Att arbeta med kommunikativ förmåga är en av grundstenarna i logopedens yrkesutövning. Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla ett självskattningsinstrument som kan mäta kommunikativ förmåga, med möjlighet att fånga upp både positiva och negativa aspekter av förmågan. Instrumentet utvecklades i enlighet med klassisk mätteori. En första utvärdering av instrumentet gjordes i ett pilottest med 13 respondenter. Resultatet ledde till att antal items, det vill säga frågor, minskades från 133 till 78 och individuella items förändrades vid behov. 254 respondenter fyllde sedan i det reviderade formuläret på internet. Fyra faktorer kunde uttydas ur materialet. Dessa var: beteende i sociala situationer, funktionell kommunikation, lingvistisk kunskap och receptiv förmåga samt röst. De fyra faktorerna förklarade 30,4% av variansen i materialet. Cronbachs alfa för alla 78 item var α = 0,76. Resultatet av denna studie är ett instrument i behov av ytterligare revidering och utveckling, främst med avseende på validering. / Working with communication is a key element in professional speech and language therapy. The aim of this study was to develop a self-report instrument that measures communicative ability, with a possibility to capture both positive and negative aspects of communication. The instrument was developed in accordance with classical measurement theory. A first evaluation of the instrument with 13 respondents was conducted. As a result the number of items, ie questions, was reduced from 133 to 78 and individual items were altered when needed. 254 respondents then answered the revised form on the internet. Four factors could be extracted from the material. These were: behavior in social situations, functional communication, linguistic skills and receptive skills plus voice. The four factors explained 30,4% of the variance within the material. Cronbach's alpha for all 78 items was α = 0,76. The result of this study is an instrument in need of further revision and development, primarily with respect to validation.

Das Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik wird seit 2007 jährlich vom Verband für Patholinguistik e.V. (vpl) durchgeführt. Das 6. Herbsttreffen mit dem Schwerpunktthema "Labyrinth Grammatik: Therapie von syntaktischen Störungen bei Kindern und Erwachsenen" fand am 17.11.2012 in Potsdam statt. Im vorliegenden Tagungsband finden sich alle Beiträge der Veranstaltung: die vier Hauptvorträge zum Schwerpunkthema, die Vorträge aus Praxis und Forschung von vier Patholinguistinnen in der Reihe Spektrum Patholinguistik sowie die Abstracts der Posterpräsentation. / The 'Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik' is an annual conference organized by the Association for Patholinguistics (Verband für Patholinguistik e.V./vpl) since 2007. The 6th Herbsttreffen with its theme "Labyrinth Grammar: Therapy of Syntactic Disorders in Children and Adults" took place on November 17th, 2012 in Potsdam. These proceedings contain all contributions of the meeting: the four keynote talks, the talks on speech/language therapy and research in the section "Spektrum Patholinguistik" by four patholinguists as well as the abstracts of the poster session.

Caregiver-child conversation is an important platform for children’s development of language and conversational skills and can form the basis for an approach to intervention for children with pragmatic difficulties. While most intervention studies have focused on reporting overall improvements in children’s language and conversational skills as a result of changes in caregiver behaviour, there is limited fine-grained understanding of children’s ability to achieve conversational topic contingency as a result of specific changes in their caregivers’ use of conversational topic turns and/or the facilitative techniques employed by therapists. The studies described in this thesis aim to address this limitation. The following questions are raised: (i) What is the impact of caregiver training intervention programmes on caregivers’ conversational topic turns and facilitative techniques? (ii) What is the impact of caregiver training intervention programmes on children’s conversational topic turns? and (iii) How do specific facilitative techniques impact children’s conversational skills? The first part of this thesis involves establishing the methodology for data transcription and data coding used in the four studies conducted for this thesis. Conversational recordings were transcribed using the CHAT format and conventions. Then a conversational coding system and a facilitative technique coding system were used to code the communicative acts transcribed. The conversational acts coded were topic change (TC), topic extension (TE), topic maintaining responses (TM), and non-relevant responses (NR). The facilitative techniques coded were imitation, expansion, follow-in questions, and follow-in cloze procedures. Inter-rater reliability levels of the transcription and coding of conversational acts and facilitative techniques were high. Study 1 (presented in Chapter 3) was designed to investigate changes following an ‘It Takes Two to Talk’ Hanen programme in the conversations of four caregiver-child dyads where the children had identified language delay. It employed a single subject design and the outcome measures were analysed in three phases: baseline, intervention and follow-up. The outcome measures were the rates of (i) caregivers’ conversational topic turns (i.e., TC, TE