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This dissertation compares and contrasts aboriginal language planning within Canada at both the national and local scale. In 2005, the Aboriginal Languages Task Force released their foundational report which entailed “a national strategy to preserve, revitalize, and promote [Aboriginal] languages and cultures” (2005:1); however, discrepancies exist between their proposed strategies and the strategies employed locally by the Taku River Tlingit First Nation, located in Atlin, British Columbia, and the Loon River Cree First Nation, located in Loon Lake, Alberta. Using data collected during ethnographic fieldwork with each First Nation between 2005 and 2008, I provide a rationale for these discrepancies and propose reasons why the national strategy has, as of 2008, been unsuccessful. Both national and local strategies have focused on the relationship between land and language and its role in language planning. National language planning rhetoric has also utilized the concept of nationhood. However, both the Taku River Tlingit and the Loon River Cree use the concept of nationhood in conjunction with assertions of sovereignty over land and, therefore, situate their language planning within land planning. Throughout my research, I have been involved in volunteer language projects for each of the communities. These have included creating a Tlingit language board game entitled “Haa shagóon ítxh yaa ntoo.aat” (Traveling Our Ancestors’ Paths) and Cree language storybooks entitled Na mokatch nika poni âchimon (I will never quit telling stories). Both of these projects connect land use and language use and can be seen as part of local language planning strategies. Finally, the Aboriginal Languages Task Force uses the concept of “language as a right” within their national language planning strategies; however, the Taku River Tlingit and the Loon River Cree have instead utilized a “language as resource” ideology (Ruiz, 1984). I argue that the Taku River Tlingit First Nation and the Loon River Cree First Nation use “language as a resource” rhetoric due to their ideologies of land stewardship over Euro-Canadian models of land ownership and I argue that language planning can not stand on its own – separated from the historical, political, economic, social, and cultural considerations that a community faces.

This study was conducted in two shires of Laidley and Gatton in the Lockyer Valley in 1986. The research method used was a self-administered mail questionnaire sent to four hundred primary producers. The response rate received was 49.5 percent which is quite reasonable for a random sample of a non-specific interest group. The study area was divided into six zones based on the 198 respondents’ assessment of the enterprise from which they derived major income. The main approach of this project was a situational analysis o the Lockyer Valley. Central to this research was identification of the pressure and extent of problems relating to several aspects of land use, notably soil erosion, weed infestation; availability and quality of water and more general community-based problems. The characteristics of farm households, the role of family members in decision-making and tasks related to farm as well as home, were also included in this study. The Lockyer Valley is a major production area of vegetables as well as a mixed farming area. Natural pasture, which was extensively found in Zone 6, was largely used for cattle grazing. Generally, rural women were better educated than their husbands, and the ratio of educational level of husband and wife was higher than previous research findings. A large number of producers and their wives have taken off-farm work, and women tended to spend more time in off-farm employment. Only 6.1 percent of producers’ children had completed tertiary education and the majority of all sons were working on the farm. Partnership was found to be the major type of property ownership and inter-generational transfer of the property was the future plan. The producers who were from a non-farm upbringing and who had already taken up off-farm work intended to leave their properties at some time in the future. With the running of the farm business , 35 percent of rural women worked full-time in partnership with their husbands, and 42 percent worked part-time. However, 23 percent of rural women were homemakers and were not involved in running the farm business. The association between decision-making of husband and wife and situational factors such as ownership, involvement in farm tasks, record-keeping, education, on-farm upbringing and age were analysed. Joint involvement of wives in decision-making was to be related to ownership, farm tasks and record-keeping. However, husbands were more likely to take a major role in decision-making if they were more educated and had an on-farm upbringing. Age was found to be a factor affecting joint decision-making, although this result conflicted with findings of earlier research. The opinions of the farm community in identifying the problems of the specific small area in the Lockyer Valley were revealed. Lantana was the most severe weed problem in the whole catchment. The catchment area also had problems with wattle. The recommended control method of lantana was replacement by improved pasture, but it was adopted by few primary producers. Soil erosion in the form of gullies, bank erosion, sheet erosion, salinity and flooding were some of the problems perceived by the local community. Regular ‘slash and burn’ was practised by most of the producers. This is one of the causes of land degradation. Bore, creek and river, and dam were the main water sources for farm supply and irrigation. Only 60 percent of bored had adequate water supply and good water quality. Farm dam and creek/river sources were less reliable due to the inadequate availability of water. Consequently, operators at about half the cropped farms had to stop growing some vegetables which were previously commercially successful. Within the context of farm family needs, emphasis was placed on conservation of water, because of the erosion and water problems. The community’s opinion on community development activities emphasised the involvement of farm families. Finally, suggestions for the extension program which should be emphasised on rural development by means of community participation were included. The bases for further studies was also provided in this report.

