superior. Utilizamos como metodologia para este estudo a entrevista semi-estruturada, coletando dados junto a dezessete professores de Educação Física, também técnicos de Taekwondo convencional que trabalham com a modalidade no Brasil, que fazem parte do Grupo 1 deste trabalho e também, para o Grupo 2, coletamos dados junto a sete professores/técnicos envolvidos com o Para-Taekwondo no Brasil, Canadá, México, Guatemala e Venezuela. Após a transcrição das entrevistas, as mesmas foram analisadas pela Análise de Enunciação, uma das técnicas da Análise de Conteúdo. Percebemos então, que no panorama do continente Americano, o Para-Taekwondo ainda não está totalmente estruturado e os trabalhos realizados na área estão apenas no começo de seu desenvolvimento. Consideramos que para que seja atingido, de fato, um espaço nos desportos Paralímpicos de alto rendimento, deve haver melhor preparação, tanto de professores, quanto dos ambientes que cercam essa prática, e melhor desenvolvimento da modalidade, pois, antes de pensar em Paralimpíadas é necessário pensar no aumento e na expressão de países e pessoas praticando e trabalhando dentro da modalidade / Abstract: The Martial Arts phenomenon brings us to several modalities, each one with its own history, philosophy and special characteristics. Considering the Taekwondo and its characteristics as the object of this study, we are able to observe its manifestations as a sport for people with disabilities. Thus, the present study is developed on the basis of a qualitative study, and it sought to provide the physical education professionals with the general knowledge of Para-Taekwondo, in national and international level, as well to weave considerations of the paths that still need to be traversed. This study was organized in the form of chapter-articles, totalling three chapters-articles and a final chapter with the final considerations. The chapters-articles are linked with the central objective of this study, however, each one has its own purpose and specific development. Therefore, we sought in this study some reflections on the Para-Taekwondo knowledge, which appears as the adaptation of the conventional Taekwondo to the participation of the people with upper limb amputation. For that, we used semi structured interviews as the methodology of the present study, collecting data from seventeen physical education teachers, also Taekwondo coaches that have been working with the conventional Taekwondo in Brazil, which are part of Group 1 in this study and also, for the Group 2, we collected data from seven teachers / coaches involved with the Para-Taekwondo in Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala and Venezuela. After the transcription, they were analyzed by the Enunciation technique, one of the Contend Analysis techniques. We realized that in the American continent landscape, the Para-Taekwondo is not yet fully structured, and works in the area are only in the beginning of its development. We consider that in order to achieve, in fact, a space in the high-performance Paralympics sports, there must be a better preparation of both teachers and the environments that surround this practice, and also better development of the sport modality, since, before thinking in Paralympics games, it's necessary to consider the increase and the expression of countries and people practicing and working within the sport / Mestrado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Mestre em Educação Física

During the design of sports equipment, the main focus is usually on physical performance attributes, neglecting key subjective factors such as feel and comfort. The personal protective equipment worn in sport is a typical example, where injury prevention has taken precedence over user comfort, but it is anticipated that with a new approach to the design process, comfort can be improved without sacrificing protection. Using cricket leg guards and taekwondo chest guards as an example, this study aimed to develop a systematic method for assessing user perceptions and incorporating them into the design process. Players perceptions of the factors that influence the comfort of cricket leg guards and taekwondo chest guards were elicited through the use of co-discovery sessions, focus groups and individual interviews, and analysed through an inductive process to produce a comfort model. The relative importance of each different comfort dimension was identified through the use of an online questionnaire utilising the analytical hierarchy process method. Through the combination of these methods, six general dimensions were identified with a weighting regarding the amount to which each one determines a user's perceived comfort. For both cricket and taekwondo, the majority of players ranked Fit as the most important factor affecting comfort. Experimental procedures were developed to objectively test the Fit of cricket leg guards, with regards to batting kinematics, running performance and contact pressure. These methods were combined with subjective assessments of leg guard performance, to determine if there was a relationship between users perceived comfort and objective test results. It was found that shot ROM and performance were not significantly affected by cricket leg guards, despite perceptions of increased restriction whilst wearing certain pads. Wearing cricket leg guards was found to significantly decrease running performance when compared to running without pads (p<0.05). In addition, it was found that the degree of impedance depended on pad design and could not solely be attributed to additional mass. These results correlated with the subjective assessment of three different leg guards, with respondents identifying the pad which had the largest influence on their running biomechanics and impeded their performance the most, as the most restrictive pad. Contact pressure under the pad and straps was also measured for four different leg guards whilst running. The results found that the top strap applied the greatest amount of pressure to the leg, especially at the point of maximum knee flexion. The peak pressure under the top strap was found to reach up to three times that of any other area of the pad. These results were reflected in the subjective assessment of the leg guards, with all nine subjects identifying the top strap as an area of discomfort for certain pads. The results also suggested there was a preference for pads with a larger more consistent contact area, as pad movement was perceived to increase when contact area variation was greater. Finally the results from this research were used to develop a product design specification (PDS) for a cricket leg guard, specifying size, mass, contact pressure and shape. The PDS was used to develop a concept design which would maximise comfort, whilst maintaining protection.