and TM), (ii) caregivers’ facilitative techniques (i.e., imitation, expansion, follow-in questions, and follow-in cloze procedures) and (iii) children’s conversational topic turns (i.e., TC, TE and TM). Results showed that all caregivers produced fewer TCs and higher rates of facilitative techniques, while all children produced significantly more TEs following intervention. Individual caregiver patterns of change appeared to be reflected in their children’s conversational skills. This study supports the effectiveness of caregiver group training programmes in improving the quality of caregiver-child conversations and highlighted the importance of investigating individual variations in intervention. Study 2 (presented in Chapter 4) was designed to investigate the changes in conversational skills of three children with features of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) following the dyads’ participation in caregiver-child individual training as part of a multidisciplinary programme for children with ASD. This study employed a case series design and the outcome measures were analysed in two phases (i.e., intervention and follow-up). Similar to Study 1, the outcome measures were rates of the (i) caregivers’ conversational topic turns (i.e., TC, TE and TM), (ii) caregivers’ facilitative techniques (i.e., imitation, expansion, follow-in questions, and follow-in cloze procedures) and (iii) children’s conversational topic turns (i.e., TC, TE and TM). Results of Study 2 showed that one of the three caregivers decreased the rates of TC, and one of them increased the rates of TM following intervention. The caregivers also increased their rates of facilitative techniques (i.e., imitation, expansion and follow-in questions). Concurrently, the children whose caregivers showed positive changes following intervention increased their rates of TCs and TMs. Consistent with the findings of Study 1, high individual variations were observed in the changes exhibited by the caregivers. Study 2 supports the effectiveness of individual training programmes in improving the quality of caregiver-child conversations and emphasizes the importance of investigating individual variations in intervention. Study 3 (presented in Chapter 5) was designed to investigate the qualitative changes made by a child from each of the first two studies. The two children presented with different language levels and aetiologies but both were receiving individualised programmes designed to enhance their conversational abilities. Taking a functional approach to communication development, Study 3 examined how each child (i) collaborated on an activity; (ii) expanded an activity; and (iii) returned to a previous activity or proposed a new activity, through conversational topic turns. Results suggest that the children learnt to collaborate on and expand activities through their caregivers’ repeated use of contingent topic turns (i.e., TM and TE) and facilitative techniques (i.e., expansion, follow-in questions and follow-in cloze procedures). However, they tended to return to a previous activity or propose a new activity when they did not attend to the preceding act or topic, seemed to not comprehend or were not interested in the preceding act or topic, or when their caregivers failed to attend to their preceding act or topic. These findings highlights that while caregivers’ topic turns that are contingent and facilitative help children to advance their activities, caregivers’ topic turns that are non-contingent have the potential to cause the children to end the preceding activity and switch to another activity. Study 4 was designed to compare the effectiveness of expansion, as a technique for facilitating children’s conversational topic turns, with expansion combined with other techniques when implemented by speech and language therapists (SLTs). Using a repeated measures design, this study aimed to compare the effects of expansion alone (EA); expansion combined with wh-questions (EQ); and expansion followed by a cloze procedure (EC) on the conversational skills of eight preschool children with conversational difficulties in conversation with their regular speech-language therapists (SLTs). Results showed that while there were no significant differences in child verbal topic maintaining responses across all techniques, EA elicited a significantly higher number of TEs, more non-verbal TMs and fewer NRs from the children, than either EQ or EC. The positive effects of each technique on the pragmatic appropriateness in conversations suggest that they could be used strategically in language intervention to enhance therapeutic effect. This thesis suggests that caregiver training programmes that focus on following the child’s lead and support caregivers and therapists to use contingent topic turns and facilitative techniques have positive outcomes for children’s conversational development. It also suggested that caregivers’ and therapists’ facilitative strategies that do not obligate responses from the child (i.e., expansion) have better potentials to help the child to expand the scope of conversations than strategies that obligate a response from the child (i.e., wh-questions and cloze procedures). Finally this thesis suggests that family-focussed intervention that follows the child’s lead appears likely to improve the conversational skills of children with a range of diagnoses by helping to address the common underlying features of conversational difficulties.

