<p>The objective of this thesis was to investigate factors that influence local government implementation. The study is a comparative case study between two local governments in Sweden; Hässleholm and Landskrona. Primarily the thesis aimed to look at the conditions faced by those implementing a new government directive aimed at supporting women who face violence, and their children who bear witness, by focusing on three key aspects for successful implementation: Implementers level of understanding, knowledge and will to implement decisions. Material in the form of documents and 14 interviews with key actors in the two authorities constitute the empirical foundation of the analysis. According to the results, are the two local governments pretty equal in achieving their projectgoal but the local government of Hässleholm had better policy-making, policy-design and policy process. This difference in outcome between the two authorities could not fully be explained by the three investigated dimensions since the difference between the two authorities were rather limited in this respect: both authorities scored quite high on implementers understanding, knowledge and will to implement decisions. This does not say that understanding, knowledge and will are not important factors, rather it shows that also other factors can affect the outcome.</p>

This paper is written in a collaboration with the Swedish Police in Landskrona.Based on their request to know more about the decreasing crime rates inLandskrona the purpose of the study is to highlight and create knowledge aboutpossible explanations for these changes. The study consists of semi-structuredinterviews with different stakeholders from the Police, Municipality and theCounty Administrative Board. These individuals’ perceptions are used in order todiscover what is happening in Landskrona. During the examined ten-year period ithas been possible to distinguish a downward trend in terms of reported crimes inLandskrona. The result shows several possible explanations to this trend but, themost consistent findings are; effective collaboration mainly between the Policeand the municipality, various investments toward youths both social andeducational and huge investments in urban development. These investments areused as possible explanations for the changes in reported crime in Landskrona andperceived to play a pivotal role when it comes to understand the decreasing crimerates.

Städer runt om i världen är i stort behov av gröna miljöer. Dagens fysiska stadsplanering fokuserar på att skapa täta städer som breder ut sig på oexploaterad mark. Resultatet av denna utveckling blir allt färre tillgängliga grönområden i städerna, samtidigt som dessa områden är viktigare än någonsin. Därför är det än viktigare att skapa ett grönt rekreationsområde i direkt anslutning till bostaden. En god och välfungerande gårdsmiljö kräver en del omtanke och planering. Gårdsmiljön måste möta sin omgivning och utformas efter människorna som bor i kvarteret. Kvarteret för vår studie ligger i Landskrona och är belägen i stadens centrala delar. Vi har undersökt kvarterets befintliga gårdsmiljö i relation till sitt sociala sammanhang. Arbetet grundar sig i en fördjupad platsstudie som resulterat i en analys. Utifrån analysen har ett gestaltningsförslag gjorts som visuellt ger en bild av vad som hade kunnat lämpa sig för just detta kvarter. Det valda ämnet grundar sig i den urbana forskning som visar på vikten av tillgång till gröna rum. Tillgängligheten till grönmiljö visar på positiva effekter för både den psykiska och fysiska hälsan. Vi vill undersöka om en utveckling och förbättring av en skralt utformad innergård kan innebära ökad social gemenskap för de boende. Vi har förutom den aktuella innergården studerat andra gårdar och reflekterat över relationen mellan hur människor använder och relaterar till de olika delrummen. Andra viktiga reflektioner som har gjorts är hur människor upplever sin innergård och vad som uppfattas vara en god gårdsmiljö. / The cities around the world are in great need of green environments. The physical planning of urban areas today focuses on creating condensed cities that make use of unexploited areas. This development leads to reduction of the number of accessible green areas in the cities, at the same time as the need for green areas is ever greater. The creation of a green relaxing area next to where you live is therefore of utmost importance. Developing a well functioning courtyard environment requires both thought and planning. The court yard must communicate with its environment and be designed with respect to the inhabitants of the neighborhood. The object of this project is a neighborhood situated in the central parts of the city of Landskrona. The present court yard environment of the Landskrona neighborhood in relation to its social context has been studied. The thesis resides on a profound on-site study, which has resulted in an analysis. The analysis has in turn resulted in the creation of a suggested embodiment of the court yard which provides a visual image of what could be a suitable court yard for this particular neighborhood. The subject of this thesis resides on the urban research, which shows the importance of access to green environments. Increased access to green environments has displayed beneficial effects on both the mental and physical health of the inhabitants. Furthermore the effect of an improvement of a poorly developed court yard with relation to the feeling of community amongst its inhabitants has been investigated. In addition to the object court yard, other court yards have been studied and observations to as how people use and relate to the different sub-spaces of the court yards have been made. Other important reflections of the thesis are how people experience their court yard and what is perceived as a well functioning court yard environment.

