Orientador: Paulo Eduardo de Andrade Baltar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T17:57:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_JulianaBacelarde_M.pdf: 1976712 bytes, checksum: f8020f89c246d888d4aa4b42ed102c00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nos anos 2000, o Brasil apresentou sinais de recuperação econômica, com geração de empregos e crescimento da renda nacional. A partir de 2004, a expansão do crédito e do consumo das famílias, o aumento das exportações, decorrente do movimento favorável do crescimento internacional (até a crise financeira de 2008/09), e a reativação do investimento produtivo e na infraestrutura econômica e social permitiram que o País mantivesse um ritmo sustentado de crescimento do PIB. Nesse contexto de retomada do crescimento, em que o mercado interno registrou um peso relativamente maior do que o do mercado externo, observou-se a reativação do dinamismo da economia das metrópoles, que apresentam estruturas produtivas e ocupacionais de maior complexidade e diversidade, além de terem suportado um enorme passivo socioeconômico, nos anos de 1990, expresso, em grande medida, por elevadas taxas de desemprego aberto. A forte redução do desemprego, a ampliação da geração de empregos, sobretudo dos formais, o crescimento médio da renda do trabalho e seu consequente efeito sobre a redução das desigualdades de renda entre os espaços metropolitanos e não metropolitanos constituem as principais características do mercado de trabalho brasileiro no período de 2004-2008. Contudo, ainda é cedo para falar-se em reestruturação do mercado de trabalho nacional. É preciso avançar nesse cenário, nos próximos anos. Por ora, estão claras as limitações da análise, enfocando apenas as questões do emprego e da renda, para o entendimento geral da problemática metropolitana, sem, todavia, menosprezar a importância da melhoria recente dos aspectos do mercado de trabalho, aqui analisados / Abstract: In the 2000's, Brazil showed signs of economic recovery with job creation and growth of national income. Since 2004, the expansion of credit, family consumption, and exports due to favorable international growth (until the financial crisis of 2008/09), as well as the recovery on productive investments allowed the country to maintain a steady pace of GDP growth. In this context, with a bigger importance of the domestic market, there was also a recovery on the metropolitan regions, which exhibit productive and occupational structures of higher complexity and diversity, besides having supported a huge socioeconomic liability in the 1990's, due to high unemployment rates. The decline in unemployment, the expansion of job creation, especially on formal labor, the growth of labor income and its subsequent effect on the reduction of income inequalities between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas are the main characteristics of the Brazilian labor market evolution in the 2004-2008 period. However, it is still too early to speak of a restructured the national labor market. It's imperative to advance in this way for the coming years. For now, the limitations of the analysis are clear; especially by focusing only on issues of employment and income while understanding the metropolitan question, but without underestimating the importance of the recent improvement in this matter / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: José Ricardo Barbosa Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T14:59:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_LucianaPortilhoda_M.pdf: 1382288 bytes, checksum: 5ae0981fd1d523187e37ee34229d271d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma contribuição à análise da presença da mulher no processo de modernização da sociedade paulista entre os anos 1940-1960, procurando-se verificar a relação entre a modernização, baseada na industrialização, e o direcionamento feminino em busca de emancipação, por meio de dois aspectos fundamentais: educação e trabalho. Para tanto, esta dissertação encontra-se dividida em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo faremos uma contextualização histórica do período, apresentando as transformações econômicas e sociais que servirão de base para as análises posteriores. O segundo capítulo tem como foco a participação feminina no ensino superior, verificando aspectos da inserção feminina e para quais cursos eram direcionadas suas aspirações. No capítulo final, verificaremos a participação feminina no mercado de trabalho, em quais setores econômicos se concentrava sua presença e se esta movimentação acompanhou o processo de industrialização do estado de São Paulo. Como fonte de dados serão utilizados os Censos Demográficos organizados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística dos anos 1940, 1950 e 1960, além de informações fornecidas pela Universidade de São Paulo, pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Ordem dos Advogados (seção São Paulo) e Conselho Regional de Engenharia e Agronomia do estado de São Paulo / Abstract: This dissertation intends to analyze women's participation in São Paulo's modernization process, from 1940 to 1960, investigating the relationship between modernization based on industrialization and the process of female emancipation, at two fundamental aspects: education and labor. For this purpose, it is divided in three chapters. The first chapter introduces the historical background of the period, discussing