Background: The Samoan population is a growing population and one with an estimated high incidence of aphasia. Language assessment with bilingual individuals is said to be a challenging area of Speech-Language Therapy practice. Language assessment of bilingual Samoan-English speakers with aphasia is a field with limited research, and the specific experience of the individuals involved is an important factor to consider in improving SLT practice with this population. Aims: The current thesis aimed to explore the experience of language assessment of bilingual Samoan-English speakers with aphasia as perceived by those involved in the assessment process. Method: Two qualitative studies were utilised to address the aims, the first was a single case study observing the process of language assessment of a bilingual Samoan-English speaker with aphasia and follow-up interviews with other participants involved. The second study was a focus group with Speech-Language Therapists who had experience with language assessment of bilingual Samoan-English speakers with aphasia. Outcome and results: The results of the case study revealed eight themes: language assessment of bilingual Samoan-English speakers with aphasia is a hard process for the individuals involved; language assessment of bilingual Samoan-English speakers with aphasia is a team process; differences in understanding of communication impairments and the assessment process; time; preparation; appropriateness of assessment tasks, resources, and processes; uncertainty; and flexibility. The results of the focus group indicated eight categories: Speech-Language Therapists’ background, using interpreters, family involvement, Samoan language and culture, getting an initial impression of and building rapport with the individual with aphasia, assessment tasks and resources, determining which language(s) to assess and logistics of assessment. Conclusion: Language assessment of bilingual Samoan-English speakers with aphasia is a challenging area of Speech-Language Therapy practice. Challenges are multifaceted and although some challenges may be present in all language assessment with individuals with aphasia, they are further exacerbated by the addition of multiple languages, people, and culture. Helpful strategies identified in this study may aid in improving the overall experience.

The goal of the present study was to examine changes in the speech and language performance of patients with chronic, non-fluent aphasia over the course of a three-hour group speech and language treatment session, a time allotment comparable to intensive therapy practices. Nine participants, (three groups of three), with chronic, non-fluent aphasia were seen for a single group therapy session three hours in length. Therapeutic activities were designed to be as similar as possible for each group of participants. Each participant was individually assessed before (time 1), during (time 2), and after (time 3) the group treatment session. Assessments included four verbal tests: function, naming, sentence completion, and repetition, similar to those used with the Porch Index of Communicative Ability (PICA; Porch, 1981). Results indicated that participants performed significantly poorer on two of the four verbal tests (naming and repetition), and on an overall measure of verbal communication on the Time 2 assessment as compared to the Time 1 assessment. Findings have clinical implications for selecting candidates for intensive language therapy regimes.