The intent of this paper is to evaluate the aid organization IM´s (the Swedish Organization for Individual Relief) two year project in Landskrona, with a focal point on their two activities “Move it” and Café for women and girls. Focus lie on how IM has strived to achieve their objectives and perceived effects. The evaluation is conducted from an individual perspective, seeking participating individual’s and cooperation partner’s perception. Secondly the paper discusses on what ground and what possibility the project has for integrating newly arrived immigrant youths and women in relation to theories of integration, social capital and sport-based social mobility. Semi-structured interviews were held with key persons, participants and volunteers and were complemented with participant observations at activities, in the area and by following the work of the project leader. Effects are detected at mainly an individual level. Participants have gained language skills, tested sports and know slightly more about the town. Especially the women have received weak ties with Swedes and other participants and to some degree extended their knowledge about the society. Some youths have “dropped off” to other organizations but the amount is not established here. The project mainly works on a “structural integration” level. It appears to lower prejudices among the participants and volunteers, however most likely they did not hold strong prejudices from the start. Contact with associations was experienced mainly positive however a few negative contacts have occurred and could have enlarged prejudices about immigrant, Swedes, youths, the association etc. The findings show a very limited enlarged social capital for the participants, but the women’s weak ties represent some. To enlarge the positive effects seen IM ought to focus more on language skills, knowledge about the town and develop relationships rather then centre on visiting associations. The volunteers have also gained from their engagement, for example interest in cultures or personal development.To sustain IM´s activity in Landskrona it requires additional volunteers, as well as team building and communication regarding the future. Furthermore the “Move it” activity need to focus more on socializing, continuity and gaining a wider context.

This paper investigates the level of consciousness regarding to the diversity work in the municipalities of Malmö, Lund and Landskrona. The study focuses on persons in a middle management position connected to various spheres of activities in each municipality. A survey concerning each municipality's diversity plan, diversity work, recruiting process, education and knowledge was used to investigate the participants' consciousness. The survey poses similar questions regarding equality between the sexes to compare the results from each field. The paper presents an overview of the development of Sweden's labour market and society, and gives an account for the differences between immigrants and natives positions in the labour market. This is both to give an understanding for why it is the way it is today, and to position the paper's investigation and the results in relation to labour markets structures and the national work to integrate immigrants in the labour market. The results of the investigation show that there exists a degree of consciousness in the different municipalities concerning questions about diversity, but it is limited mostly to the quantitative perspective of diversity work, meanwhile consciousness regarding the internal qualitative diversity work appears to be low, which can have a negative impact on immigrants integration at both municipal level and the national level. / Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka medvetenheten kring mångfaldsfrågor i Malmö, Lund och Landskrona kommun. De personer som deltar i undersökningen är mellanchefer från olika verksamhetsområden inom respektive kommun. För att undersöka respondenternas medvetenhet har de fått besvara en enkät som ställer frågor kring respektive kommuns mångfaldsplan, mångfaldsarbete, rekryteringsprocess, utbildning och kunskap. Ungefär samma frågor ställs om jämställdhetsarbetet i syfte att kunna jämföra resultaten angående mångfaldsarbetet med resultaten från jämställdhetsarbetet. Uppsatsen går också igenom Sveriges arbetsmarknads- och samhällsutveckling, samt redogör för det skillnader som finns på arbetsmarknaden mellan invandrade personer och personer födda i Sverige. Detta är först och främst för att ge en bakgrund till varför arbetsmarknaden ser ut som den gör idag samtidigt som det också sätter uppsatsens undersökning i ett större sammanhang, då resultaten från undersökningen kommer att sättas i relation till arbetsmarknadens strukturer och det nationella integrationsarbetet. Undersökningens resultat visar på att det finns en viss medvetenhet om mångfaldsarbetet i kommunerna, men att det samtidigt främst gäller det kvantitativa arbetet, medan medvetenheten om det kvalitativa interna mångfaldsarbetet är låg vilket kan få negativa konsekvenser både för kommunernas integrationsarbete och för det nationella arbetsmarknadsintegrationsarbetet.

