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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-05-03T14:28:34Z (GMT) / Submitted by KELLY RIBEIRO null (kelly_ribeiiro6@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-04T00:16:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 versao_final_Kelly_Ribeiro.pdf: 2763989 bytes, checksum: eab03130a0eef9642dcfed0d2e5510b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-05T13:13:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_k_me_bauru.pdf: 2763989 bytes, checksum: eab03130a0eef9642dcfed0d2e5510b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T13:13:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_k_me_bauru.pdf: 2763989 bytes, checksum: eab03130a0eef9642dcfed0d2e5510b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, possíveis alterações no padrão de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (CO2, CH4 e N2O) associadas à substituição da cobertura vegetal nativa por sistemas agropastoris no bioma Caatinga, durante os anos de 2013 e 2014. Esta região apresenta características fisionômicas únicas e abrange 11 % do território do país (850.000 km2) . Comportando 27 milhões de pessoas, a Caatinga é considerada a região semiárida mais populosa do mundo, o que a deixa vulnerável a processos de uso intensificados dos recursos naturais, resultando em graves problemas ambientais de degradação do solo e mudança da cobertura e uso da terra. A agropecuária se destaca como a principal atividade da população rural e impulsiona a mudança sistemática da vegetação nativa por sistemas agropastoris que atualmente cobrem cerca de 27 % do bioma Caatinga (201.786 m²) . Esta drástica alteração na cobertura do solo, em condições de baixa disponibilidade nutricional nos solos e irregularidade na distribuição anual da precipitação, leva à degradação do meio com efeitos diretos na dinâmica dos fluxos de CO2, CH4 e N2O. Este experimento foi realizado no município de São João, Pernambuco (8°52’30”S, 36°22’00”O), em neossolo regolítico com textura predominantemente arenosa. As coletas foram realizadas em 2013 e 2014, nas estações secas e chuvosas, afim de se observar a influência sazonal no processo de formação dos gases. Os fluxos foram medidos utilizando câmaras estáticas de PVC com coleta de amostras em períodos de 30 minutos por câmara, em solos cobertos por vegetação nativa e pastagem, distribuídos em 3 blocos (repetições) para cada estação. Os resultados mostram fluxos médios de N2O de 0,3± 0,03 mg.m2.d-1 na área coberta por pastagem e 0,23± 0,02 mg.m2.d-1 na área coberta por vegetação nativa, e e não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre eles. As maiores emissões de N2O foram observadas nas estações secas, mostrando a forte influencia da temperatura no ciclo do nitrogênio. As emissões médias de CO2 foram de 6,1± 3,6 mg.m2.d-1 e 6,1± 3,7 mg.m2.d-1 na pastagem e Caatinga, respectivamente. As maiores emissões de CO2 foram observadas na área coberta com Caatinga em 2013, que foram influenciados significativamente pela temperatura do solo, mostrando uma relação inversamente proporcional. Os fluxos de metano variaram de 0,4± 0,2 mg.m2.d-1 e 0,3± 0,1 mg.m2.d-1 no pasto e Caatinga, respectivamente. Os fluxos apresentarem grandes variações ao longo do experimento, sofrendo influencia significativa das condições edáficas e ambientais do meio. / The present work had as objective to evaluate possible changes in the greenhouse gas emission pattern associated with the replacement of native vegetation cover by agropastoral systems in the Caatinga biome during the years of 2013 and 2014. This region has unique physiognomic characteristics and covers 11% of the country's territory (850,000 km2). With 27 million people, the Caatinga is considered the most populous semi-arid region in the world, leaving it vulnerable to intensified natural resource use processes, resulting in serious environmental problems of land degradation and land cover and land use change. Agriculture stands out as the main activity of the rural population and promotes the systematic change of native vegetation by agropastoral systems that currently cover about 27% of the Caatinga biome (201,786 m²). This drastic change in soil cover, under conditions of low nutritional availability in soils and irregularity in the annual distribution of precipitation, leads to the degradation of the environment with direct effects on the dynamics of CO2, CH4 and N2O flows. This experiment was carried out in the municipality of São João, Pernambuco (8 ° 52'30 "S, 36 ° 22'00" W), in a regolithic soil with predominantly sandy texture. The collections were carried out in 2013 and 2014, in the dry and rainy seasons, in order to observe the seasonal influence on the gas formation process. The flows were measured using static PVC cameras with sample collection in periods of 30 minutes per chamber, in soils covered by native vegetation and pasture, distributed in 3 blocks (repetitions) for each season. The results show mean N2O flows of 0.3 ± 0.03 mg.m2.d-1 in the pasture area and 0.23 ± 0.02 mg.m2.d-1 in the area covered by native vegetation, and Did not present significant differences between them. The highest N2O emissions were observed in dry seasons, showing the strong influence of temperature on the nitrogen cycle. The average CO2 emissions were 6.1 ± 3.6 mg.m2.d-1 and 6.1 ± 3.7 mg.m2.d-1 in pasture and Caatinga, respectively. The highest CO2 emissions were observed in the area covered with Caatinga in 2013, which were significantly influenced by the soil temperature, showing an inversely proportional relation. The methane fluxes ranged from 0.4 ± 0.2 mg.m2.d-1 and 0.3 ± 0.1 mg.m2.d-1 in the pasture and Caatinga, respectively. The fluxes presented great variations throughout the experiment, suffering significant influence of the soil and environmental conditions of the environment.