Inhalt: - 1. Mythos Mehrsprachigkeit - 2. „Ein Kopf – ein Chor“: Sprachmischung bei bilingualen Sprechern - 3. Doppelter Erstspracherwerb (2L1) - 4. Früher L2-Erwerb - 5. Quellen im Text - 6. Literaturempfehlungen von Prof. Dr. Rosemarie Tracy

I dagens mångkulturella samhälle är det många barn som talar två eller flera språk. Det är viktigt att kunna bemöta flerspråkiga barn och ge dem rätt språkligt stöd vid behov. Denna studie baseras på MAINs testmaterial som är utformat inom ramarna för COST projekt IS0804 för bedömning av barns narrativa förmåga och använder berättelser till bildserier som ett sätt att samla in barns narrativer. Syftet med studien är att beskriva narrativ förmåga hos tvåspråkiga rysk-svensktalande barn och bidra med referensdata till ovannämnda projekt. Deltagarna var tio simultant tvåspråkiga rysk-svensktalade barn mellan 6:8 och 7:10 samt tre successivt tvåspråkiga barn. Barnen fick berätta på ryska och svenska kring två makrostrukturellt lika bildserier samt svara på en rad förståelsefrågor utifrån bildernas innehåll. Insamlade ryska och svenska narrativer analyserades på makro- och mikrostrukturell nivå. Resultaten visade att det fanns tydliga skillnader mellan barnens prestationer i berättandet och förståelsen. Narrativernas övergripande struktur vad gäller story grammar och komplexitet stämde väl överens mellan språken oavsett barnets språkbehärskningsnivå. Däremot fanns det stora skillnader i förekomsten av Internal State Terms tokens mellan ryska och svenska narrativer som bara kunde förklaras med rent kulturella skillnader mellan språken. Detta resultat ifrågasätter värdet av jämförelse av IST tokens mellan språk. De små skillnader som påvisades vid en kvantitativ analys av narrativernas mikrostrukturer vad gäller yttrandelängd och lexikal variation kan förklaras med språkspecifika morfo-syntaktiska distinktioner mellan ryska och svenska. En kvalitativ analys av barnens narrativer påvisade att fel ordval, utelämningar och kodväxlingar var mer typiska för barnens svagaste språk. Kongruenssvårigheter påträffades i båda språken hos simultant tvåspråkiga barn men inte i ryska narrativer hos barn vars modersmål var ryska. Det behövs mer forskning inom ramarna för COST Action IS0804 som handlar om berättandeförmåga hos tvåspråkiga barn med språkstörning. Detta kan i sin tur leda till att testmaterialet blir standardiserat och kan användas inom logopedisk verksamhet. / In today's multicultural society there are many children who speak two or more languages. It is important to be aware of possible problems and provide them with adequate language assistance if needed. This study is based on the MAIN test material designed within COST project IS0804 for the assessment of children's narrative skills, which uses a number of picture sequences to elicit children’s narratives. The study aims to investigate the storytelling abilities of a group of bilingual Russian-Swedish speaking children and provide reference data for the above-mentioned project. The participants were ten simultaneously bilingual Russian-Swedish speaking children between the age of 6 years and 8 months and 7 years and 10 months, as well as three age-matched children with Russian as their native language and Swedish as a second language. Children were asked to tell a story in Russian and Swedish using two picture sequences with parallel macrostructure and then answer comprehension questions based on the content of the pictures. The Russian and Swedish narratives were analyzed on both macro- and microstructural levels. The results showed that there were clear differences between the children’s storytelling and their understanding. Overall narrative structure in terms of story grammar and complexity was quite similar in both languages, irrespective of language exposure pattern. However, there were significant differences between the prevalence of Internal State Terms tokens in Russian and Swedish narratives that could only be explained by purely cultural differences between the languages. This result questions the feasibility of straightforward of IST tokens between languages. The minor differences revealed by quantitative analysis of the stories’ microstructures in terms of utterance length and lexical diversity could be explained by language-specific morphosyntactic differences between Russian and Swedish. A qualitative analysis of the narratives showed that wrong choice of words, omissions and code-switching were more typical of the child's weakest language. Difficulties with inflections were found in both languages for simultaneous bilingual children but not in Russian stories told by children with Russian as their first language. More research is needed within the framework of COST Action IS0804 on the storytelling abilities of bilingual children with language impairment. This may in its turn lead to the test material being standardized and put into common use in speech-language therapy.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal investigar os efeitos de parte da metodologia verbotonal no desenvolvimento sintático em um paciente com atraso simples de linguagem. A criança, com 5 anos de idade, foi previamente selecionada por apresentar diagnóstico de atraso simples de linguagem, na Clínica Escola de Fonoaudiologia da Universidade de João Pessoa (UNIPÊ), João Pessoa - PB, no setor de Fonoaudiologia. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em quatro etapas: a primeira, realizada através de uma entrevista semi-estruturada com a mãe da criança, teve como objetivo colher dados mais detalhados sobre o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor da criança. Na segunda etapa, foi realizada, com a criança, uma avaliação fonoaudiológica de linguagem. Como resultado, observou-se uma fala telegráfica, não compatível com a sua idade cronológica. Para a realização da terceira etapa, foram agendados dias e horários para a realização do processo terapêutico com a criança, à luz da metodologia verbotonal, durante o período de seis meses. Ao término deste período, foi realizada a quarta etapa com a aplicação de uma avaliação fonoaudiológica de linguagem com o intuito de verificar e identificar as evoluções na linguagem oral da criança em seu nível sintático, utilizando, para a análise, o modelo proposto por Vilela e Koch (2001). Como a metodologia verbotonal tem apresentado respostas positivas em relação à linguagem oral em deficientes auditivos e surdos, a proposta de aplicação dessa metodologia em paciente com atraso simples de linguagem foi de grande auxílio no ratamento fonoterápico, favorecendo tanto ao terapeuta quanto à criança. Por ser um tema bastante atual na área de linguagem, e, principalmente, para a Fonoaudiologia, esta pesquisa abre novo campo de estudo e amplia a visão do fonoaudiólogo em relação ao tratamento em crianças com atraso simples de linguagem / The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of Verbotonal Methodology on syntactic development of one language simple delayed child. The 5 year old child had been previously chosen for being diagnosticated as showing a language simple delay at the Clínica Escola de Fonoaudiologia da Universidade, João Pessoa - PB, by the Language Pathology Clinic. The work was structured in four steps: first, a semi-structured interview was carried out with the child mother in order to get information about the child neuro-psycho-motor development. Then, the child was submitted to a language pathology test which showed some evidences of telegraphic speech not fitting with her age. After that, the child was submitted to a six month language therapy using the Verbotoal Methodology. By the end of the therapy sessions a language test was again carried out to check the child language syntactic development by using Vilela and Koch (2001) language description model. Aware of the positive results presented by hearing and nonhearing children with the help of Verbotonal Methodology, its use in the case of this child proved to be successful in phonotherapy, with positive results both to the child language improvement and to the work of the language therapist. This paper hopes to give a contribution for the studies on Language therapy as well as to those working with simple delayed language

A Fonoaudiologia teve sua origem no meio educacional quando os fonoaudiólogos ainda eram chamados de reabilitadores e buscavam solucionar os problemas de linguagem dos educandos dentro da própria escola. Na atualidade, detectamos alguns problemas de interlocução que levam a uma dificuldade no exercício dessa atividade. Considerando-se esse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi estudar as representações que se encontram na base dos discursos produzidos por fonoaudiólogos e por professores sobre a atuação fonoaudiológica na escola, a fim de alcançar uma melhor compreensão a respeito do que circula entre esses profissionais, contribuindo, assim, para a consolidação da sua identidade profissional. Através dos dados obtidos com a realização de uma entrevista semi-estruturada, com oito participantes, buscamos analisar os resultados encontrados a partir de duas perspectivas: uma dialógica, sugerida por Bakhtin, que considera a interação como uma realidade fundamental para a linguagem; e outra, correspondente às idéias de Moscovici sobre as representações sociais geradas pelas influências comunicativas em ação na sociedade e que podem ser expressas por meio do senso comum. Os nossos achados sugerem que a Fonoaudiologia, tal como a conhecemos em Recife, não apresenta clareza em relação à sua proposta de atuação no meio escolar. Os fonoaudiólogos entrevistados possuem a representação de uma atuação ligada ao início da história da profissão, direcionada à percepção de dificuldades nos alunos, não compreendendo a promoção de saúde como uma forma mais eficaz de ação, demonstrando dessa maneira, uma visão reducionista de sua atuação, que se reflete na sua formação. A visão do professor sobre o mesmo tema, apesar de vinculada à detecção e ao tratamento de patologias, revela a necessidade do trabalho do fonoaudiólogo, especialmente se considerarmos a perspectiva inclusivista, bem como na prevenção fonoaudiológica para alunos e professores. Ao final da pesquisa, observamos que, se o investimento em estudos nessa área permanecer incipiente e, principalmente, se os poucos profissionais que atuam em instituições educacionais continuarem com uma visão limitada do seu papel, perderemos um campo de atuação da Fonoaudiologia, do mesmo modo que a Educação perderá um profissional que pode ajudar a gerar grandes mudanças no ensino / The Speech and Language Therapy had your origin in the educational environment, when the speech and language therapists were called rehabilitators and they looked for solutions to solve the language problems of the educationalists inside the school. Nowadays, it was detected some problems in this