Aggression has many faces in sport. For this reason, it is a complex but fascinating field for studying the nature of aggression. All athletes have to control and channel aggression constructively into skill in their sport in order to sustain optimal performance. The purpose of this research was to study aggression in sport and determine whether aggressive energies can constructively be expressed in the rules of the game and channelled into a powerful and inspiring performance by the athlete. In sport, any type of aggression can transmute into a destructive force that can debilitate and nullify performance. Through this study, the researcher wanted to determine if the participation in Martial Arts can reduce aggression and whether progression in belt rank (beginner, intermediate and advanced) in Martial Arts could cause a gradual decrease in the aggressive behaviour of young adolescents. The researcher also wanted to determine if participation in Martial Arts, other than other types of sports activities (for example, hockey) and those 16 participants absent from any sporting activity, may serve as a deterrent to aggressiveness. A secondary aim was to determine if Martial Arts could be used as a coping strategy for young adolescents to improve their overall mental wellbeing. The core focus of this study is to determine if the participation in Martial Arts (specifically Tae Kwon Do) can reduce aggressive tendencies in young adolescents. The researcher chose Tae Kwon Do from the various Martial Arts styles, because Tae Kwon Do has a very broad combination of traditional components or elements of what any Martial Arts program consist of. It also consists of elements that are incorporated within the program that may have the desired outcome on a participant taking part in such a training program. In Martial Arts, the emphasis is on physical fitness, self-confidence and training in mental control. Most combat activities are usually thought of as providing opportunities for the display of competence and masculinity, the development of self-confidence and a release of tension with the sublimation of aggressive impulses. The term “Martial Arts” will be used throughout this study. The researcher decided on a survey method to carry out this study. Standardised questionnaires were used to determine whether progression in belt rank (beginner, intermediate and advanced) in Martial Arts (group1) could cause a gradual decrease in aggressive behaviour among young adolescents. The results of the analysis of differences between the different levels of Martial Arts showed no statistically significant differences between the levels on all the aggression sub-scales. The personal growth scores, obtained from the responses to the psychological wellbeing questionnaire, were significantly lower for the beginner group than for the other two groups (intermediate and advanced). The results on the psychological wellbeing sub-scales indicated that the personal growth and self-acceptance scores of the Martial Arts group were significantly higher than those of the other two groups (hockey and non-participation). The group that did not participated in any sporting activity, had the lowest scores. Also to be determined was whether Martial Arts could be used as a coping strategy to improve the overall mental health of these adolescents. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

The purpose of the work reported within this thesis was to design and implement a series of tests which better replicate the impact conditions experienced during a game, and allow for quantitative measurements of performance of various items of personal protection equipment (PPE). The sports of cricket and taekwondo were used as case studies. The aim was to improve on existing testing protocols making them more representative of real life, an approach that has not been previously attempted in the literature and so required design of multiple items of novel equipment. A representative cricket impact test was developed utilizing a ball canon firing a cricket ball mass at an equivalent bowling velocity of 31 m/s (70 mph) and a novel, freely