the economic and social transformations in course, as a basis for the subsequent analysis. The second chapter focuses on female participation in higher education, verifying the quantitative aspects of female inclusion and the courses they aspired to study. The last chapter analyzes female participation in the labor market, considering the economic sectors in which they were concentrated and verifying their participation in the sectors that most grew with the industrialization of the state of São Paulo. The data source used at this research is the national census, organized by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, for the years of 1940, 1950 and 1960. In addition, it brings about informations provided by the Universidade de São Paulo, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Ordem dos Advogados (section São Paulo) and the Conselho Regional de Engenharia do Estado de São Paulo / Mestrado / Historia Economica / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

This thesis focuses on the electricity sector in developing economies. This is an important sector given the well-documented contribution of high quality electricity services to economic growth and social welfare. Yet, today, 1.2 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity - half of them in sub-Saharan Africa. The sector is characterized by the high cost of electricity investments combined with the tight fiscal constraints often faced by developing countries' governments. In this context, many electricity utilities around the world either do not perform satisfactorily or operate under severe financial stress. In order to improve the performance of the electricity sector, policy makers need to prioritize among competing objectives and identify the most relevant tools. The first chapter is called "Procuring the right supervisors for infrastructure investments in developing countries". It fits into the set of challenges regarding access that regulatory choices available to policy makers can address. This chapter focuses on a possible way to increase the efficiency of infrastructure investments financed by international financial institutions (IFI) in poor governance countries that has been under studied in the past: the role of supervision consultants, who typically supervise the performance of a contractor firm building the actual infrastructure on behalf of a principal such as the Ministry of Works. I argue that the incentive remuneration of supervisors - understood as a combination of a threat of non-payment and reputation to obtain future contracts - is exogenous to the quality of governance of the country of work. I then apply this exogeneity to the classical Laffont-Tirole (1991) three-tier principal-agent with supervisor setting. I find that the induced contractor's power of incentives of their seminal model change: if the supervisor's incentive remuneration is high enough, effort is optimal; if it decreases, then the effort is sub-optimal but capture is avoided; and if the remuneration decreases even further, then the supervisor is always captured. I then suggest that IFIs could enhance efficiency of infrastructure invesmtents by (i) linking the resources allocated to monitor projects with the corruptibility of the country, and (ii) adding the corruptibility of the country in which the supervisor has successfully conducted previous assignments as a selection criteria when procuring new supervisors. The second chapter is called "Does size matter for performance? Evidence from Brazilian electricity distribution utilities". It fits into the set of challenges regarding affordability that market structure choices available to policy makers can address. In this chapter, I study the relationship between the size and the evolution of total factor productivity in 33 Brazilian electricity distribution utilities (both public and private) representing 97% of the market. This is of particular interest at this point in time given that the renewal of many concessions of utilities is set to start in 2015. I use an input distance function in a stochastic frontier analysis framework with 2 outputs (number of connections and electricity sold) and 3 inputs (operational expenses, length of the network, and capacity of transformers). I apply this methodology to a database spanning from 2003 to 2012 and then decompose the productivity into various components, paying a particular attention to the effect of firm size on productivity. I find that while large utilities are at the minimum efficient scale, the others are slowly moving towards that point. In addition, I find that, when grouping utilities according to size categories, the scale component of technical change explains an important part of the TFP changes. Brazilian policy makers and the regulator would lose an opportunity if they did not consider these findings in the imminent renewal of concessions. The third and last chapter is called "When and how does rural electrification increase labor supply?" and is co-authored with Christian Lehmann. It fits into the set of challenges regarding access and growth that technology choices available to policy makers can address. This chapter is motivated by the expanding empirical literature studying the effects of rural electrification in developing countries that has emerged in the last few years. It focuses on the effect of rural electrification on the labor markets. While the literature tends to agree that labor supply