interlocution witch carry to a difficult in this activity. In this context, the aim of this research was to study representations which are in the base of the teacher and therapists discussions about the actuation of this last one, in the school, in order to reach a better comprehension between these professionals and contribute to the consolidation this professional identity. Through what was obtained by a middle structures interview, with eight participants, we looked for analyze the results founded into two views: a dialogic one, suggest by Bakhtin, which considers the interaction fundamental to the language, and the other, which also brings the Moscovici ideas, about the social representations conformed by the communicative action influences in the society and which can be expressed through the common sense. What we found in this research make us think the Speech and Language Therapy, as we know in Recife, it is not clear about the aims of the actuation inside the school. The Therapists interviewed still have an actuation representation bonded to the beginning of the history of this job, toward to the students difficulties, a reductionism view which could be emerged in these therapists formations who dont understand the healthy promotion as a most effective way to actuate in this reality. In the teachers view, about this theme, in spite of realize the bond to detection and treatment of pathologies, could emphasize this professional actuating in an inclusive view and to a student and teachers Speech and Language Therapy prevention. In the end of this research we observed that, if the study investments in this area, continue not enough, if changes doesnt happen in the university conceptions in relation to the action of this job in the school and, specially, if the few who actuate in educational institutions continue with this reductionism view about what to do, we will lose one more field actuation inside of the Speech and language Therapy, in the same way that the education will lose professionals who can help to generate big changes in the teach

This study is an investigation on the introduction and use of alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) board at a language clinic for individuals with restricted or absent orality and their families. To do so, interviews with ten mothers of children and adolescents users of this resource and with ten speech and language therapists experienced in this theme were performed. Analysis of the collection of narratives showed that most mothers do not use the board consistently, which seems to be related to factors such as how it is introduced in the life of individuals and their relatives and to the perception mothers have of their child s needs. Such perception is limited in some cases by resistance to child s independence, associated with an extension of the mother-child symbiosis in many cases. All the therapists use the instrument, although with different conceptions of language in its implementation, generating different impacts in acceptance and use of the board by users and their relatives. It can be concluded that the use of alternative and augmentative communication board in the daily routine of users and their family is due to a group of objective and subjective factors that permeate language clinic. Therefore, acceptance by the family, especially by mothers, could occur through a gradual process. Bakhtin s dialogic proposal on intersubjective linguistic functioning (Volochínov) (1929/1995) is also stressed, bringing subsidies to the AAC therapy. This therapy also demands a psychoanalytic support to understand the relationship of subjects and their relatives, above all with those that play parental roles. / Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação sobre a introdução e uso da prancha de comunicação aumentativa e alternativa (CAA) na clínica de linguagem com sujeitos com oralidade restrita ou ausente e suas famílias. Para tal meta foram realizadas entrevistas com dez mães de crianças e adolescentes usuárias do recurso e com dez fonoaudiólogas experientes no tema. Após a leitura inicial da coletânea das narrativas, verificou-se que a maior parte das mães não faz uso consistente da prancha e que isso parece se relacionar a fatores como o modo como esta é introduzida na vida dos sujeitos e de seus familiares e à percepção das mães das necessidades dos filhos. Essa percepção está limitada, em alguns casos, pela resistência à independência do filho, relacionada ao prolongamento da simbiose mãe-filho em muitos dos casos. Quanto às terapeutas, todas utilizam o instrumento, mas com diferentes concepções de língua e linguagem na sua implementação, gerando diferentes impactos na aceitação e uso da prancha junto aos usuários e seus familiares. Conclui-se que a incorporação do uso da prancha de comunicação aumentativa e alternativa na rotina diária dos usuários e família deve-se a uma conjugação de fatores objetivos e subjetivos que permeiam a clínica de linguagem. Portanto, a aceitação por parte da família, especialmente das mães, poderá ocorrer em um processo gradual. Ressalta-se, também, que a proposta dialógica de Bakhtin (Volochínov) (1929/1995), sobre funcionamento lingüístico intersubjetivo, traz subsídios para a terapêutica com a CAA. Essa terapêutica também demanda um suporte psicanalítico para compreender o relacionamento dos sujeitos e seus familiares, sobretudo com aqueles que exercem as funções parentais.