This study was conducted in two shires of Laidley and Gatton in the Lockyer Valley in 1986. The research method used was a self-administered mail questionnaire sent to four hundred primary producers. The response rate received was 49.5 percent which is quite reasonable for a random sample of a non-specific interest group. The study area was divided into six zones based on the 198 respondents’ assessment of the enterprise from which they derived major income. The main approach of this project was a situational analysis o the Lockyer Valley. Central to this research was identification of the pressure and extent of problems relating to several aspects of land use, notably soil erosion, weed infestation; availability and quality of water and more general community-based problems. The characteristics of farm households, the role of family members in decision-making and tasks related to farm as well as home, were also included in this study. The Lockyer Valley is a major production area of vegetables as well as a mixed farming area. Natural pasture, which was extensively found in Zone 6, was largely used for cattle grazing. Generally, rural women were better educated than their husbands, and the ratio of educational level of husband and wife was higher than previous research findings. A large number of producers and their wives have taken off-farm work, and women tended to spend more time in off-farm employment. Only 6.1 percent of producers’ children had completed tertiary education and the majority of all sons were working on the farm. Partnership was found to be the major type of property ownership and inter-generational transfer of the property was the future plan. The producers who were from a non-farm upbringing and who had already taken up off-farm work intended to leave their properties at some time in the future. With the running of the farm business , 35 percent of rural women worked full-time in partnership with their husbands, and 42 percent worked part-time. However, 23 percent of rural women were homemakers and were not involved in running the farm business. The association between decision-making of husband and wife and situational factors such as ownership, involvement in farm tasks, record-keeping, education, on-farm upbringing and age were analysed. Joint involvement of wives in decision-making was to be related to ownership, farm tasks and record-keeping. However, husbands were more likely to take a major role in decision-making if they were more educated and had an on-farm upbringing. Age was found to be a factor affecting joint decision-making, although this result conflicted with findings of earlier research. The opinions of the farm community in identifying the problems of the specific small area in the Lockyer Valley were revealed. Lantana was the most severe weed problem in the whole catchment. The catchment area also had problems with wattle. The recommended control method of lantana was replacement by improved pasture, but it was adopted by few primary producers. Soil erosion in the form of gullies, bank erosion, sheet erosion, salinity and flooding were some of the problems perceived by the local community. Regular ‘slash and burn’ was practised by most of the producers. This is one of the causes of land degradation. Bore, creek and river, and dam were the main water sources for farm supply and irrigation. Only 60 percent of bored had adequate water supply and good water quality. Farm dam and creek/river sources were less reliable due to the inadequate availability of water. Consequently, operators at about half the cropped farms had to stop growing some vegetables which were previously commercially successful. Within the context of farm family needs, emphasis was placed on conservation of water, because of the erosion and water problems. The community’s opinion on community development activities emphasised the involvement of farm families. Finally, suggestions for the extension program which should be emphasised on rural development by means of community participation were included. The bases for further studies was also provided in this report.

Depuis l'entrée en vigueur de la directive européenne sur l'Evaluation Environnementale Stratégique (Directive 2001/42/CE), tous les plans et programmes en lien avec l'aménagement de territoires doivent être soumis à une évaluation environnementale ex ante. Cependant, il n'existe pas de démarche formalisée permettant de réaliser de telles évaluations. Ce travail de thèse propose donc d'élaborer une méthodologie d'évaluation environnementale d'un territoire dans son ensemble. Dans cet objectif, la première étape du travail de thèse a consisté à identifier et analyser les différents outils et méthodes mobilisables pour conduire une évaluation environnementale de territoires. Une comparaison approfondie de ces outils a permis de mettre en avant les potentialités de l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV). Toutefois, l'ACV est une approche dite « orientée produit », c'est-à-dire conçue pour évaluer l'impact d'un bien ou d'un service répondant à une fonction donnée, elle ne permet pas en tant que telle l'analyse d'un territoire dans son ensemble. Le cœur de la thèse s'articule donc autour de l'adaptation du cadre méthodologique de l'ACV pour mettre en œuvre des ACV dites « territoriales ». Quatre obstacles méthodologiques ont été identifiés et des propositions ont été formulées afin de les lever un à un, i.e. (i) définir l'unité fonctionnelle, (ii) déterminer les frontières du système, (iii) collecter les données et (iv) quantifier des indicateurs pertinents dans un contexte d'aide à la décision local. Une des principales adaptations proposée concerne la prise en compte du caractère multifonctionnel d'un territoire. Les diverses fonctions du territoire ne sont plus une donnée d'entrée du système étudié comme dans une ACV classique (à travers la définition de