In part one, betulinic acid (1) was isolated from the American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) in 1.6% yield, while ursolic acid (3) was isolated from Fuji and McIntosh apple peels in 1.0% and 0.8% crude yields, respectively. Oleanolic (4) and dehydrocanophyllic (6) acids were previously available, along with several analogs. Additional analogs of 1, 3 and 4 were prepared, including 9 new compounds, for a total of 51 compounds. Compounds were initially screened for cortisol lowering properties in vitro using a fish head kidney cell assay. Platanic acid (43) was selected for in vivo study in rats, along with 1 and a blend of Platanus occidentalis and Souroubea sympetela. No significant cortisol lowering was observed in vivo. In part two, β-ionone-d6 (75) was synthesized in 6.5% yield from ethyl 2-oxo-cyclohexane carboxylate (77). Total deuterium incorporation was 99.85%, with 0.03% d0 analog. 75 was converted to retinoic acid-d6 (93) in 2.2% yield.

O gasto energético total (GET) pode ser usado como medida da ingestão energética (IE). Existe um constante sub-relato da IE obtida por métodos de avaliação do consumo alimentar, mas poucos estudos o investigaram em nações em desenvolvimento. Objetivos: a) comparar a validade das estimativas de IE de um questionário de freqüência alimentar, três recordatórios alimentares e um diário alimentar de três dias, segundo a água duplamente marcada; b) determinar a influência da prática de atividade física, do índice de massa corporal e de fatores psicossociais no sub-relato e; c) comparar as taxas de sub-relato entre agrupamentos de padrões alimentares. Métodos: Sessenta e cinco mulheres responderam aos métodos de inquérito supracitados, a partir dos quais foi estimada a IE. O GET foi medido pela água duplamente marcada. A prática de atividade física, índice de massa corporal, escolaridade, renda, idade, conhecimento nutricional, insatisfação corporal, restrição dietética, compulsão alimentar e o desejo de aceitação social foram correlacionados ao sub-relato. Os padrões alimentares foram obtidos pela análise de cluster. Resultados: O GET foi de 2.622 ± 490 kcal, enquanto que a IE, mensurada respectivamente pelo recordatório, diário e questionário, foi de 2.078 ± 430 kcal; 2.044 ± 479 kcal e 1.984 ± 832 kcal. A proporção de sub-relatores foi de 24,6% para o recordatório, 29,2% para o diário e 53,8% para o questionário (p < 0,005). Os sub-relatores apresentaram menores médias de renda e escolaridade e maiores valores de idade, insatisfação corporal e desejo de aceitação social. O sub-relato foi mais comum no padrão alimentar mais frugal. Conclusão: Os três métodos de avaliação do consumo alimentar apresentaram erros sistemáticos, embora o questionário de freqüência alimentar tenha tido o pior desempenho. O sub-relato foi influenciado por diversos fatores psicossociais e variou conforme o padrão alimentar relatado, o que pode comprometer a avaliação do consumo / Total energy expenditure (TEE) may be used as a measure of energy intake (EI). There is a constant underreporting of EI obtained by dietary assessment methods, but few studies have investigated it in developing nations. Objectives: a) to compare the validity of EI estimates obtained by a food-frequency questionnaire, three diet recalls and a three-day food record; b) to determine the influence of physical activity, body mass index and psychosocial factors on underreporting and; c) to compare underreporting rates between dietary pattern\'s clusters. Methods: Sixty-five women completed the dietary assessment methods, which were used to estimate EI. TEE was measured by doubly labeled water. Physical activity practice, body mass index, education, income, age, nutritional knowledge, body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, binge eating and social desirability were correlated to underreporting. Dietary patterns were obtained by cluster analysis. Results: TEE was 2,622 ± 490 kcal, while EI, measured respectively by the diet recall, food record and food-frequency questionnaire, was 2,078 ± 430 kcal; 2,044 ± 479 kcal and 1,984 ± 832 kcal. Proportion of underreporters was 24.6% (recall), 29.2% (record) and 53.8% (questionnaire) (p < 0.005). Underreporters had smaller income and education and greater age, body dissatisfaction and social desirability. Underreporting was more common in the \'frugal foods\' pattern. Conclusions: The three dietary assessment methods presented systematic errors, although the foodfrequency questionnaire had the worst performance. Underreporting was influenced by psychosocial factors and varied according the reported dietary pattern, which may compromise dietary assessment