En considérant le caractère multidimensionnel inhérent au concept de territorialité et, en conséquence, de celui de territoire, on a entrepris différentes analyses avec l'objectif de modéliser ses processus. On a opté pour une structure de thèse fondée sur des sommets composés de différents axes. Au sommet «classification» ont été menées des études s'appuyant sur des données relatives aux 25 dernières années des chaînes de valeur dans l'État du Pará, en cherchant à inférer les dimensions horizontale et verticale de clusters géographiques, ainsi que les arrangements de cooccurrence de ces groupements et de leurs configurations. Le sommet «expression et propriétés» a cherché à qualifier des informations sur la déforestation et la dynamique d'usage et couverture du sol, ayant en vue les plans de développement régional. Tandis que le sommet «vulnérabilité» a pris comme vérificateur les brûlis, en tâchant d'établir son expression territoriale et les trajectoires latentes de ce marqueur de paysage, entre-temps on a proposé un protocole analytique. Les six axes de tous les sommets constituent des articles indépendants, mais étroitement articulés. Dans tous les cas, on a adopté comme référence des bases de données gratuites et universellement accessibles. Grosso modo, on a conclu que l'utilisation des chaînes de valeur, à condition de considérer sa diachronie, a été efficace pour inférer les processus de territorialité, même si en ce moment on peut parler de "domaines" ou de "liens" territoriaux. Des configurations d'arrangements de chaînes de valeur (frontière forestière, post-front pionnier, várzeas, co-arrangements et chaînes isolées) ont montré que la théorie des fronts pionniers, diffusée par Pierre Monbeig, était toujours appropriée pour expliquer les processus de territorialisation dans la région. La modélisation graphique par l'intermédiaire de chorèmes s'est montrée un outil utile pour des études de cette nature. L'application de la classification et son perfectionnement sous la forme de typifications et de typologies, à partir de différents ensembles d'attributs dans leurs diverses articulations en échelle a été efficace pour l'émergence de propriétés passibles d'être appliquées dans des études d'aménagement territoriale et de développement régional. Dans le cas de l'État du Pará, les marqueurs territoriaux post-déforestation sont la végétation secondaire et les pâturages, dans ses formes les plus contrastantes de qualification: pâturage propre et pâturage à récupérer. Vue l'expression territoriale de vulnérabilité aux brûlis, on dispose d'une nouvelle approche pour des études en Écologie des paysages, ainsi que pour la définition de patterns d'usage et de couverture du sol associés à d'autres métriques dans différentes conditions de développement régional, comme ça a été le cas des frontières évaluées. L'application de la modélisation aux études de Géographie régionale a démontré le potentiel de cette approche pour l'ouverture de nouveaux fronts de travail. / Considering the multidimensionality inherent to the concept of territoriality and, consequently, of the territory, different analyzes were conducted aiming to modeling their processes. Was chosed a thesis structure based in vertices composed by different axes. In the vertex «classification» was conduzed studies based on the last 25 year data of value chains in the Pará state, seeking to infer about the horizontal and vertical dimension of geographical clusters, as well the co-occurrence of arregements of these groups and their configuration. The vertex «expression and properties» sought to qualify informations of deforestation and land use land cover dynamics targeting plans of regional development. While the vertex «vulnerability» took as indicator the burning, searching establish the territorial expression and latents trajectories to this landscape marker, that way a analitical protocol was proposed. The six axes of all vertices have constituted by independent articles, but with high concatenation. In all the cases was taked as reference free and universally acess data bases. In general, its concluded that