increases with electrification, the underlying mechanisms through which this happens are not well documented: while some authors argue that it is the external market labor supply that goes up, others claim that it is the in-house labor supply of marketable goods that increases. We develop a household model that provides a theoretical framework to integrate the results of most existing empirical studies and explain the theoretical mechanisms behind them. Our model has three types of goods to which the household can allocate its labor: a subsistence good, an informal good, and a formal good. We find that, depending on a number of parameters, electrification increases labor supply either through more labor provided to the market or through more labor devoted to home production of tradable goods. This result is in line with previous empirical work. We also find that the effect of electrification is heterogeneous across households and deduce a number of predictions that, to the best of our knowledge, have not been tested by the empirical literature yet. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

J’utilise des modèle de search comme point de départ de mon analyse, en examinant l'impact des frictions d'un point de vue soit théorique soit empirique. Dans le Chapitre 1 j’analyse les effets de l’incertitude sur la macroéconomie. Les estimes empiriques montrent que l’incertitude a un impact négatif sur l’économie et que le marché du travail est un important canal de transmission. Un modèle d’équilibre général avec frictions DMP est capable de reproduire les faits observés. Dans le Chapitre 2 j’utilise un Time Varying Parameter SVAR avec volatilité stochastique pour investiguer les propriétés de la création d’emploi aux Etats Unis et leur variation dans le temps. Les estimes indiquent que la volatilité dépend largement des chocs de demande et de prix. Les postes de travail réagissaient négativement aux chocs technologiques jusqu’au début des années 90. Le Chapitre 3 intègre la dimension spatiale dans un modèle de search. Cela permet d'expliquer quelques régularités observées dans des données Autrichiens: i) l’existence d’une frontière de réserve entre salaire est distance; ii) le changement de stratégie de recherche d’emploi; iii) l'effet décourageant des d’allocations chômage. Dans le Chapitre 4 je présente un modèle qui explique la sélection des nouvelles embauches entre contrats à court et à long terme. En exploitant une base de données italienne, on trouve que la probabilité d’obtenir un contrat permanent dépend négativement du degré de mismatch entre l'éducation du travailleur et l'occupation. En outre, les réformes qui libéralisent le contrats à durée déterminée encouragent leur utilisation mais ils ont effets non-linéaires sur le taux de chômage. / In this thesis I take the search and matching framework as the starting point of my analysis to investigate several aspects of the labor market. In Chapter 1, I explore the consequences of uncertainty on the macroeconomy . The empirical analysis shows that uncertainty has a detrimental effect on the aggregate economy and that job creation is an important channel of transmission. The empirical findings are then rationalized through a DSGE model incorporating the DMP setup and featuring stochastic volatility. In Chapter 2, I study the time-varying characteristics of job creation in the US. The econometric setup is a Time-Varying Parameter SVAR (TVP-SVAR) with stochastic volatility. The identification strategy is based on a DSGE model with a frictional labor marketIn Chapter 3, I extend the standard framework to take into account the spatial dimension of job search. Austrian data show the existence of a trade- off between wage and commute time. They also uncover complex patterns in the dynamics of exits from unemployment. Cox-regressions further show that the level of unemployment benefits has a strong discouraging effect on job search. In Chapter 4, I use a random search model to study the sorting of new hires into open-ended and fixed-term contracts. The co-existence of these two types of contracts is explained by match heterogeneity. The match productivity is interpreted as the fit of worker's skills to task requirements. This hypothesis is supported by matched employer-employee data from a large Italian region.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

The impact of labor market insecurity on immigrants’ mental health is understudied. This current study investigated whether labor market insecurity, as measured by different employment arrangements, has detrimental impact on immigrants’ depression, and if so, how it compares to the role of unemployment. Furthermore, this study investigated whether labor market insecurity had more detrimental impact on immigrants than non-immigrants. To do so, data from seventh wave of European Social Survey (2014/2015) was divided into three separate immigrant groups; first-generation immigrants, second-generation immigrants and non-immigrants. The results shows that labor market insecurity among immigrants had detrimental impact on mental health. The effects were not restricted to the first- generation immigrants’ mental health, they could also be observed in the second-generation immigrants and among non-immigrants. The results presented in this thesis show that not only unemployment, but also insecure employment arrangement have negative impact on mental health, both among immigrants and non-immigrants.