The purpose of this qualitative ethnographic study was to addresses how the existence of counterspaces influences the psychological well-being of offender-labeled youth transitioning back into society. A counterspace has been defined as a social setting where two or more individuals come together to challenge deficit notions. No longer is recidivism solely being placed on offender-labeled youth that reside within juvenile correctional facilities, therefore the need for innovative programs that help develop resistance narratives and promote reengagement with the educational system are needed. In this 12-week qualitative ethnographic study the two concepts of restorative practices and narrative identity work are blended together and reconceptualized to create something new Restorative Identity Work. From an ontological perspective, the educational experiences within the counterspace (Room 21) was shared utilizing a musical playlist. The playlist is used to provide a thick description of the 12-session leadership group that was designed to be a resource for offender-labeled youth to become eligible for the high school Student Council within the correctional facility. Through the use of journals, theme songs, restorative practices, and narrative identity work, offender-labeled youth gradually gained a deeper understanding of their role in social narratives. The leadership group resulted in six out of nine offender-labeled youth becoming members of the Student Council and fostered the development of resistance narratives for all nine students.

Syfte: Produktbeskrivningar kan kommunicera de fördelaktiga egenskaper som en vara medför, vilket kan få produkten att skilja sig från mängden. Under de senaste decennierna har det skapats ett ökat intresse för både sensoriska och miljömärkta produktbeskrivningar och för företag blir det allt viktigare att lyckas identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar betalningsviljan hos konsumenter. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka hur sensoriska och miljömärkta produktbeskrivningar påverkar konsumentens betalningsvilja. Metod: Metoden har en deduktiv ansats och vår empiriska insamling har skett utifrån en kvantitativ metod i form av en enkätundersökning. Populationen avser individer mellan 15–75 år som antingen dricker kaffe regelbundet eller som någon gång har inhandlat bryggkaffe i en livsmedelsbutik. Resultaten har bearbetats i SPSS där dem har analyserats utifrån deskriptiv statistik, korrelationsanalys och regressionsanalys.  Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat påvisar att sensoriska produktbeskrivningar på kaffe har en positiv effekt på konsumentens betalningsvilja. Sensoriska smakattribut är de viktigaste att kommunicera i en produktbeskrivning för att tilltala konsumenten. Däremot påvisar studiens resultat att produktbeskrivningar som är miljömärkta i form av ekologisk och Fairtrade-märkning, har en starkare påverkan på konsumentens betalningsvilja för kaffe än vid sensoriska produktbeskrivningar.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Vårt bidrag till ämnet företagsekonomi och marknadsföring är att produktbeskrivningar för kaffe främst bör framföra kvalitetsstämplar om sådana finns för att påverka konsumentens betalningsvilja. Vid icke ekologiska eller Fairtrade-märkta produkter, bör de sensoriska attributen förmedlas för att ha en positiv inverkan på konsumentens betalningsvilja. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Efter denna studie kan vi konstatera att betalningsviljan skiljer sig åt beroende på vilken produktbeskrivning som framställs. Det skulle därför vara av intresse att även se till olika varumärken för kaffe vid framställandet av olika typer av produktbeskrivningar för att se om betalningsviljan förändras. För framtida forskning vore det även av intresse att se till hur sensoriska produktbeskrivningar i samband med miljömärkningar hade påverkat konsumentens betalningsvilja. / Aim: Product descriptions can communicate the beneficial properties that comes with a product, which can make the product stand out, among others. In recent decades, there has been an increased interest in both sensory and environmentally friendly product descriptions and for companies, it is becoming increasingly important to succeed in identifying the factors that affect consumers’ willingness to pay. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate how sensory and environmentally friendly product descriptions affect consumers’ willingness to pay.  Method: The method has a deductive approach, and our empirical data has been based on a quantitative method in the form of a survey. The population refers to individuals between the ages of 15 and 75 who either drink coffee regularly or have ever bought brewed coffee in a grocery store. The results have been processed in SPSS where they have been analyzed based on descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis.  Result &amp; Conclusion: The results of the study show that sensory product descriptions of coffee have a positive effect on the consumer’s willingness to pay. Sensory taste attributes are the most important to communicate in a product description to appeal to the consumer. On the other hand, the results of the study show that product descriptions that are ecological and Fairtrade-labeled have a stronger impact on the consumer’s willingness to pay for coffee than with sensory product descriptions.  Contribution of the thesis: Our contribution to the subject of business administration and marketing is that product descriptions for coffee should primarily communicate ecological and Fairtrade-labels if such exist, to influence the consumer’s willingness to pay. In the case of non-ecological or Fairtrade-labeled products, the sensory attributes should be communicated to have a positive impact on the consumer’s willingness to pay. Suggestions for future research: After this study, we can state that the willingness to pay differs depending on which product description is presented. It would therefore be of interest to also look at different brands for coffee when producing different types of product descriptions to see if the willingness to pay changes. For future research, it would also be of interest to see how sensory product descriptions in combination with environmentally friendly product description had affected the willingness to pay.