the use of value chains, since considered their diachrony, was efficient in the inference of territoriality processus, even in the moment we can talk about territorials ‘domaines’ or ‘linkages’. Configurations of value chains (forest frontier, post-pionner front, «várzeas», co-arrangements and isolated chains) indicate that the pioneer front theory, released by Pierre Monbeig, as still adequated to explain the territorialization process in the region. The graphical modeling by means of «chorémes» demonstrated to be a useful tool in studies of this nature. The application of classifications and their refinement was efficient to the emergence of properties tha can be applied in studies of territorial planning and regional development. In the case of Pará state the territorial markers, post-deforestation are the secundary vegetation and pasture, in the most contrasting form of qualification: clean pasture and demanding recovery pasture. Given the territorial expression of vulnerability to burning zones, we have a new approach to landscape ecology studies, as well to the definition of patterns of land use/cover associated to other metrics and different conditions of regional development, as was the case of the frontiers evaluated. The application of modeling in the regional Geography demonstrated the possibility of new front of action in this approach. / Considerando a multidimensionalidade inerente ao conceito de territorialidade e, consequentemente, do território foram conduzidas diferentes análises objetivando modelizar seus processos. Optou-se por uma estrutura de tese baseada em vértices compostos por diferentes eixos. No vértice «classificação» foram conduzidos estudos tendo como base os últimos 25 anos de dados das cadeias de valor no estado do Pará, buscando-se inferir sobre as dimensões horizotal e vertical de agrupamentos geográficos, bem como os arranjos de co-ocorrência desses agrupamentos e suas configurações. O vértice «expressão e propriedades» buscou qualificar informações de desflorestamento e de dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra visando planos de desenvolvimento regional. Já o vértice «vulnerabilidade» tomou como aferidor as queimadas, buscando estabelecer sua expressão territorial e trajetórias latentes a esse marcador de paisagem, nesse ínterim um protocolo analítico foi proposto. Os seis eixos de todos os vértices constituem-se de artigos independentes, mas com elevada concatenação entre si. Em todos os casos tomou-se como referência bases de dados gratuitas e acessíveis universalmente. Grosso modo, conclui-se que o uso de cadeias de valor, desde que considerada sua diacronia, foi eficiente na inferência dos processos de territorialidade, mesmo que no momento possamos falar de ‘domínios’ ou ‘vínculos’ territoriais. Configurações de arranjos de cadeias de valor (fronteira florestal, pós-frente pioneira, várzeas, co-arranjos e cadeias isoladas) indicaram que a teoria das frentes pioneiras, difundida por Pierre Monbeig, como ainda adequada para explicar os processos de territorialização na região. A modelização gráfica por meio de coremas demonstrou ser uma ferramenta útil em estudos dessa natureza. A aplicação de classificação e seu refinamento sob a forma de tipificações e tipologias, a partir de diferentes conjuntos de atributos nas diversas articulações escalares foi eficiente para a emergência de propriedades que podem ser aplicadas em estudos de ordenamento territorial e desenvolvimento regional. No caso do Pará, os marcadores territoriais pós-desflorestamento são a vegetação secundária e as pastagens, em suas formas mais contrastantes de qualificação: pasto limpo e pasto a recuperar. Dada a expressão territorial de vulnerabilidade a queimadas, tem-se uma nova abordagem pabra estudos em ecologia de paisagens, bem como para definição de padrões de usos e coberturas da terra associados e outras métricas em diferentes condições de desenvolvimento regional, como foi o caso das fronteiras avaliadas. A aplicação de modelização em estudos de Geografia regional demonstrou a possibilidade de novas frentes de atuação dessa abordagem.

Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) - an effective tool for managing naturalresources, is quite common application in establishing thematic maps. However, the application of this modern technology in natural resource management has not yet been popular in Vietnam, particularly mapping the land use/cover. Currently, land use/cover map is constructed as traditional methods and gets limitations of management counting due to time-consuming for mapping andsynthesis the status of land use/cover. Hence, information on the map is often outdated and inaccurate.The main objective of this study is to upgrade the accuracies in mapping current perennialcrops in Chu Se District, Gia Lai Province in Vietnam by interpreted NDVI index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from Landsat 8-OLI (Operational Land Imager). The results of studyis satisfied the urgent of practical requirement and scientific research. There are 3 types of perennial industrial plants in the study area including rubber, coffee, and pepper, in which most coffee isgrown, with an area of over 10,000 hectares. The results also show that integration of remote sensing and GIS technology enables to map current management and distribution of perennial industrialplants timely and accurately. This application is fully consistent with the trend of the world, and in accordance with regulations of established land use/cover map, and the process could be appliedat other districts /towns or in higher administrative units. / Viễn thám và hệ thông tin địa lý (GIS) là công cụ hữu hiệu để quản lý tài nguyên thiên nhiên, được ứng dụng khá phổ biến để thành lập các loại bản đồ. Tuy nhiên, việc áp dụng công nghệ hiện đại này trong lĩnh vực quản lý tài nguyên thiên nhiên ở Việt Nam chưa phổ biến, nhất là công tác xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng/độ phủ đất. Việc xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng hiện nay vẫn theo phương pháp truyền thống, thường gặp nhiều hạn chế do thời gian tổng hợp và xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng kéo dài, dẫn đến thông tin trên bản đồ bị lạc hậu và không chính xác. Mục tiêu chính của nghiên cứu này là nâng cao độ chính xác kết quả giải đoán ảnh viễn thám Landsat 8 bằng chỉ số NDVI (chỉ số khác biệt thực vật) để thành lập bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng đất cây công nghiệp lâu năm ở huyện Chư Sê, tỉnh Gia Lai, Việt Nam. Từ đó quản lý hiện trạng sử dụng loại đất này phù hợp yêu cầu cấp bách thực tiễn sản xuất và nghiên cứu khoa học. Kết quả của nghiên cứu cho thấy có 3 loại hình cây công nghiệp trên địa bàn nghiên cứu gồm cây cao su, cà phê và hồ tiêu, trong đó cây cà phê được trồng nhiều nhất, với diện tích hơn 10.000 ha. Nghiên cứu cũng cho thấy, tích hợp công nghệ viễn thám và GIS cho phép quản lý hiện trạng và phân bố cây công nghiệp trong không gian một cách hiệu quả và nhanh chóng. Ứng dụng này hoàn toàn phù hợp với xu hướng của thế giới, đồng thời theo đúng quy định thành lập bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng đất, và quy trình này có thể thực hiện được ở cấp huyện/thị xã hoặc đơn vị hành chính cấp cao hơn.

Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) - an effective tool for managing naturalresources, is quite common application in establishing thematic maps. However, the application of this modern technology in natural resource management has not yet been popular in Vietnam, particularly mapping the land use/cover. Currently, land use/cover map is constructed as traditional methods and gets limitations of management counting due to time-consuming for mapping andsynthesis the status of land use/cover. Hence, information on the map is often outdated and inaccurate.The main objective of this study is to upgrade the accuracies in mapping current perennialcrops in Chu Se District, Gia Lai Province in Vietnam by interpreted NDVI index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from Landsat 8-OLI (Operational Land Imager). The results of studyis satisfied the urgent of practical requirement and scientific research. There are 3 types of perennial industrial plants in the study area including rubber, coffee, and pepper, in which most coffee isgrown, with an area of over 10,000 hectares. The results also show that integration of remote sensing and GIS technology enables to map current management and distribution of perennial industrialplants timely and accurately. This application is fully consistent with the trend of the world, and in accordance with regulations of established land use/cover map, and the process could be appliedat other districts /towns or in higher administrative units. / Viễn thám và hệ thông tin địa lý (GIS) là công cụ hữu hiệu để quản lý tài nguyên thiên nhiên, được ứng dụng khá phổ biến để thành lập các loại bản đồ. Tuy nhiên, việc áp dụng công nghệ hiện đại này trong lĩnh vực quản lý tài nguyên thiên nhiên ở Việt Nam chưa phổ biến, nhất là công tác xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng/độ phủ đất. Việc xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng hiện nay vẫn theo phương pháp truyền thống, thường gặp nhiều hạn chế do thời gian tổng hợp và xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng kéo dài, dẫn đến thông tin trên bản đồ bị lạc hậu và không chính xác. Mục tiêu chính của nghiên cứu này là nâng cao độ chính xác kết quả giải đoán ảnh viễn thám Landsat 8 bằng chỉ số NDVI (chỉ số khác biệt thực vật) để thành lập bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng đất cây công nghiệp lâu năm ở huyện Chư Sê, tỉnh Gia Lai, Việt Nam. Từ đó quản lý hiện trạng sử dụng loại đất này phù hợp yêu cầu cấp bách thực tiễn sản xuất và nghiên cứu khoa học. Kết quả của nghiên cứu cho thấy có 3 loại hình cây công nghiệp trên địa bàn nghiên cứu gồm cây cao su, cà phê và hồ tiêu, trong đó cây cà phê được trồng nhiều nhất, với diện tích hơn 10.000 ha. Nghiên cứu cũng cho thấy, tích hợp công nghệ viễn thám và GIS cho phép quản lý hiện trạng và phân bố cây công nghiệp trong không gian một cách hiệu quả và nhanh chóng. Ứng dụng này hoàn toàn phù hợp với xu hướng của thế giới, đồng thời theo đúng quy định thành lập bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng đất, và quy trình này có thể thực hiện được ở cấp huyện/thị xã hoặc đơn vị hành chính cấp cao hơn.