The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of how several individual characteristics, namely education (years of schooling), health indicators (height, weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), criminal behavior, and crime victimization, influence labor market outcomes in the short and long run. The first part of the thesis consists of three studies in which I adopt a within-twin-pair difference approach to analyze how education, health indicators, and earnings are associated with each other over the life cycle. The second part of the thesis includes two studies in which I use field experiments in order to test the employability of exoffenders and crime victims. The first essay, Learning for life?, describes an analysis of the education premium in earnings and health-related behaviors throughout adulthood among twins. The results show that the education premium in earnings, net of genetic inheritance, is rather small over the life cycle but increases with the level of education. The results also show that the education premium in health-related behaviors is mainly concentrated on smoking habits. The influences of education on earnings and health-related behaviors seem to work independently of each other, and there are no signs that health-related behaviors influence the education premium in earnings or vice versa. The second essay, Blowing up money?, details an analysis of the association between smoking and earnings in two different historical social contexts in Sweden: the 1970s and the 2000s. I also consider possible differences in this association in the short and long run as well as between the sexes. The results show that the earnings penalty for smoking is much stronger in the 2000s as compared to the 1970s (for both sexes) and that it is larger in the long run as compared to the short run (for men). The third essay, Two by two, inch by inch, describes an analysis of the height premium among Swedish twins. The results show that the height premium is relatively constant over the life cycle and that it is larger below median height for men and above median height for young women. The estimates are similar for monozygotic and dizygotic twins, indicating that environmentally and genetically induced height differences are similarly associated with earnings over the life cycle. The fourth essay, The employability of ex-offenders, published in IZA Journal of Labor Policy (2017), 6:6, details an analysis of whether male and female exoffenders are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. The results show that employers do discriminate against exoffenders but that the degree of discrimination varies across occupations. Discrimination against ex-offenders is pronounced in female-dominated and high-skilled occupations. The magnitude of discrimination against exoffenders does not vary by applicants’ sex. The fifth essay, Victimized twice?, describes an analysis of whether male and female crime victims are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. This study is the first to consider potential hiring discrimination against crime victims. The results show that employers do discriminate against crime victims. The discrimination varies with the sex of the crime victim and occupational characteristics and is concentrated among high-skilled jobs for female crime victims and among femaledominated jobs for male crime victims.

The study examined the policy responses of organised labour towards the informal sector. It is based on a qualitative survey of trade unions in the textile, clothing and footwear sectors. The dualistic, Marxist structuralist, feminist and growth theories of the informal sector were used to evaluate policy responses towards the informal sector. The investigation of the dynamic relationship of trade unions with workers in the informal sector was informed by the transformation of the nature of work that is characterised by informalisation and the increased employment of contingent workers, the majority of whom are women. Informalisation was found to manifest itself through the use of homeworkers and ‘independent’ contractors. The study further showed that the formal and informal sectors were interdependent. This makes a compelling case for trade unions to organise vulnerable workers and to pursue the mainstreaming of the informal sector. However a rigid gender discourse was found to militate against the development of solidarity with the informal sector. The findings of the study suggest that gender mainstreaming within trade unions is a prerequisite for effectively mainstreaming the informal sector and that organising the informal sector is a gender issue. / Prof. G. Verhoef

Over decades, job satisfaction has generated active empirical research. Similarly, organizational commitment, another attitudinal variable in the work domain, strongly related to, but distinctly different from job satisfaction, received comparatively equal research scrutiny. However, research on the impact of labour broking on employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment is nonexistent in Namibia. Using a quantitative approach, within a positivist paradigm, the purpose of this thesis was to examine the impact of labour broking on employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment as well as to determine the dynamics that mediate such experiences. These experiences were examined through a 5-dimensional, 72-item Job Descriptive Index and a 3-dimensional, 12-item Organizational Commitment Questionnaire over a sample size of 108 temporary and permanent employees, drawn through random probability sampling in a number of Namibian organizations that make use of labour hire services. These experiences were further amplified by face-to-face interviews over a sub sample of 20 employees. Data analysis was carried out using the chi-square, correlation, t-tests and multiple regression techniques of the STATISTICA software. Drawing on the principles of the multi dimensional theory of organizational commitment, the Cornell dispositional theory of job satisfaction and the temporary employee stigmatization model, results revealed that variables of employment status, tenure, inadequate income, inappropriate supervision and fear of job losses ahead of a newly proposed piece of legislat st labour hire ractices significantly influenced job satisfaction and organizational commitment of employees. Estimates indicate that for a mere change in tenure, job satisfaction levels will significantly rise by 0.26 units, whereas organizational commitment will augment by 0.03 units. However, for every N$ fall in employees’ pay, we can expect job satisfaction levels to decrease by 26%, but with significant effects. The study recommends that organizations must adopt policies that grant permanent tenure to all their employees, position them in respected and challenging jobs in which they will grow skills and ensure that all employees are remunerated with pay that signals their contribution to the organizations. In doing so, the negative effects of labour broking will disappear and employees will be satisfied with their jobs and Tommitted to their organizations.