Fanns det en symbios mellan den skånska järnvägen och sockerbruken och kunde den ena excistera utan den andra? Det är vad denna magisteruppsats handlar om. I uppsatsen görs fallstudier på sju styckenn utvalda järnvägslinjer samt de sockerbruk som tillhörde dessa järnvägslinjer. Uppsatsen kommer bland annat fram till att det fanns en symbios (relation) mellan dem båda. I 6 av 7 fall hade järnvägen byggts innan sockerbruket och bruket byggdes på den utvalda platsen för att just järnvägen fanns tillgänglig där. Järnvägen var till hjälp för sockerbruken och på så sätt kunde betorna dels transporteras mellan de olika anläggningarna inom sockerproduktionen och dels transportera stora mängder socker ut till handeln. Det som var gemensamt för alla sockerbruk var att de byggts på en plats som hade nära till vattnet. Oavsett om järnvägen fanns. Vattnet var en stor resurs dels för odling av sockerbetor och dels för tillverkningen av sockret, så att bygga bruken nära vattnet var en smart lösning.

The objective of this thesis was to investigate factors that influence local government implementation. The study is a comparative case study between two local governments in Sweden; Hässleholm and Landskrona. Primarily the thesis aimed to look at the conditions faced by those implementing a new government directive aimed at supporting women who face violence, and their children who bear witness, by focusing on three key aspects for successful implementation: Implementers level of understanding, knowledge and will to implement decisions. Material in the form of documents and 14 interviews with key actors in the two authorities constitute the empirical foundation of the analysis. According to the results, are the two local governments pretty equal in achieving their projectgoal but the local government of Hässleholm had better policy-making, policy-design and policy process. This difference in outcome between the two authorities could not fully be explained by the three investigated dimensions since the difference between the two authorities were rather limited in this respect: both authorities scored quite high on implementers understanding, knowledge and will to implement decisions. This does not say that understanding, knowledge and will are not important factors, rather it shows that also other factors can affect the outcome.

Abstract Station-nearness principles as we will discuss in this paper, deals with the coordination of urban functions with the public transportation network. When we talk about functions, we mean residences, workplaces, commercial services, entertainment venues, places of culture, etc. These functions should be high density, there should be a mix of them and they should be pedestrian friendly in nature. Effective integration of functions around train stations brings many benefits and is one of the best means by which you can increase public transport use and increase the accessibility for people in a region. More and more, cities in North America, Europe and other places, are exploring the idea of how this concept can be applied. The Copenhagen region as we will discuss, has placed station-nearness principles at the forefront of their finger plan. Since the Copenhagen region has applied these principles, they have seen clear results with increased public transit ridership, as well on the overall, an increase in the standard of living. As many places are exploring the concept, not everyplace has been able to make the concept work. When we look at Scania, the concept is under utilized to a degree. There continues to be many populated and dense areas in Scania where the coordination of urban functions with public transit is lacking. The automobile is also gaining stronger competition over public transportation; this is a concern in terms of the sustainable future and quality of life for the region. It is not always the solution to simply expand the public transportation network, rather it can be significant to explore more upon the concept of station-nearness principles so that the existing public transit network can be made more effective. It is important to compare places, see in our case study how the concept has worked in the Copenhagen region and look into why the concept is lacking in Scania, as well, what can be done to implement it more in Scania. It is also important how the Öresund region as whole, can play a role with developing the concept, as well, how the concept can benefit the Öresund region vice versa.