No description available.

It is evident that Ethiopia is one of the countries of Africa that is experiencing significant population growth as well as land use/cover dynamics. Land use/cover induced degradation of natural resources is a major challenge to the country’s development. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact population dynamics has had on land use/cover in Mandura district. Data on population over time were taken from the CSA during the 1984, 1994 and 2007 national census results. A total of 210 farm households from three kebeles: 105 from the local people and 105 from migrants were surveyed in May 2011 to acquire data on socioeconomic, land use, resource use and management. Aerial photographs of 1957, 1982 and SPOT-5 image of the 2006/07 were used to generate data on land use/cover changes. The results indicate that population has substantially increased, more than fourfold between 1957-2006/07, mainly due to migration from the surrounding areas, government sponsored resettlements, and flourishing of new urban centers. No less important is mortality has decreased due to immunization and the birth rate has been increasing due to improved maternal and child care as compared to the situation prior to the 1990s. The change on land use/cover show that from the total land use/cover conversions, which totals 58,403 ha of land, farm land constitutes 90.1 %. The study finds natural population increase, migration, urbanization, agricultural extensification, institutional weakness, land tenure insecurity, famine and drought, and poverty as root causes. The study further identifies existence of all weather road, resettlement, Tana-Beles project, expansion of agriculture, land colonization, wood extraction for fuel, and soil fertility decline as direct causes of land use/cover changes. As a result of change of customary land tenure system, the local population has been forced to engage in extractive economic activities that have never been practiced in the past. Therefore, the study calls for coordinated efforts for resources use and management at different levels, land use policy formulation, devising alternative sources of livelihoods and fuel, regulating migration and involvement of the wider community in policy formulation and implementations. / Geography / D. LITT. et. Phil. (Geography)

Budongo Forest Reserve (BFR) is a flagship reserve for primate conservation due to its abundant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) population, and its current management policy for multiple economic, conservation and environmental benefits. The identification and better understanding of the structure and dynamics of the forest/plant community types, patterns of species distribution and quantitative properties of their diversity is important to the conservation and sustainable management of tropical rainforests. This study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the BFR forest community types, species diversity patterns and environmental correlates, as well as natural regeneration processes (i.e. seedling establishment and sprouting). Data on vegetation and environmental variables were collected using rectangular 50 x 100m (0.5 ha) plots, sub-divided into five equal contiguous (20 x 50 m) 0.1 ha sub-plots. Data on land-use/cover changes, and relevant associated socio-economic parameters were collected through the analysis of multi-temporal satellite imagery and field observations, as well as interviews of local households and key informants. The study revealed significant land-use/cover changes, with the area under sugarcane cultivation increasing over 17-fold, from 690 ha in 1988 to 12729 ha in 2002, with a concomitant loss of about 4680 ha (8.2% loss) of forest/woodland, mainly in the southern part of BFR. These changes are attributed to agricultural expansion, a rapidly increasing human population, exacerbated by large influxes of refugees, lack of alternative sources of income, conflicts of interest and political interference in the management of BFR, and an unclear land tenure system. The need for more land for agricultural expansion and the loss of woodlands (a source of building materials and fuelwood for the local communities) is leading to the invasion of and encroachment on BFR, which threatens plant and wild animal conservation. The study revealed that the vegetation of BFR is formed by a mosaic of plant communities, with the major forest types being; Pseudospondias microcarpa Swamp Forest, Funtumia elastica - Pouteria altissima, Lasiodiscus mildbraedi - Khaya anthotheca and Cynometra alexandri - Rinorea ilicifolia forest communities. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that soil nutrients (Si, Ca, N, Fe and Li) and anthropogenic disturbances are the main factors controlling forest community patterns. The variances explained as a proportion of total inertia were relatively high (0.53 and 0.56 for basal area and abundance, respectively), showing how well the measured variables explained species composition. These plant communities differed significantly in terms of woody species diversity and richness; being highest in the Pseudospondias microcarpa swamp and lowest in the Cynometra alexandri-Rinorea ilicifolia forest. However, about 48 species were shared between the forest community types. A total of 269 species representing 171 genera and 51 families was recorded. Fisher’s alpha-diversity ranged 4.45-30.59 and 3.07-29.7 for stem diameters ≥2.0 cm and ≥10 cm, respectively, being significantly higher for stem diameters ≥2.0 cm. The use of stem diameters ≥2.0 cm unveiled 53 more species (19.7%), with only 216 species recorded for the standard ≥10 cm dbh minimum size usually applied in tropical forests. A SHE analysis also showed greater richness (ln(S)) and H diversity for the >2.0 cm than the ≥10cm stem diameters. Hence, the study reaffirmed that the use of 10 cm as a minimum dbh in woody plant diversity studies in forests, where many tree species rarely exceed 10 cm stem diameter, is highly likely to underestimate diversity and richness, potentially biasing the understanding of diversity patterns. The most speciose families were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Annonaceae, and Flacourtiaceae, accounting for 147 species. Families with the highest Familial Importance values (FIV) were; Fabaceae (17.5), followed by Euphorbiaceae (16.3), and Ulmaceae (8.35). The BFR exhibits characteristics intermediate between log-normal and log-series species-abundance distributions, indicating a community with a small number of abundant species and a relatively large proportion of rare species. Both Whittaker’s (βw) and the Morisita-Horn Index measures of β-diversity consistently showed higher β-diversity for logged and arboricide treated areas, followed by logged only, and then nature reserve historical management practice types. β-diversity was relatively high at the total forest community scale, but lower for stem diameter ≥2.0 cm than ≥10.0 cm data. Environmental variables significantly explained 66.5% and 61.9% of the variance in species composition for stem diameter ≥2.0 cm and ≥10.0 cm data, respectively. Hence, the variation in species composition of BFR is characterised by significant spatial patterns, and the patterns in β-diversity are to a great extent associated with environmental heterogeneity (i.e. soil nutrients, topographic and light gradients) and anthropogenic disturbances. Investigation of natural regeneration showed that sprouting is generally common among the woody species, with both canopy and sub-canopy trees sprouting prolifically. Of the 122 species affected by ii harvesting, and tree and branch fall disturbances, 199 (97.5%) from 31 families sprouted from the cut stumps, with only Caloncoba crepiniana (De Wild. & Th.Dur.) Gilg exhibiting both stem and root sprouting. Stump basal diameter, height, bark-thickness, and height of stump above the ground at which the first sprout emerged, were significant predictors of sprouting ability among individuals. Number of sprouts/stump differed significantly among families, species, and stump size-classes. Of the 241 seedling species, representing 46 families, about 30.3% were rare (only 2-10 individuals); while 12% were very rare (only 1 individual each). Cynometra alexandri C.H. Wright and Lasiodiscus mildbraedii Engl. were the most abundant seedlings and also among the most widely distributed species in the forest. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed significant differences in seedling composition between transects, but not between topographic positions or historical management practice types. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that the measured environmental variables significantly explained 59.4% of the variance in seedling species distributions, with the three most important variables being organic matter, titanium and leaf area index (LAI; an indicator of light availability below the canopy). Hence, the important mechanisms influencing regeneration via seedlings in BFR operate through the soil system, and the ground and canopy vegetation characteristics. Nine of the 15 intensively studied multiple-use species, namely L. mildbraedii, Celtis Mildbraedii Engl., Pouteria altissima (A. Chiev.) Aubrev. & Pellegr., Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don., C. alexandri, Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern) F. White, Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf., Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Hutch. & Dalz, and Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. had highly negative size-class distribution (SCD) slopes and substantial seedling regeneration. While Alstonia boonei De Wild. and Cordia millenii Bak. had weakly negative SCD slopes and pulsed or sporadic regeneration patterns. The wide distribution of seedlings for a variety of species, and with most of the intensively studied species having population structures showing healthy regeneration patterns, suggests that BFR is currently experiencing a continuous regeneration phase. In conclusion, the gradients in the vegetation of BFR are a reflection not only of site conditions as shown by the edaphic and abiotic factors, but also the history of human interventions.