No description available.

Les méthodes d’apprentissage profond connaissent une croissance fulgurante. Une explication de ce phénomène est l’essor de la puissance de calcul combiné à l’accessibilité de données en grande quantité. Néanmoins, plusieurs applications de la vie réelle présentent des difficultés: la disponibilité et la qualité des données peuvent être faibles, l’étiquetage des données peut être ardu, etc. Dans ce mémoire, nous examinons deux contextes : celui des données limitées et celui du modèle économique CATS. Pour pallier les difficultés rencontrées dans ces contextes, nous utilisons des modèles d’apprentissage profond pour images avec structure additionnelle. Dans un premier temps, nous examinons les réseaux de scattering et étudions leur version paramétrée sur des petits jeux de données. Dans un second temps, nous adaptons les modèles de diffusion afin de proposer une alternative aux modèles à base d’agents qui sont complexes à construire et à optimiser. Nous vérifions empiriquement la faisabilité de cette démarche en modélisant le marché de l’emploi du modèle CATS. Nous constatons tout d’abord que les réseaux de scattering paramétrés sont performants sur des jeux de données de classification pour des petits échantillons de données. Nous démontrons que les réseaux de scattering paramétrés performent mieux que ceux non paramétrés, c’est-à-dire les réseaux de scattering traditionnels. En effet, nous constatons que des banques de filtres adaptés aux jeux de données permettent d’améliorer l’apprentissage. En outre, nous observons que les filtres appris se différencient selon les jeux de données. Nous vérifions également la propriété de robustesse aux petites déformations lisses expérimentalement. Ensuite, nous confirmons que les modèles de diffusion peuvent être adaptés pour modéliser le marché de l’emploi du modèle CATS dans une approche d’apprentissage profond. Nous vérifions ce fait pour deux architectures de réseau de neurones différentes. De plus, nous constatons que les performances sont maintenues pour différents scénarios impliquant l’apprentissage avec une ou plusieurs séries temporelles issues de CATS, lesquelles peuvent être tirées à partir d’hyperparamètres standards ou de perturbations de ceux-ci. / Deep learning methods are booming. An explanation of this phenomenon is the rise of computing power combined with the accessibility of large data quantity. Nevertheless, several real-life applications present difficulties: the availability and quality of data can be low, data labeling can be tricky, etc. In this thesis, we examine two contexts: that of limited data and that of the CATS economic model. To overcome the difficulties encountered in these contexts, we use deep learning models for images with additional structure. First, we examine scattering networks and study their parameterized version on small datasets. In a second step, we adapt diffusion models in order to propose an alternative to agent-based models which are complex to build and to optimize. We empirically verify the feasibility of this approach by modeling the labor market of the CATS model. We first observe that the parameterized scattering networks perform well on classification datasets for small samples of data. We demonstrate that parameterized scattering networks perform better than those not parametrized, i.e. traditional scattering networks. Indeed, we find that filterbanks adapted to the datasets make it possible to improve learning. Moreover, we observe that the learned filters differ according to the datasets. We also verify the property of robustness to small smooth deformations experimentally.. Then, we confirm that diffusion models can be adapted to model the labor market of the CATS model in a deep learning approach. We verify this fact for two different neural network architectures. Moreover, we find that performance is maintained for different scenarios involving training with one or more time series from CATS, which can be derived from standard hyperparameters or perturbations thereof.

No description available.

Магистерская диссертация содержит опыт анализа современных киносценариев в социокультурном и стилистическом аспекте. Анализ жанровых и стилистических особенностей киносценария позволил установить прямую зависимость между данными параметрами. Проведен анализ сигналов многоречия в сценариях кинокомедий и драматических фильмов. В комедийных фильмах сталкивание в ближайшем контексте языковых единиц разных стилистических уровней используется для создания смехового эффекта. В сценарии драмы комбинация сниженного и общелитературного, специального и диахронически маркированного призвано прежде всего повысить конфликтность сюжета. / The master's thesis contains the experience of analyzing modern film scripts in a socio-cultural and stylistic aspect. The analysis of genre and stylistic features of the screenplay allowed us to establish a direct relationship between these parameters. The analysis of the signals of multilingualism in the scripts of comedies and dramatic films is carried out. In comedy films the collision of linguistic units of different stylistic levels in the immediate context is used to create a laughing effect. In the script of the drama the combination of reduced and general literary units, special and diachronically marked units is designed primarily to increase the conflict of the plot.

No description available.