suspended force acquisition system with embedded accelerometers from which the transmitted force values could be derived. Throughout the testing secondary variables of coefficient of restitution (COR), deformation and contact time were measured from high speed video footage to give further insight into the impact mechanics of the three tested leg guards. Contact times were in the range of 3 ms - 4 ms, COR between 0.38 - 0.50 and deformation between 45 mm - 52 mm. These results were compared against other benchmark tests to establish how close the representative test was to an actual human related ball-pad impact and to estimate human tolerance levels to impact. A rig to mimic a human on human kicking impact in taekwondo was designed to measure performance of the piece of body protection equipment used in training and competition, commonly referred to as a hogu. Primarily a mechanical simulator was designed to replicate the speed and mass of a human leg impacting during a roundhouse kick. A force acquisition system was manufactured, capable of integrating with the kicking robot functioning, with a human torso sized and shaped anvil, using a similar accelerometer based system of force measurement as that introduced in the cricket testing. This test was then used to measure performance levels of nine off-the-shelf hogus and protective training pads. Using transmitted peak force and time to peak force (TTPF) as indicators of protection, these values were found to range from between 0.5 kN 7.5 kN and 9 ms - 23 ms across the pads indicating a major difference in the protection provided.

In der hier vorliegenden Studie wurde ein bisher noch nicht beachteter Teil der Sportwissenschaften untersucht. Nach einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche und qualitativen Interviews wurden im Zeitraum von 2005 bis 2006 von über 500 Kampfstilschülern - und Trainern Aggressionswerte sowie sportpädagogisch und -soziologisch relevante Fakten erhoben. Hierbei wurden bewusst solche Personen befragt, die Stile mit überdurchschnittlich hartem Trefferkontakt trainieren. Neben Muay Thai, Freefight und Eskrima unter anderem Krav Maga Maar, Kyushinkai Karate und Grappling. Neben der Schaffung eines umfassenden Grundlagenmaterials zu Themen wie Herkunft, Alter, Bildung, und persönlichen Interessen werden Trainingsgewohnheiten ausgewertet und Beziehungen zu folgenden Faktoren hergestellt: Spontane Aggression, Reaktive Aggression, Summenaggression, Aggressionshemmung, Erregbarkeit und Offenheit. Zur Erfassung der genannten Faktoren wurde der FAF-Test verwendet. Neben einer überdurchschnittlichen Bildung, und im allgemeinen sehr geringen Aggressionswerten konnten auch Tendenzen festgestellt werden, nachdem einige Schüler ihr erlernten Techniken für gezielte Aggressionen außerhalb des Trainings nutzen. Weitere unerwartete Ergebnisse fanden sich unter anderem in den unterschiedlichen Einschätzungen von Trainern und ihren Schülern im Bezug auf deren pädagogischen Einfluss jenseits des Techniktrainings. / The aim of this study is to investigate a field of physical education which has been ignored up to now. After a literature review and a qualitative interview analyses more than 500 martial arts coaches and students have been asked from 2005 to 2006 to collect aggressiveness values and different sports pedagogy and -sociologic relevant data .The study was targeted at "hard -style" martial arts such as Muay Thai, Freefight, Escrima, Krav Maga Maar, Kyushinkai Karate and Grappling. One of the aims was to collect substructal data such as social background, age, education and hobbies. The training data was evaluated and related to the following factors using the FAF Test: Spontaneous Aggression, Reactive Aggression, Aggressionsum, Aggression Escapement, Impulsiveness and Openness. Beside an above-average education and in general low aggressiveness factors the results of the study were a tendency towards the utilisation of martial arts techniques for violent behaviour outside the dojo. Further results include different ratings in the effectiveness of the pedagogical impact of teacher on their students.