As ações humanas têm sido reconhecidas como as principais forças geradoras de impactos ambientais. Dentre essas ações ressaltam-se as mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra, as quais têm contribuído significativamente para a degradação e/ou conservação de ecossistemas e recursos naturais. Desse modo, devido à necessidade de assegurar um ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado para a população humana, a gestão ambiental pública (GAP) vem se desenvolvendo cada vez mais no Brasil. Esta recorre frequentemente aos conhecimentos técnicos e científicos para construir formas de gerir o ambiente. Entre estes, destacam-se os relacionados à Ecologia da Paisagem, com diversos trabalhos realizados na região onde se realizou a presente pesquisa (Bacia do Rio Corumbataí, SP). No entanto, ao basear-se somente nesses conhecimentos a GAP pode estar desconsiderando outra importante forma de gestão ambiental (GA), a gestão ambiental local (GAL). GAL é a gestão ambiental praticada por grupos familiares de pequenos produtores rurais e populações locais, em suas práticas cotidianas. A GAL está relacionada ao uso de recursos naturais em busca da sobrevivência (manutenção e reprodução física e cultural), incluindo maior ou menor inserção no mercado, e seu impacto ambiental. A desconsideração da GAL pela GAP pode comprometer a efetividade desta última e acarretar conflitos socioambientais. Sendo assim, visando gerar subsídios para adequação entre GAP e GAL, em Ipeúna, SP, esta pesquisa teve os seguintes objetivos: caracterizar a GAL realizada por proprietários rurais de Ipeúna, SP; comparar as decisões, principalmente sobre o uso da terra (e recursos associados), desse nível de gestão (GAL) com as formas de GAP mais presentes no cotidiano dos proprietários rurais; verificar se alguma dessas formas de GAP está fundamentada em princípios da Ecologia da Paisagem; e comparar a visão dos pequenos produtores rurais e da Ecologia da Paisagem sobre o processo de fragmentação florestal no município de Ipeúna, SP. A GAL praticada pelos proprietários rurais de Ipeúna, SP, foi analisada sob uma perspectiva histórica. Observou-se que aquela se modificou em função do processo de industrialização da agricultura no Brasil. As decisões sobre o uso da terra tomadas pelos pequenos produtores rurais integrantes dessa pesquisa foram guiadas principalmente por aspectos econômicos. As formas de GAP mais presentes no cotidiano daqueles produtores foram do tipo comando e controle, elaboradas para serem aplicadas em grandes territórios como o Estado de São Paulo e no País todo. O conhecimento científico teve importante papel em pelo menos alguma etapa da elaboração, construção e aplicação dessas formas de GAP. Nenhuma delas foi elaborada considerando o contexto e a GAL praticada na área estudada. Com relação à Ecologia da Paisagem, nenhuma forma de GAP mencionada pelos produtores rurais que fizeram parte desta pesquisa foi elaborada com base em suas recomendações. A visão dos produtores integrantes desta pesquisa e da Ecologia da Paisagem com relação ao processo de fragmentação florestal apresentou complementaridades. Estas complementaridades podem ser úteis para a construção de formas de GA mais condizentes com a realidade local e, portanto, mais eficazes para a conservação ambiental e equidade social. / Human actions have been recognized as the main driving forces of environmental impacts. Among these actions, the land use/cover changes have been contributed significantly to the degradation and/or conservation of ecosystems and natural resources. Due to the need of assuring an ecologically balanced environment to the human population, the public environmental management (PEM) has been developing increasingly in Brazil. The PEM has often used technical and scientific knowledge to build forms of environmental management. Among these technical and scientific knowledge, we highlight those related to Landscape Ecology, with several researches performed in the region where the present study took place (Corumbataí River Basin, SP). However, by relying only on this kind of knowledge the PEM could take apart another important form of environmental management (EM), the local environmental management (LEM). The LEM is the environmental management practiced daily by small farmers families and local people. The LEM concerns to the use of natural resources in order to achieve their social and cultural reproduction in a specific place. The LEM includes more or less market insertion and its impacts on the environment. When the PEM do not consider the LEM, the effectiveness of PEM can decrease and cause social and environmental conflicts. Therefore, in order to generate subsidies for coordinating LEM and PEM in Ipeúna, SP, this study had the following aims: to characterize the LEM practiced by farmers in Ipeúna, SP; to compare the decisions, mainly about the land use (and associated resources), taken in this management level (LEM) to the more common types of PEM in the small farmers routines; to verify if the PEM mentioned by the small farmers is based on principles of Landscape Ecology, and to compare their and the Landscape Ecology views about the process of forest fragmentation in Ipeúna, SP. The LEM practiced by farmers in Ipeúna, SP, was analyzed from a historical perspective. It was observed that the LEM has changed due to the process of agriculture industrialization in Brazil. Mainly economics aspects guided the small farmers land use decisions. The more frequent PEM forms in the daily life of small farmers were command and control type. This type of PEM was designed to large areas such as São Paulo and all over Brazil. Scientific knowledge played an important role in some parts of PEM elaboration, construction and application forms. None of the PEM identified by the small farmers have been developed considering the context and the LEM practiced in the area. About the Landscape Ecology, none of PEM forms mentioned by small farmers was developed based on its prescriptions. The view of the small farmers who integrated this research and of the Landscape Ecology related to the process of forest fragmentation showed complementarities. Such complementarities could be useful to the building of more consistent to the local reality and so, more effective to the environmental conservation and social equality.