l'unité fonctionnelle), mais sont désormais le résultat d'un processus d'évaluation qui quantifie concomitamment des services rendus et des impacts environnementaux. Cette méthode d'analyse ayant été élaborée, nous l'avons appliquée à un cas d'étude, le territoire du Bassin de Thau, situé en France sur le littoral méditerranéen, afin d'analyser l'intérêt (méthode d'évaluation transversale, multicritère et globale), la faisabilité (en termes de collecte de données) et la robustesse (sensibilité à la méthode d'évaluation des impacts) d'une telle démarche. / Since the implementation of the European directive (EC/2001/42) on strategic environmental assessment, an ex ante evaluation is required for all plans and programmes related to land planning issues. However, there is no uniform methodology available to conduct such assessment. In order to tackle this issue, the task accomplished during this PhD is the development of an environmental assessment method of a territory as a whole. The first step has been to identify and analyze different tools and methods used to perform the environmental assessment of territories in order to compare them. The results show that Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most promising tool even if it is a “product-oriented” tool (i.e. designed to assess the environmental impacts of good or service that meets the requirements of a given function). Thus, our main contribution was to adapt the LCA framework to territorial systems and create a new approach, called “territorial LCA”. Four major methodological bottlenecks have been identified and proposals have been made to overcome them, i.e., (i) functional unit definition, (ii) boundary selection, (iii) data collecting, and (iv) the refinement of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment phase in order to provide useful indicators for decision making in a local context. One of the main adaptations is the consideration of the territorial multifunctionality. The various functions provided by a territory are not an input of the studied system like in a conventional LCA (through the functional unit definition), but are now the results of an assessment method which provides two kinds of indicators, i.e. indicators of services provided by the territory (land use functions) and indicators of environmental impacts generated by the territory. The last step was to implement the territorial LCA framework on a case study, the territory of Bassin de Thau, located on the French mediterranean coast, in order to evaluate its value (assessment method that is transversal, multicriteria and global), its feasibility (regarding data collection) and its robustness (sensitivity to the environmental impact assessment method).

Avec le lancement de l'initiative pour l'intégration de l'infrastructure régionale sud-américaine (IIRSA), la construction d'un couloir de circulation ≪ bi-océanique ≫ cherche à relier l'Atlantique et le Pacifique par le fleuve Amazone. Ce projet, sous-tendu par un diagnostic économique selon lequel la situation de ≪ sous-développement ≫ est due a l'existence d'un≪ déficit ≫ en matière d'infrastructures, entend pallier ce manque en proposant un programme d'équipement du territoire unifié a l'échelle de l'Amérique du Sud. La pleine réalisation de ce programme ferait perdre leur pertinence aux entraves au commerce et permettrait d'intégrer des espaces marginalisés à l'économie productive. Toutefois, la réalisation de l' ≪ axe amazonien ≫soulève de nombreux enjeux environnementaux et sociaux qui donnent lieu à la mise en forme d'un discours critique sur l'opportunité du projet, a l'émergence d'une mobilisation qui s'y oppose et dans certains cas à la formation de conflits locaux.Cette étude considère l'Amazonie comme un laboratoire de la confrontation de deux paradigmes concurrents : la conquête de la frontière économique comme moteur du développement et celui de la préservation du ≪ poumon de la planète ≫. S'appuyant sur des données collectées dans le cadre de trois projets de l'axe amazonien de l'IIRSA (en Colombie,en Equateur et au Pérou), cette étude propose une enquête comparative sur plusieurs niveaux (international, national et local) afin de mener une réflexion croisée sur l'articulation des différents niveaux de gouvernement (intégration régionale, gouvernance locale), mais aussi d'étudier les rapports de force entre deux modèles de développement contradictoires. / Launched as part of the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in SouthAmerica (IIRSA), the construction of a “bi-oceanic” corridor intends to link the Atlantic withthe Pacific through the Amazon river. This project finds its roots in the economic assessment that explains “under-development” by the existence of a gap in terms of infrastructure. A unified program of land planning proposed by IIRSA was conceived in order to bridge this gap. The full implementation of this program would reduce trade barriers and integrate marginalized territories to the productive economy. However, the implementation of the“Amazonian axis” raises many environmental and social issues that have sparked a critical discourse regarding the legitimacy of the project as well as opposition movements whose mobilization led, in some cases, to the formation of local conflicts.This study considers the Amazon as a laboratory for the study of a confrontation between two competing paradigms: the conquest of the frontier as a driver of economic growth and the preservation of the “lung of the Earth”. Based on data collected on three of the IIRSA's Amazonian projects (in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru), this study uses a comparative approach on different levels (international, national and local) in order to conduct a cross-reflection on multi-level governance (regional integration, local governance) and to examine power relations between two antagonist development models.