This thesis is a study of representations of Pacific Asia in exhibitions in Stockholm. In the Swedish culture and art sphere, a public discussion surrounding Asia is conspicuously absent even though there are significant amounts of residents in Sweden with an Asian background. The thesis analyses three selected exhibitions: Korea Gallery at the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Dreamers’ Quay, Dreamers’ Key at Bonniers Konsthall, and From dying to living at Moderna Museet. The material consists of field observations, exhibition catalogs, handouts, wall texts, and interviews with the involved curators alongside with the exhibitions themselves. The thesis aims to initiate a critical discussion around the representations of the so-called “Other” and the implications of curatorial approaches in these exhibitions that primarily revolve around Asian themes with the help of the following research questions: 1) How is Asia portrayed and represented in each exhibition?; 2) What perception of Asia and Asianness is conveyed through the exhibitions as well as by the way of other related material?; and 3) How is the curatorial approach to the exhibitions with ethnographic themes revolving around Asianness? The qualitative case studies assess both the content and visuals of the exhibitions and the preparation processes of the exhibitions, and theoretically, they are informed by Stuart Hall’s theory of representation as well as Hal Foster’s and Miwon Kwon’s writings on the artist as ethnographer. Through an examination of the three case exhibitions, the thesis finds that representations of Asia are varied and have benefited from extensive curatorial efforts but show occasional weaknesses in terms of displaying the Other. The thesis contributes to a better understanding of representations of Asia in exhibitions in Sweden and hopefully paves the way for future research of this kind.

This thesis investigates how site-specific art manifest itself in different ways, specifically in the biennial format. The focus is on the Luleå Biennale, one of Scandinavia's oldest biennales that returns every two years. Through a case study of four different works of art from two of the biennale's editions, two from the year 2018 and two from 2020, I want to broaden the understanding of the concept of site specificity and how to curate such an exhibition. The theory is based on Miwon Kwon's One Place to Another: Site-Specific Art and Locational identity (2004) and Nick Kaye's Site-Specific Art: Performance, Place and Documentation (2000) which deal with the concept of site specificity and its various expressions. The questions that arose were centered around research, audience and how art activates the place. Through my investigation, I came to the conclusion that all four artworks are strongly connected to their context, not only the context of the biennial but also the physical location they treated, and that a long process of research made the groundwork for this. One of the works was not newly produced for the place in which it was exhibited, but was realized by translating its original meaning to the place of the biennale with the help of curatorial work. I also come to the conclusion that the audience is of great importance in realizing these site-specific works of art exhibited in places that are otherwise not accessible to the public. The biennale opens up new places and memories. / Denna uppsats är en undersökning av hur platsspecifik konst kan uttrycka sig på olika sätt och specifikt hur det kan se ut i biennalformatet. Fokus ligger på Luleåbiennalen, en av Skandinaviens äldsta biennaler som återkommer vartannat år. Genom en fallstudie på fyra olika konstverk från två av biennalens utgåvor, två från år 2018 och två från 2020, vill jag vidga förståelsen för begreppet platsspecificitet och hur man curerar en sådan utställning. Den grundläggande teorin utgår från Miwon Kwons One Place to Another: Site-Specific Art and Locational identity (2004) och Nick Kayes Site-Specific Art: Performance, Place and Documentation (2000) som behandlar begreppet och dess olika uttryckssätt, vilket ledde till frågor kring research, publik och hur konsten aktiverar platsen. Genom min undersökning kommer jag fram till att alla fyra konstverk är starkt kopplade till sin kontext, inte endast kontexten av en biennal men även den fysiska platsen de behandlar, samt att en lång process av research har lagt grunden för detta. Ett av verken var inte tillverkade för platsen som den ställdes ut på men blev ändå realiserad genom att dess ursprungliga mening översattes till platsen för biennalen, detta med hjälp av curatoriskt arbete. Jag kommer även fram till att publiken utgör en viktig del för att realisera dessa platsspecifika konstverk som ställts ut på platser som annars inte är tillgängliga för allmänheten. Biennalen möjliggör besök av nya platser och minnen.