It is evident that Ethiopia is one of the countries of Africa that is experiencing significant population growth as well as land use/cover dynamics. Land use/cover induced degradation of natural resources is a major challenge to the country’s development. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact population dynamics has had on land use/cover in Mandura district. Data on population over time were taken from the CSA during the 1984, 1994 and 2007 national census results. A total of 210 farm households from three kebeles: 105 from the local people and 105 from migrants were surveyed in May 2011 to acquire data on socioeconomic, land use, resource use and management. Aerial photographs of 1957, 1982 and SPOT-5 image of the 2006/07 were used to generate data on land use/cover changes. The results indicate that population has substantially increased, more than fourfold between 1957-2006/07, mainly due to migration from the surrounding areas, government sponsored resettlements, and flourishing of new urban centers. No less important is mortality has decreased due to immunization and the birth rate has been increasing due to improved maternal and child care as compared to the situation prior to the 1990s. The change on land use/cover show that from the total land use/cover conversions, which totals 58,403 ha of land, farm land constitutes 90.1 %. The study finds natural population increase, migration, urbanization, agricultural extensification, institutional weakness, land tenure insecurity, famine and drought, and poverty as root causes. The study further identifies existence of all weather road, resettlement, Tana-Beles project, expansion of agriculture, land colonization, wood extraction for fuel, and soil fertility decline as direct causes of land use/cover changes. As a result of change of customary land tenure system, the local population has been forced to engage in extractive economic activities that have never been practiced in the past. Therefore, the study calls for coordinated efforts for resources use and management at different levels, land use policy formulation, devising alternative sources of livelihoods and fuel, regulating migration and involvement of the wider community in policy formulation and implementations. / Geography / Ph. D. (Geography)

A expansão da cana-de-açúcar tem ocorrido de maneira intensa no cenário brasileiro, especialmente no estado de São Paulo e região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, com potencial de causar significativos impactos destacando-se a degradação do solo, a poluição dos recursos hídricos, a pressão sobre outras culturas ou matas nativas, conflitos pelo uso do solo, entre outros. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é avaliar a aplicação de técnicas de modelagem do uso do solo em conjunto com instrumentos de política ambiental por meio da modelagem da expansão da cana-de-açúcar na bacia do Tietê/Jacaré (UGRHI 13). A bacia hidrográfica em questão caracteriza-se pela presença de regiões de alta vulnerabilidade ambiental, em termos da fragilidade do território e presença de atributos ambientais de significativo interesse, bem como pelo fato de suas principais atividades econômicas estarem vinculadas ao agronegócio. Para a consecução dos objetivos estabelecidos, o modelo GEOMOD presente na plataforma IDRISI foi aplicado para a projeção da expansão da cana-de-açúcar em 2019. De modo a verificar a aplicabilidade das informações geradas, a projeção gerada foi cotejada a dois instrumentos de planejamento regional: o Zoneamento Agroambiental do Setor Sucroalcooleiro e o Plano de Bacia da UGRHI 13. Constatou-se que a aplicação de modelos de uso do solo para a projeção de alterações nos padrões de ocupação do território apresenta-se como prática promissora que pode ser integrada ao planejamento e gestão ambiental a nível regional, sendo, entretanto, necessário melhorar a performance do modelo elaborado a fim de gerar informações mais confiáveis para os tomadores de decisão. / Sugarcane expansion has been significant in Brazil, especially in São Paulo State and Midwest Region. This crop has potential of causing significant impacts, such as: soil degradation, pollution of water resources, pressure on other crops or native forests, conflicts regarding land use, among others. The purpose of this study is to verify the application of land use cover change models with environmental policy instruments by modeling sugarcane expansion in Tietê/Jacaré watershed (UGRHI 13). This water basin is characterized by high vulnerability environmental areas in terms of fragility territorial and presence of significant environmental attributes, as well as the fact that its main economic activities are linked to agribusiness. GEOMOD land use cover change model was applied to project sugarcane expansion in 2019. In order to verify the applicability of sugarcane projection, it was used in the context of the Sugarcane Agro-Industry Zoning and the Water Basin Plan. The results showed that land use cover change models application for sugarcane projection is presented as a promising practice that can be integrated to the regional environmental planning. However, it´s necessary to improve the performance of the model in order to generate more reliable information to the decision makers.