Les deux problèmes majeurs considérés dans cette thèse : le b-coloration problème et le graphe emballage problème. 1. Le b-coloration problème : Une coloration des sommets de G s'appelle une b-coloration si chaque classe de couleur contient au moins un sommet qui a un voisin dans toutes les autres classes de couleur. Le nombre b-chromatique b(G) de G est le plus grand entier k pour lequel G a une b-coloration avec k couleurs. EL Sahili et Kouider demandent s'il est vrai que chaque graphe d-régulier G avec le périmètre au moins 5 satisfait b(G) = d + 1. Blidia, Maffray et Zemir ont montré que la conjecture d'El Sahili et de Kouider est vraie pour d ≤ 6. En outre, la question a été résolue pour les graphes d-réguliers dans des conditions supplémentaires. Nous étudions la conjecture d'El Sahili et de Kouider en déterminant quand elle est possible et dans quelles conditions supplémentaires elle est vrai. Nous montrons que b(G) = d + 1 si G est un graphe d-régulier qui ne contient pas un cycle d'ordre 4 ni d'ordre 6. En outre, nous fournissons des conditions sur les sommets d'un graphe d-régulier G sans le cycle d'ordre 4 de sorte que b(G) = d + 1. Cabello et Jakovac ont prouvé si v(G) ≥ 2d3 - d2 + d, puis b(G) = d + 1, où G est un graphe d-régulier. Nous améliorons ce résultat en montrant que si v(G) ≥ 2d3 - 2d2 + 2d alors b(G) = d + 1 pour un graphe d-régulier G. 2. Emballage de graphe problème : Soit G un graphe d'ordre n. Considérer une permutation σ : V (G) → V (Kn), la fonction σ* : E(G) → E(Kn) telle que σ *(xy) = σ *(x) σ *(y) est la fonction induite par σ. Nous disons qu'il y a un emballage de k copies de G (dans le graphe complet Kn) s'il existe k permutations σi : V (G) → V (Kn), où i = 1, …, k, telles que σi*(E(G)) ∩ σj (E(G)) = ɸ pour i ≠ j. Un emballage de k copies d'un graphe G est appelé un k-placement de G. La puissance k d'un graphe G, noté par Gk, est un graphe avec le même ensemble de sommets que G et une arête entre deux sommets si et seulement si le distance entre ces deux sommets est au plus k. Kheddouci et al. ont prouvé que pour un arbre non-étoile T, il existe un 2-placement σ sur V (T). Nous introduisons pour la première fois le problème emballage marqué de graphe dans son graphe puissance / Two problems are considered in this thesis: the b-coloring problem and the graph packing problem. 1. The b-Coloring Problem : A b-coloring of a graph G is a proper coloring of the vertices of G such that there exists a vertex in each color class joined to at least a vertex in each other color class. The b-chromatic number of a graph G, denoted by b(G), is the maximum number t such that G admits a b-coloring with t colors. El Sahili and Kouider asked whether it is true that every d-regular graph G with girth at least 5 satisfies b(G) = d + 1. Blidia, Maffray and Zemir proved that the conjecture is true for d ≤ 6. Also, the question was solved for d-regular graphs with supplementary conditions. We study El Sahili and Kouider conjecture by determining when it is possible and under what supplementary conditions it is true. We prove that b(G) = d+1 if G is a d-regular graph containing neither a cycle of order 4 nor of order 6. Then, we provide specific conditions on the vertices of a d-regular graph G with no cycle of order 4 so that b(G) = d + 1. Cabello and Jakovac proved that if v(G) ≥ 2d3 - d2 + d, then b(G) = d + 1, where G is a d-regular graph. We improve this bound by proving that if v(G) ≥ 2d3 - 2d2 + 2d, then b(G) = d+1 for a d-regular graph G. 2. Graph Packing Problem : Graph packing problem is a classical problem in graph theory and has been extensively studied since the early 70's. Consider a permutation σ : V (G) → V (Kn), the function σ* : E(G) → E(Kn) such that σ *(xy) = σ *(x) σ *(y) is the function induced by σ. We say that there is a packing of k copies of G into the complete graph Kn if there exist k permutations σ i : V (G) → V (Kn), where i = 1,…, k, such that σ*i (E(G)) ∩ σ*j (E(G)) = ɸ for I ≠ j. A packing of k copies of a graph G will be called a k-placement of G. The kth power Gk of a graph G is the supergraph of G formed by adding an edge between all pairs of vertices of G with distance at most k. Kheddouci et al. proved that for any non-star tree T there exists a 2-placement σ on V (T). We introduce a new variant of graph packing problem, called the labeled packing of a graph into its power graph