Les régions nordiques à pergélisol seront largement affectées par l'augmentation prévue des températures. Un nombre croissant d’infrastructures qui étaient autrefois construites avec confiance sur des sols gelés en permanence commencent déjà à montrer des signes de détérioration. Les processus engendrés par la dégradation du pergélisol peuvent causer des dommages importants aux infrastructures et entrainer des coûts élevés de réparation. En conséquence, le contexte climatique actuel commande que la planification des projets dans les régions nordiques s’effectue en tenant compte des impacts potentiels de la dégradation du pergélisol. Ce mémoire porte sur l’utilisation de systèmes d’information géographique (SIG) appliqués à l’évaluation du potentiel d’aménagement des territoires situés en milieu de pergélisol. En utilisant une approche SIG, l’objectif est d’élaborer une méthodologie permettant de produire des cartes d'évaluation des risques afin d’aider les collectivités nordiques à mieux planifier leur environnement bâti. Une analyse multi-échelle du paysage est nécessaire et doit inclure l'étude des dépôts de surface, la topographie, ainsi que les conditions du pergélisol, la végétation et les conditions de drainage. La complexité de l'ensemble des interactions qui façonnent le paysage est telle qu'il est pratiquement impossible de rendre compte de chacun d'eux ou de prévoir avec certitude la réponse du système suite à des perturbations. Ce mémoire présente aussi certaines limites liées à l’utilisation des SIG dans ce contexte spécifique et explore une méthode innovatrice permettant de quantifier l'incertitude dans les cartes d'évaluation des risques. / Northern regions underlain by permafrost will largely be affected by the projected increase in air temperature. A growing number of structures that were once built with great confidence on perennially frozen soils are already starting to show signs of deterioration. Processes caused by permafrost degradation can cause significant damages to infrastructure and require high costs of repair. The current climatic context therefore commands that the implementation of projects in permafrost regions follows a well-thought planning in order to account for the potential impacts of permafrost degradation. This thesis focuses on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) applied to the identification of the development potential of communities located in permafrost regions. Using a GIS approach, the goal is to develop a methodology to produce risk-assessment maps to help northern communities better plan their built environment. A multi-scale analysis of the landscape is necessary and should include the investigation of surficial deposits, topography, as well as permafrost, vegetation and drainage conditions. The complexity of all the interactions that shape the landscape is such that it is virtually impossible to account for all of them or to predict with certainty the response of the system following disturbances. This research also presents some of the limitations to the use of GIS in this specific context and explores an innovative method for quantifying uncertainty in risk-assessment maps.

Les régions nordiques à pergélisol seront largement affectées par l'augmentation prévue des températures. Un nombre croissant d’infrastructures qui étaient autrefois construites avec confiance sur des sols gelés en permanence commencent déjà à montrer des signes de détérioration. Les processus engendrés par la dégradation du pergélisol peuvent causer des dommages importants aux infrastructures et entrainer des coûts élevés de réparation. En conséquence, le contexte climatique actuel commande que la planification des projets dans les régions nordiques s’effectue en tenant compte des impacts potentiels de la dégradation du pergélisol. Ce mémoire porte sur l’utilisation de systèmes d’information géographique (SIG) appliqués à l’évaluation du potentiel d’aménagement des territoires situés en milieu de pergélisol. En utilisant une approche SIG, l’objectif est d’élaborer une méthodologie permettant de produire des cartes d'évaluation des risques afin d’aider les collectivités nordiques à mieux planifier leur environnement bâti. Une analyse multi-échelle du paysage est nécessaire et doit inclure l'étude des dépôts de surface, la topographie, ainsi que les conditions du pergélisol, la végétation et les conditions de drainage. La complexité de l'ensemble des interactions qui façonnent le paysage est telle qu'il est pratiquement impossible de rendre compte de chacun d'eux ou de prévoir avec certitude la réponse du système suite à des perturbations. Ce mémoire présente aussi certaines limites liées à l’utilisation des SIG dans ce contexte spécifique et explore une méthode innovatrice permettant de quantifier l'incertitude dans les cartes d'évaluation des risques. / Northern regions underlain by permafrost will largely be affected by the projected increase in air temperature. A growing number of structures that were once built with great confidence on perennially frozen soils are already starting to show signs of deterioration. Processes caused by permafrost degradation can cause significant damages to infrastructure and require high costs of repair. The current climatic context therefore commands that the implementation of projects in permafrost regions follows a well-thought planning in order to account for the potential impacts of permafrost degradation. This thesis focuses on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) applied to the identification of the development potential of communities located in permafrost regions. Using a GIS approach, the goal is to develop a methodology to produce risk-assessment maps to help northern communities better plan their built environment. A multi-scale analysis of the landscape is necessary and should include the investigation of surficial deposits, topography, as well as permafrost, vegetation and drainage conditions. The complexity of all the interactions that shape the landscape is such that it is virtually impossible to account for all of them or to predict with certainty the response of the system following disturbances. This research also presents some of the limitations to the use of GIS in this specific context and explores an innovative method for quantifying uncertainty in risk-assessment maps.

A tese apresenta e analisa os conteúdos programáticos e a trajetória administrativa, entre 2005 e 2013, do projeto urbanístico Nova Luz, elaborado pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo para o antigo bairro de Santa Ifigênia, localizado no centro da cidade. Duas hipóteses principais e complementares são aqui verificadas. A primeira insere o projeto na tradição das intervenções saneadoras e embelezadoras do urbanismo moderno, tipificadas pelas intervenções de Haussmann na Paris da segunda metade do século XIX ou no Rio de Janeiro e em São Paulo no início do XX, supondo que, tal como nesses paradigmas, o aprimoramento físico do local combinar-­-se-­-ia com a expulsão dos antigos moradores pobres em favor da valorização imobiliária e de usos elitistas do patrimônio arquitetônico da região. O saneamento físico, neste caso, implicaria doença social e degradação em outras partes da cidade. A segunda hipótese leva em conta diferenças significativas nos contextos histórico e social dos dois períodos tratados, exigindo o exame de alternativas que considerem o momento atual, ou seja, as relações entre sociedade civil e Estado no Brasil, a situação da gestão pública urbana após a Constituinte de 1988 e, particularmente, as formas de participação popular em projetos públicos constatadas na cidade de São Paulo nos últimos anos. Assim, as condições atuais da legislação sobre planejamento urbano, suas relações com políticas neoliberais aplicadas às cidades e a fiscalização pela população no encaminhamento do Nova Luz estariam impedindo o desfecho do projeto e as consequências esperadas pela primeira hipótese. A tese defende que o conceito de salubridade aplicado sob a rubrica de modernização já não encontra o mesmo apoio e terreno limpo do passado. Vitórias palpáveis de organização popular contra o Nova Luz fazem crer que o direito à cidade não mais constitui um ideal inalcançável para as classes populares no Brasil, ou pelo menos em sua maior metrópole. Nesse sentido, o conceito de saúde é ampliado para saúde política, pela maior participação e conquista de direitos às condições urbanas de vida digna pelo conjunto da população. / The thesis presentes and analyzes the planning and administrative trajectory of the Nova Luz (New Light) city planning Project in the period between 2005 and 2013, undertaken by the Municipality of São Paulo for the old Santa Ifigênia neighborhood, located in the city center. Two main and complementary hypotheses are verified here. The first inserts the Project in the tradition of beautifying and sanitizing interventions of modern urbanism, typified by Haussmann\'s interventions in the Paris of the second half of the nineteenth century or in the Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo of the early twentieth, assuming that such as in these paradigms, the physical improvement of the place would combine with the expulsion of the former poor residentes favoring real estate valuation and elitist uses of the architectural heritage of the region. The physical sanitation in this case would imply social illness and degradation in other parts of the city. The second hypothesis takes into account significant diferences in the historical and social contexts of the two periods discussed, requiring an examination of alternatives that take into account the presente moment, that is, the relationship between civil society and the state in Brazil, the situation of urban public management after Constituent Assembly of 1988, and particularly the forms of popular participation in public projects found in the City of São Paulo in recente years. Therefore, the current conditions of the legislation on urban planning, its relations with neoliberal policies applied to cities and monitoring by the population of the execution of the Nova Luz Project would be preventing the conclusion of the Project and the expected consequences of the first hypothesis. The thesis argues that the concept of wholesomeness applied under the rubric of modernization no longer meets the same support and free range it had in the past. Tangible victories of grassroots organizing against the Nova Luz Project lead do believe that the right to the city is no longer an unattainable ideal for the popular classes in Brazil, or at least in its largest metropolis. In this sense, the concept of health is extended to political health, for greater participation and achievement of rights to decente urban living conditions for the whole population.

An historical account of the Bernard Field Station and its present uses. Examining the rhetoric of Land Planning within the Claremont Consortium using archival documents and previous historical documentations. Examining the problems of the land's management and contentious history as well as the future intentions of the space.